Chapter 8: The Structure of Forwards & Futures Markets

• KEY CONCEPTS– Explanations of the Basics of Forward and

Futures Contracts– More EVIL is More Beautiful– Terms and Conditions of Futures Contracts– Margins, Daily Settlements, Price Limits and

Delivery– Futures Traders and Trading Styles– Reading Price Quotes

Futures Contracts

• Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT)– Grains, Treasury bond futures

• Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME)– Foreign currencies, Stock Index futures, livestock

futures, Eurodollar futures

• New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX)– Crude oil, gasoline, heating oil futures

• Development of new contracts– Futures exchanges look to develop new contracts that

will generate significant trading volume

Futuresf0 =100, f1 = 105, f2= 103, f4= 110

f0 =100f1 = 105

f2 = 103f4= 110

+5 -2 +7

Long Futures Paid -110+7-2+5 = -100 = -f0 to Get One Underlying Asset

In MarginAccount

Contract's Terms: (see p. 276-277)

1. Size (see p. 276) 2. Grade, Quotation Unit 3. Delivery Months, 3,6,9,12

3rd Friday is the Last Trading day 4. Minimum Price Change (e.g., 1/32 of 1 %, ex. .0003125x

$100,000 = $31.25 for T-Bond Futures) 5. Delivery Terms: Delivery date(s), Delivery Procedure,

Expiration Months, Final Trading Day, First Delivery day (see p. 277 & 288)

6. Daily Price Limits & Trading Halts 7. Margin

Futures Traders:Commission Brokers & Locals

• Hedger, Speculator, Spreader (Long One & Short One), Arbitrageur. [ by Trading Strategy]

• Trading Styles (Techniques):• Scalper: Holds a Few Minutes• Day Trader; Hold No More Than The Trading Day• Position TraderCost of Seats Fig 1(p.283), Seat can be leased

monthly @1%-1.5%of Seat price. CBT has 1402 Full members

Forward Market Traders: Banks & Firms (Co., Investment Bankers, etc.,)

Order (same as options)

• Stop Loss Order• Limit Orders• Good-Till-Canceled• Day Orders.

Trading Procedure: (see Fig. 2, p. 285)

Buyer Buyers Broker

Buyers Brokers’ Commission Broker

Exchange(Trade)

Clearinghouse(Record)

Margin

Margin

Margin: (p. 286-287)

A:Initial Margin = m + 3d (m = the average of the daily absolute changes in the dollar value of a futures contract, d = the standard deviation, measured over some time period in the recent past).– Initial margin is used to cover all likely changes in the

value of a futures contract.

B: Maintenance Margin:– Equity position must be > Maintenance margin or get a

margin call must deposit new $ (i.e., variation margin)before the market opens on the next trading day.

Ex. p. 287

• Open Interest:• Delivery & Cash Settlement(p. 288)• Futures Price Quotation (see p.292-293)

T-Bond: $100,000 (face Value in CBT), $50,000 (Face Value in MCE), Future Price =(1/32) %xFace Value, Ex. 102 3/32 is $102,093.75 in CBT

• T-Bill: f utures price per $100 = 100 - (100-IMM Index)x (90/360), Face value = $1 MM, Ex. Dec. 94.95 by IMM, the Actual futures price = [100-(100-94.95)(90/360)] x$1MM/100= $987,375 (will be used Chapter 11)

• Note: IMM quotes based on a 90-day T-bill w/360-day year.

• $1 MM Face Value, Interest Rate Is Discount Rate

. 1. Last Trading Date:The Business Day Prior to the

Date of Issue of T-bills in the Third week of the Month

2.Delivery Day: a) Any Business Day After the Last Trading Date (During the Expiration Month)

.b) First Business Day of Month, c) Cash settlement

4.If Seller elects to Deliver a 91 or 92 days T-Bill, then

Replace 90 by 91 or 92 in the Formula in p. 373, f = 100 - (100-IMM Index)(90/360)

T-Bond Futures: Based on 8% Coupon & 15 Yrs' Maturity T-Bond (Face Value $100,000)• Quoted in Dollar & 1/32 of par value of $100.

Ex. 111-17 is 111 17/32 = 111.53125, or $111,531.25

Expiration: March, June, Sept, Dec.

• Last trading Day: the Business Day Prior to the Last seven days of the expiration month.

• The First Delivery Day = The First Business Day of the Month

• T-Notes Futures: Same As T-Bond Except the maturity from 0-2 years, 4-6 and 6.5-10 years T-Bond or Notes

Other Futures• Agricultural Commodity Futures• Stock Indices Futures• Natural Resources Futures• Miscellaneous Commodities Futures• Foreign Currency Futures• T-Bills & Euro$s Futures• T-Notes & T-Bonds Futures• Index Futures (i.e., Equities Futures)• Managed Futures: Futures Funds (Commodity Funds), Private

Pools, Specialized Contract• Hedge Funds• Option on Futures Transaction Cost: Commission, Bid-Ask Spread, Delivery CostRegulation of Futures Markets

Chapter 9: Pinciples of Forward & Futures Pricing

• KEY CONCEPTS– Difference Between Price and Value of

Forward and Futures Contracts– Rationale for a Difference Between Forward

and Futures Prices– Cost of Carry Futures Pricing Model– Convenience Yield, Backwardation and

Contango– Risk Premium/Controversy– Role of Coupon Interest/Dividends in Futures

Pricing– Put-Call Forward/Futures Parity– Pricing Options on Futures

Comparison of Forward and Futures Contracts• Forward Futures

Private contract between Traded on an exchange

two parties

Not standardized Standardized contract

Usually one specified Range of delivery dates

delivery date

Settled at end of contract Settled daily

Delivery or final cash Contract usually closed out

settlement usually takes prior to maturity

place

Forward Price & Futures Price

Price vs. Value

Is Price = Value True for Futures or Forwards? Ans. No, why?

Price = Value (from efficient market)

F = forward price today

f = futures price today

Ft = forward price written at time t

ft = futures price written at time t

Vt = value at time t of a forward contract written today

= (Ft - F)(1+r)-(T-t) = PV(Ft-F) @ time t

Ex. p.360

T t0

f ft

F Ft

• Note:

Value of Futures @ T = vT = fT - ST 0

Value of Futures @ t = vt = ft - ft-1 (before marked-to-mkt)

& vt 0 once marked-to-mkt

Forward and Futures Prices (p. 308-309)

(The effect of daily settlement on forward and futures prices)

Example: (A Two-Period Model)

A. One day prior to expiration

Buy a forward @ Ft and sell a future @ ft

The profit = (-Ft +fT) + (ft - fT) = ft - Ft

0-investment & 0 risk @ t => ft = Ft

B. Two days prior to expiration (interest rate r is constant for two periods)

Buy a forward @ F and sell (1+r)-(T-t) futures @ f

At time t, the profit = (f-ft)(1+r)-(T-t) invest in risk-free bonds. This close the futures position. Now, sell a new futures @ ft

@ T, T = (ft -fT) + [(f-ft)(1+r)-(T-t)(1+r)(T-t)] + (fT-F)

= f - F = 0 ( $0 investment & risk-free) f > (<) F if futures prices & interest rates are positively

(negatively) correlated (p. 370)

A Forward and Futures Pricing Model

Spot Prices, Risk Premiums, & Cost of Cary

1. Risk Neutral: A. Buy Now ($) (Paid)

(1) Spot Price, S0

(2) Storage Cost, s

(3) Interest Foregone, iS0

B. Buy Later:(Paid)

(1) Expected Future Spot Price E(ST).

In Equilibrium, A = B, or

S0 + s + iS0 = E(ST), I.e.,

S0=E(ST)-s-iS0

(see p.311)

2. Risk Aversion:(in terms of $)• Add Risk Premium E() to A.

S0 + s + iS0 + E() = E(ST)

S0=E(ST) -s - iS0 - E()

• Cost of Carry s + iS0

Under no margin, mark-to-the-market etc. In Spot Market : S0 = E(ST) - - E() , where, = Cost of Carry = s(Storage cost) + iS0 (Opp. Cost

of Money), E() = Risk Premium(Insurance)The Cost of Carry Futures Pricing Model

(Theoretical Fair Price) (p.312) Consider buy a spot commodity @ S and sell a futures

contract @ f. At time T, Closing both position and the profit is

(ST-S0-s-iS0) + (f - ST) = = f-S0- (risk-free) = 0 ? Futures Price = Spot Price + Cost of Carry Quasi Arbitrage: Asset owner sell his Asset and

Buy a Futures if f < S+ to take the Arbitrage Opp. Arbitrage Opp. Exists if f S+

Definition: Basis Cash price S - Futures Price f 1. If Futures Prices f < Cash Spot Prices S =>

Backwardation (or Inverted) Market

2. If futures Prices f > Cash Prices S=> Contango Market

3. Convenience Yield c: f = S + - c

Risk Premium Controversy (mixed in empirical studies) 1. f = E(ST) [No Risk Premium]

2. f < E(fT) = E(ST) = S + + E() = f + E()

Example. p. 387

Normal Contango: E(ST) < f

Normal Backwardation: f < E(ST)

The Effect of Intermediate Cash Flows on Futures Price

Long a Stock S and Short a Futures at f

S ST + DT

0 f-fT = f - ST

S DT+f

S = (DT + f)(1+r)-T

Or f = S(1+r)T - DT

Ex. S = $100, DT = $2, r = 6%, T = .25,

then f = 100(1.06).25-2 = $99.47

In General

f = S(1+r)T - Dt(1+r)(T-t) = Future Spot Price - FV(D)

= [S - PV(D)](1+r)T = S + For Continuous Dividends: f = Se(rc-)T = [S-PV(D)]ercT

= S + (where is the dividend yield), rc = continuously compound risk-free rate.

Ex. S = 85, = 8%, rc = 10%, T = 90 day = 0.246575yr, f = 85e(0.1-.08)0.246575

Interest Rate Parity• F=S(1+r)T/(1+ρ)T

• S=Spot Exchange Rate/$ • ρ =Risk-Free Rate in US• r=Foreign Risk-Free Rate• F=Forward Exchange Rate/$• $(1+ ρ)F=$S(1+r)• Deposit US$ in US’s Bank Us Forward Rate to

Lock in and then Convert to Foreign Currency = Convert in to Foreign Currency and Deposit in Foreign Bank.

• EX. See P. 327• Arbitrage Opp. Exists If Parity is Violated

(P.328)

Pricing of Spreads (Different Expiration Dates)

f1 = S + 1

f2 = S + 2

f1 - f2 = 1 - 2 = Spread Basis (Ex. p.329

Put-Call Forward/Futures Parity

• P=C-S+PV(E)

• P=C+PV(E)-PV(f)

• Or

• P(S,E,T)=C(S,E,T)+PV(E-f)

• Spot Price @ T vs. Exercise Price E for Options

Options On Futures: Underlying Asset is Futures• Call Option On Futures• C(f,T,E)=IV+TV• IVC=Max(0, f-E) for Call, • IVP=Max(0, E-f) for Put• Lower Bound for American & European Options (see P.

331 &332)• Ex . See p.333• Buy July call futures on Gold(100 ounces) w/E $300.

Exercise Decision: If July gold futures is $340 and the most recent price=$338. The Investor receive a long Gold Futures Contract + a Cash of $3,800 [i.e., (338-300)x100]. If Investor Decides to close out the long futures for a gain of (340-338)x100=$200. Total Payoff from the Decision of Exercise is $4,000

Put-Call Parity of Options on Futures

• P(f,T,E)=C(f,T,E)+PV(E-f)

• Ex. See p. 335

• Early Exercise of Call & Put Options on Futures? (Textbook: Possible for Both Call & Put)

B/S Option On Futures Pricing Model (p. 336)

• C(f,T,E)=PV[fN(d1)-EN(d2)]

• Where

• D1= ln(f/E)+σ2T/2

σ √T

• D2= D1- σ √T

Chapter 10: Forward and Futures Hedging Strategies• KEY CONCEPTS

Why Hedge

• Hedging concepts• Factors involved when constructing a hedge Difference

Between a Short Hedge and a Long Hedge and When to Use Each Appropriate Hedging Contract to Use in a Given SituationOptimal Hedge RatiosAnalysis of Specific Hedge

You will GetRich Quick

Why Hedge?• The value of the firm may not be independent of financial

decisions because– Shareholders might be unaware of the firm’s risks.– Shareholders might not be able to identify the correct number of

futures contracts necessary to hedge.– Shareholders might have higher transaction costs of hedging than

the firm.– There may be tax advantages to a firm hedging.– Hedging reduces bankruptcy costs.

• Managers may be reducing their own risk.• Hedging may send a positive signal to creditors.• Dealers hedge so as to make a market in derivatives.

Why Hedge? (continued)• Reasons not to hedge

– Hedging can give a misleading impression of the amount of risk reduced

– Hedging eliminates the opportunity to take advantage of favorable market conditions

– There is no such thing as a hedge. Any hedge is an act of taking a position that an adverse market movement will occur. This, itself, is a form of speculation.

Hedging Concepts• Short Hedge and Long Hedge

– Short (long) hedge implies a short (long) position in futures– Short hedges can occur because

• The hedger owns an asset and plans to sell it later.• The hedger plans to issue a liability later

– Long hedges can occur because• The hedger plans to purchase an asset later.• The hedger may be short an asset.

– An anticipatory hedge is a hedge of a transaction that is expected to occur in the future.

– See Table 10.1, p. 348 for hedging situations.

Hedging Concepts (continued)• The Basis

– Basis = spot price - futures price.– Hedging and the Basis

(short hedge) = ST - S0 (from spot market) - (fT - f0) (from futures market)

(long hedge) = -ST + S0 (from spot market) + (fT - f0) (from futures market)

• If hedge is closed prior to expiration, (short hedge) = St - S0 - (ft - f0)

• If hedge is held to expiration, St = ST = fT = ft.

Basis:

b0 S - f (initial basis) bt St - ft (basis @ t) bT ST - fT (basis @ expiration)

Profit from Hedge Strategy :

T Profit of long spot and short future(i.e.,Short Hedge)

= (ST - S) + (f - fT) = f - S = - b0 (Buy @ S and Sell @ f) T (Long Hedge) = b0

Example: Hedging and the Basis • Buy asset for $100, sell futures for $103. Hold

until expiration. Sell asset for $97, close futures at $97. Or deliver asset and receive $103. Make $3 for sure.

t T

Spot

futures

Spread

Example.

S = 95, f = 97, ST = x, T (Short Hedge) = $2 (why?)

t = (St - S) + (f - ft) = (St-ft) - (S-f) = S-f = bt- b0.

bt - b Is Stochastic

S > f Strengthening Basis for Short Hedger

S < f Weakening basis for Short Hedger

Ex:

@t, St = 92, ft = 90, Given S = 95, f = 97,

then t(Short Hedge) = (92-90)-(95-97) = 2-(-2)=4

Hedging Concepts (continued)• The Basis (continued)

– This is the change in the basis and illustrates the principle of basis risk.

– Hedging attempts to lock in the future price of an asset today, which will be f0 + (St - ft).

– A perfect hedge is practically non-existent.– Short hedges benefit from a strengthening basis.– Everything we have said here reverses for a long hedge.– See Table 10.2, p. 350 for hedging profitability and the

basis.

Hedging Concepts (continued p. 351)

• The Basis (continued)

– Example: March 30. Spot gold $387.15. June futures $388.60. Buy spot, sell futures. Note: b0 = 387.15 - 388.60 = -1.45. If held to expiration, profit should be change in basis or 1.45.

• At expiration, let ST = $408.50. Sell gold in spot for $408.50, a profit of 21.35. Buy back futures at $408.50, a profit of -19.90. Net gain =1.45 or $145 on 100 oz. of gold.

Hedging Concepts (continued)• The Basis (continued)

– Example: (continued)• Instead, close out prior to expiration when

St = $377.52 and ft = $378.63. Profit on spot = -9.63. Profit on futures = 9.97. Net gain = .34 or $34 on 100 oz. Note that change in basis was bt - b0 or -1.11 - (-1.45) = .34.

– Behavior of the Basis. See Figure 10.1, p. 352.

Two risks exist in Hedge:• 1. Cross Hedge (commodity is not the same as the

underlying commodity of futures)• 2. Quantity Risk: Size

Rules for Hedging Strategies:Rule 1.High CorrelatedRule 2.Expiration Date of Contract is Over and Close to

the Hedge Termination DateRule 3.If Positive Correlated => One Long and One Short

, If Negative Correlated => Both are Long or Short, (Detail See 355, Table 4)

Rule 4.Hedge Ratio; Nf such that some goal can achieve

Portfolio consists of a long S and Nf of Futures

= S + Nff = 0 => Nf = -S/f

Hedging Concepts (continued)• Contract Choice

– Which futures commodity?• One that is most highly correlated with spot• A contract that is favorably priced

– Which expiration?• The futures whose maturity is closest to but after the hedge

termination date subject to the suggestion not to be in the contract in its expiration month

• See Table 10.3, p. 354 for example of recommended contracts for T-bond hedge

• Concept of rolling the hedge forward

Hedging Concepts (continued)

• Contract Choice (continued)– Long or short?

• A critical decision! No room for mistakes.

• Three methods to answer the question. See Table 10.4, p. 355

– worst case scenario method

– current spot position method

– anticipated future spot transaction method

Hedging Concepts (continued)

• Margin Requirements and Marking to Market– low margin requirements on futures, but– cash will be required for margin calls

Hedging Concepts (continued)

• Determination of the Hedge Ratio– Hedge ratio: The number of futures contracts

to hedge a particular exposure– Naïve hedge ratio– Appropriate hedge ratio should be

• Nf = - S/ f

• Note that this ratio must be estimated.

Hedging Concepts (continued)• Minimum Variance Hedge Ratio

– Profit from short hedge: = S + fNf

– Variance of profit from short hedge:S

2 + f2Nf

2 + 2SfNf

– The optimal (variance minimizing) hedge ratio is (see Appendix 10A)

• Nf = - Sf/f2

• This is the beta from a regression of spot price change on futures price change.

Hedging Concepts (continued)

• Minimum Variance Hedge Ratio (continued)

• Hedging effectiveness is – e* = (risk of unhedged position - risk of hedged

position)/risk of unhedged position

– This is coefficient of determination from regression.

Hedging Concepts (continued)• Price Sensitivity Hedge Ratio

– This applies to hedges of interest sensitive securities.

– First we introduce the concept of duration. We start with a bond priced at B:

• where CPt is the cash payment at time t and y is the yield, or discount rate.

T

1tt

t

y)(1

CPB

Hedging Concepts (continued)• Price Sensitivity Hedge Ratio

– An approximation to the change in price for a yield change is

– with DURB being the bond’s duration, which is a weighted-average of the times to each cash payment date on the bond, and represents the change in the bond price or yield.

– Duration has many weaknesses but is widely used as a measure of the sensitivity of a bond’s price to its yield.

y1

y)(DURBB B

Hedging Concepts (continued)• Price Sensitivity Hedge Ratio

– The hedge ratio is as follows (See Appendix 10A for derivation.):

– Note that DURS -(S/S)(1 + yS)/yS and DURf -(f/f)(1 + yf)/yf

– Note the concepts of implied yield and implied duration of a futures. Also, technically, the hedge ratio will change continuously like an option’s delta and, like delta, it will not capture the risk of large moves.

NDUR

DUR

S

f

1 y

1 yfS

f

f

S

Hedging Concepts (continued)

• Price Sensitivity Hedge Ratio (continued)– Alternatively,

• Nf = -(Yield beta)PVBPS/PVBPf

– where Yield beta is the beta from a regression of spot yields on futures yields and

– PVBPS, PVBPf is the present value of a basis point change in the spot and futures prices.

Hedging Concepts (continued)

• Stock Index Futures Hedging– Appropriate hedge ratio is

• Nf = -(S/f)

• This is the beta from the CAPM, provided the futures contract is on the market index proxy.

– Tailing the Hedge• With marking to market, the hedge is not precise

unless tailing is done. This shortens the hedge ratio.

Hedge Ratio Determinations:

A. Minimum Variance Hedge Ratio B. Price Sensitivity Hedge Ratio C. Stock Index Futures Hedge D. Tailing a Hedge

A. Minimum Variance Hedge Ratio (p.357)

2 = 2

S + N2f 2

f + 2NfSf = Variance of Profit

• Minimizing 2 => Nf = - Sf/ 2

f = - in the regression

of S on f• Effectiveness of Hedge

e* = (2S - 2

)/2S = N2

f 2f /2

S

• Consider: S = + f + , Then

The Effectiveness of the Minimum Variance Hedge

e* = (2S - 2

)/2S = R2 = The Coefficient of

Determination in The Regression Analysis.

B. Price Sensitivity Hedge Ratio Duration-Based Hedge Strategy(p.359)

Bond Pricing: B = PV(Ci) + PV(Par) @ Yield y

Note: Yield Curve is Derived from ys (IRR)

1% = 100 base points

Duraion = D = Weighted Average Maturity of Bond

D = -(B/B)/[y/(1+y)] B/B -D[y/(1+y/n)], n = # of Interest

Payment/yr

Example: Given

B = PV(ci) + PV(P)

D = i[PV(ci)]/B, 3 years 10% Coupon Bond w/face Value $100, y= 12%, paid semiannual:

TimePayment PV(ci) Weight Time x Weight 0.5 5 4.717 0.0496 0.0248

1.0 5 4.450 0.0468 0.0468 1.5 5 4.198 0.0442 0.0663 2.0 5 3.960 0.0416 0.0832 2.5 5 3.736 0.0393 0.0983 3.0 105 74.021 0.7785 2.3355

Total 130 95.082 1.0000 2.6549= D

Price Sensitivity Hedge Ratio(p.359)

Hr= Srffr, Portfolio H = S + ff

= (Sysysrffyfyfr= 0

=> Nf = - (Sys/(fyf) if ysryfr

or

Nf= - (S/ys)/(f/yf)

In Terms of Duration

Ds = -[(S/S)(1+ys)]/ys

Nf = - [DsS/(1+ys)]/[Dff/(1+yf)]

C. Stock Index Futures Hedge (p. 361)

From the Minimum Variance Hedge [S = rsS, f = rff ]

Nf = - s(S/f), where s is obtained by regression of

rs = + srf + (Mkt Model)

• D. Tailing a Hedge (p.362)The Effect of Mark-to-the-Market

is to reduce the hedge ratio below

the optimum.

N = Nf(1+r)-(Days to Expiration - 1)/365

Hedging Strategies: Applications• 1. Currency Hedges

• 2. Intermediate & Long-term Interest Rate Futures Hedges

• 3. Stock Market Hedges

3 Most Actively Traded Currency Futures

• 1. Euro with size of €125,000

• 2 British Pound with size of £62,500

• 3 Japanese Yen with size of ¥12,500,000

• In US, Futures Prices Are Stated in $.

• EX. $.8310 for ¥ is ¥12,500,000x$.008310/ ¥

• =$103,875/Futures

• On 7/1, Car Dealer in US buys 20 British Car of £35,000/car, A/P on 11/1.

Long Currency Hedge: A/P in £

Date Spot Mkt Futures Mkt

7/1 $1.319/£, F=$1.306/ £Forward Cost=20(35000)x1.306=$914,200 Forward H

fD=$1.278/£, #of Contract=20(35,000)/62,500=11.2Buy 11 Currency Futures

11/1 S=$1.442/£, Total Cost in $ $700,000(1.442)=$1.009,400

fD=$1.4375/£, Sell 11 Contracts

Cost $1,009,400-$914,200=$95,200 for No hedge than Forward$1,009,200-11[(1.4375-1.2780x62,500]=$1,009,200-109,656.25= $899,743.75 by Futures Hedge

• On 6/29, CFO in UK will Transfer £10MM to NY on 9/28 (Forward Hedge)

Short Hedge: Convert £ to $ in the Future

Date Spot Mkt Forward Mkt

6/29 S=$1.362/£,F=$1.357/£

Sell £10MM Forward Currency @$1.375/£

11/1 S=$1.2375/£ Exercise Forward Paid £10MM & Get $13.75MM

Paid £10MM & Get $12.375MM for No Hedge Paid £10MM & Get $13.75MM by Forwards Hedge

Strip Hedge & Rolling Strip Hedge

On 1/2, ABC to Borrow $ at

3/1 $15MM

6/1 45

9/1 20

12/1 10

Strip: On 1/2 :Sell 15 March , 45June, 20 Sep and 10 Dec contracts.On 3/1 Buy 15 FuturesOn 6/1 Buy 45 FuturesOn 9/1 Buy 20 FuturesOn 12/1 Buy 10 Futures

Rolling Hedge Strip: On 1/2 Sell 90 March FuturesOn 3/1 Buy 90 March Futures and Sell 75 June FuturesOn 6/1 Buy 75 June Futures and Sell 30 Sep FuturesOn 9/1 Buy 30 Sep Futures and Sell 10 Dec FuturesOn 12/1 Buy 10 Dec Futures

2. Intermediate & Long-term Interest Rate Futures Hedge

• Intermediate and Long-Term Interest Rate Futures Hedges– First let us look at the T-note and bond contracts

• T-bonds: must be a T-bond with at least 15 years to maturity or first call date

• T-note: three contracts (2-, 5-, and 10-year)• A bond of any coupon can be delivered but the

standard is a 6% coupon. Adjustments, explained in Chapter 11, are made to reflect other coupons.

• Price is quoted in units and 32nds, relative to $100 par, e.g., 93 14/32 is 93.4375.

• Contract size is $100,000 face value so price is $93,437.50

Ex. Hedging a Long Position in a Gov't Bond (Table 7, p.368)

Hold $1MM of Gov't Bond Today. If bond prices (interest rate ), then futures on T-Bond will . So, you should sell T-bond future today to Hedge the Risk.

B=101,Ds =7.83, ys=.1174.yf=.1492Df =7.2, f=70.5=>Nf =-16.02, Sell16 T-Bond FuturesToday @ $70,500

T-Bond f=$66,718.75,B=95.6875Sold $1MM Gov't Bond get $956,875,(Loss $53,125 w/o Hedge)

w/Hedge:Closed out Futures Position at$66,718.75, f=70.5-66.71875=3.78125 per $100, f =16xfx1000 =$60,500 [T-bond futures $100,000/Contract]Net = $956,875 +60,500=$1,017,375

2/253/28

Hedging a Future Purchase of a T-Notes (p. 369)

• Same as the Hedging a future purchase of a T-Bill.

• Buy T-note futures to hedge (why?). Nf = -S/f, by regression on daily data find = 10.5. So, Nf = 11. (Table 10) [Regression function: S = + f + ] (different Nf)

Current Date FuturesExpirationDate

Purchasing Date

Ex. Hedging a Corporate Bond Issue (21 years maturity)

• Same as the Hedging a Future Commercial Paper Issue• Sell T-bond futures (why?).

• Nf = -DsS(1+yf)/Dff(1+ys).

• (Table 9, p. 370)

3. Stock Index Futures Hedge (f= CME index*$250)• Note: S&P 500 Index CME = 745.45 on 11/22/0x,

f = 745.45*250 = $186,362.5/Dec. index futures Contract• Expiration: March, June, Sept, Dec.• Last Trading Day: The Thursday before the 3rd Friday of

Expiration Month• Ex. Stock Portfolio Hedge (Table 10, p 373)

Hold a portfolio. Sell the S&P 500 futures to hedge his portfolio. Nf = -sS/f.

Mkt Value weighted betas to get s , Portfolio mkt value = S, Index futures times 250 = f.

Ex. Hedging a Takeover ( Table 11, p. 374, hedging a future purchase of stocks).

Buy Nf S&P 500 futures Contracts, Nf = S/f, beta in CAPM

Chapter 11: Advanced Futures Strategies

• KEY CONCEPTS– Cash and Carry Arbitrage– Implied Repo Rate– Delivery Option Imbedded in the T-Bond Futures

Contracts– Rationale for Spread Strategies– Stock Index Futures Arbitrage and Program Trading

Short-term Interest Rate Futures Strategies

• T-Bill Cash & Carry/Implied Repo

• Implied Repo Rate f/S - 1 = /S [f - S = ]R =(f/S)1/t -1 = the return implied by the cost of carry

relationship between spot & futures prices

Sell a Futures Contracts f-ST

Buy a Spot ST

Borrow S (use Spot as -S(1+r)Collateral)Net Cash 0 f-S(1+r)=0r is the repo

T-Bill and Euro$ Futures Price Determination

• T-Bill: f utures price per $100 = 100 - (100-IMM Index)x (90/360), Face value = $1 MM, Ex. Dec. 94.95 by IMM, the Actual futures price = [100-(100-94.95)(90/360)] x$1MM/100= $987,375

• Note: IMM quotes based on a 90-day T-bill w/360-day year.

• $1 MM Face Value, Interest Rate Is Discount Rate

Euro$ Futures: $1MM Face Value, Based on LIBOR– Interest Rate of Euro$ is Called LIBOR– Note: T-bill is a discount instrument, and Euro$ is an

add-on instrument.

Ex. 10% quote rate on T-bill & Euro$ (Spot Market)

Pay 100-10(90/360)=97.5 & get 100 par in 90 days

Yield = (100/97.5)365/90 -1 = 10.81% for T-bill.

Pay 97.5 get back 97.5(.1)(90/365)=2.44 interest + 97.5 principle

Yield = (1+2.4/97.5)365/90 -1 =10.36% for Euro$

Euro$ Futures Price Same as T-bill Futures Price

Calculation • Futures price per $100 = 100 - (100-IMM Index)x

(90/360), Face value = $1 MM, Ex. Dec. 94.46 by IMM, the Actual futures price = [100-(100-94.46)(90/360)] x$1MM/100= $986,150

• Note: IMM quotes based on a 3-month LIBOR w/360-day year.

• Expiration months: March, June, Sept, Dec.• Last Trading Date: Second London Business Day

before the third Wed. of the Month

• First Delivery Day: Cash Settled on Last Trading Day.

Ex. of Cash & Carry Arbitrage ( no transaction cost, Table 1, p.386)• On 9/26, T-bill maturing on 12/18 (i.e., 83 days to

maturity) has a discount rate of 5.19, which implied a rate of return 5.44%. The T-bill maturing on 3/19 (i.e. 174 days to maturity) has a discount rate of 5.35. The Dec. T-bill futures is priced by IMM index of 94.8. (Table 1, p. 458)

• Consider buy the March spot @5.35 pay price = 100-5.35*174/360 = 97.4142 and sell the Dec. T-bill futures @ price = 100-5.2*90/360 = 98.7:Synthetic Short-term T-B

• On Dec. 18, delivery the March T-bill for the futures & received 98.7. Paid S=97.4142 and get f=98.7. The rate of return R = 5.94% > 5.44% the return on the Dec. T-bill. There is an arbitrage (why?)[(98.7/97.4142)365/83-1=5.94%]

• On 9/26, Sell T-Bill Mature on 12/18 and [Buy the March Mature T-Bill & Sell Dec. T-Bill Futures]=> Arbitrage

Ex9/26 12/18 3/19

Current date

T-Bill Spot $98.8034 =100-5.19*83/360

March T-Bill Spot Price $97.4142 = 100-5.35*174/360

Yield=5.44%

Buy a T-B spotat $97.4142 &Sell a Dec. Futures at $98.7

Close out the Position, get$98.7, Yield= 5.94%

Buy a T-B (March) & Sell a Dec. Futures to Create a Synthetic Dec T-Bill

83 days

174 days

Euro$ Arbitrage: (Cost of Carry relation is Violated Between Euro$ Futures & Spot) (Table 2, p. 388)

• EX: On 9/16, a London bank needs either to issue $10MM of 180 day Euro$ CD @ 8.75 or to issue a 90-day CD @ 8.25 and selling a Euro$ futures contract expiring in 3 months of IMM index of 91.37. (Table 2, p. 388)

• If 180-day Euro$CD is issued, then paid $10,437,500 = $10MM[1+.0875(180)/360], or 9.07%

• If 90-day CD is issued @ 8.25 and sell 10 Euro$ futures @ 91.37, then need to pay 10MM [1+.0825(90/360)] on 12/16 and get 10*978,425 from futures pay 10*980,100 to close the futures (loss $16,750). The firm needs to issue $10MM x(1+ .0825/4) + $16,750 = $10,223,000 on 12/6 and pays $10,233,000 (1+.0796/4) = $10,426,438 or 8.84% < 9.07%

Synthetic 180-Day CD

Current Date: 90-day CD Rate 8.25Issue 90 day CDfor $10MMIMM 91.37/DecSell 10 Futuresat $978,425 each

3 months return on CD 2.0625%

Owe 10MM(1+8.25/4)=$10,206,250New 90-day CD Rate 7.96. IMM= 92.04=>f= 98.01. Issue new 90-day CD for 10,206,250 + (978425- 980100)x10

180 Days

180-day CD Rate 8.75. Owe $10MM(1+8.75x180/360)or the cost of debt 9.07% > 8.84%

Owe 10,223,000x(1+7.96/4)=10,426,438get $10MMthe cost of debt 8.84%

Return on furures 2.1575%=[(100-91.37)/100]/4

Annual Return from 90-day CD & Furures = 8.84%

Conversion Factor:Deliver a Different Coupon Rates

• Ex. Find CF for delivery of the 6 5/8 of August 15, 2022, on the June 2001 T-bond future contract

• On the june 1, 2001 the bond's remaining life is 21 yrs, 2 months. Rounding down to 0 (0,3,6,9).

• CF0 = (.06625/2)[1-1.03-2*21]/.03 + 1.03-2*21 = 1.074067

• The Invoice price = Settlement Price on position day * CF + Accrued interest

• If the settlement price on June is $104-02 =$104.0625 and the Accrued interest = $3404.7, then Invoice price = $104,062.5*1.074067 + $3404 = $115,174.07

• (Formula for CF see p.421)

Intermediate & Long-Term Interest Rate Futures Strategies

• Conversion Factor:Deliver a Different Coupon Rates & T

• Ex. Find CF for delivery of the 6 5/8 of August 15, 2022, on the June 2001 T-bond future contract

• On the june 1, 2001 the bond's remaining life is 21 yrs, 2 months. Rounding down to 0 (0,3,6,9).

• CF0 = (.06625/2)[1-1.03-2*21]/.03 + 1.03-2*21 = 1.074067• The Invoice price = Settlement Price on position day * CF +

Accrued interest• If the settlement price on June is $104-02 =$104.0625 and

the Accrued interest = $3404.7, then Invoice price = $104,062.5*1.074067 + $3404 = $115,174.07

• (Formula for CF see p.421)

• The cheapest-to-deliver bond, among all deliverable bonds, is the bond that is most profitable to deliver, where profit is measured by: [The FV of net cash flow by Selling a futures & Buying a Spot @ time t ]

f(CF) + AIT - [(B+AIt)(1+r)T-t - FV of Coupon at T],

where, AIT is the accrued interest on the bond at T, the delivery date, AIt is the accrued interest on the bond at time t (i.e., today), r = risk-free rate, B = bond price

Example:Given Current date 4/15, Delivery Date 6/11, Repo Rate 2.62%, Future Price 112.65625A: 12.5% Coupon, Mature on 8/15/09, CF = 1.4022

2/15 8/15

13+31+30+31+30+31+15 =181 days2/15 4/15 6/11

13+31+15=59 15+31+11=57

AIt =6.25x59/181=2.04 on 4/15, AIT =6.25x(59+57)/181= 4.01from 2/15 to 6/11.Bond price is Quoted 160.125(ask price). The Invoice Price=f(CF) + AIT=112.65625(1.4122)+4.01=161.98 on 6/11(B+AIt)(1+r)T-t = (160.125+2.04)(1.0262)57/365=162.82f(CF) + AIT - [(B+AIt)(1+r)T-t]=161.98-162.82= -.84

Example: Continue

B: 8.125% Coupon, Mature on 5/15/21, CF = 1.0137,

B = 116.21875, r = 2.62%

11/155/15 6/114/15

30days

27days

184 Days

AIt = 4.0625(181-30)/181= 3.39 on 4/15 from 11/15 to 4/15AIT = 4.0625(27/184) = 0.60 on 6/11 from 5/15 to 6/11FV(4.0625)=4.0625(1.0262)27/365 =4.07 on 6/11 from 5/15-6/11 f(CF) + AIT - [(B+AIt)(1+r)T-t - FV of Coupon at T] =112.65625(1.0137)+0.6 - [(116.21875+3.39) (1.0262)57/365-4.07=-1.22,12.5% Coupon is Cheapter-t-D Bond than 8.125%

Rules (Determining the Quoted Futures Price) • 1. Find the Cash Spot Price (Cheapest-to-deliver Bond)

from Quoted Price• 2. Find Futures Price based on on f = [S-PV(D)]er(T-t)

• 3. Find Quoted Futures Price from the Cash Futures Price• 4. Divide the Quoted Futures Price by Conversion Factor to

Allow the difference Between the C-t-D Bond & 15Yrs 8%

Coupon Payment

CurrentTime

CouponPayment

MaturityOf Futures

CouponPayment

60Days

122Days

148Days

36 Days

Suppose C-t-D T-Bond is 12%, Conversion Factor 1.4 & Futures is 270 days to mature, Coupon Pay Semiannual, Interest rate is 10% & Current Quoted Bond Price is $120

Example: Continue

• 1. The Cash Price = Quoted Bond Price + Accured Interest

120 + 6x[60/180] = 121.978, The PV ($6) in 122 days (0.3342 yr) = $5.803 2. The Futures Price for 270 days (0.7397 yr) is (121.978 - 5.803)e0.7397x0.1 = 125.094At Delivery, There are 148 Days of Accured Interest, The Quoted Futures Price Under 12% Coupon is 3. 125.094-6x148/183 = 120.242The Quoted Futures Price under 8% should be 4. 120.242/1.4 = 85.887

$

Delivery Options:• 1. Wild Card Option: if S5 < f3*CF [note: issue notice of

intention to deliver at 7pm to clearinghouse]• 2.Quality (or Switching) Option:(switching to favorable B)• 3. The-end-of-the-month Option: (same as Wild Card

Option, there are 8 Business Days in the expiration month)• 4. Timing Option(in one month; financing cost vs coupon)

Implied Repo/Cost of Carry (T-B Futures)

f(CF) + AIT = $ received for Delivery

= $ paid for B + Cost of Carry = (S+AI)(1+r)T

r = [(f(CF) + AIT)/(S+AI)]1/T - 1

Implied Repo/Cost of Carry

• Repo

Buy a Bond -(S+AI) ST+AIT

Borrow S+AI -(S+AI)(1+r)T

Sell a T-Bond Futures f(CF)+AIT - (ST +AIT)

Net Cash Flow 0 f(CF)+AIT -(S+AI)(1+r)T

0 Investment 0 risk r = [(f(CF)+AIT)/(S+AI)]1/T -1

Current Date Expiration Date

On 12/2/03, p.398. Given S=141.5, AI =1.43 =6.25(42/184), CF=1.4662,f=95.65625, AIT =3.669 =6.25(108/184), r = 3.89%

8/15 9/26 66 Days 12/1Ex. 12.5% Coupon 2/15$ $

T-Bond Futures Spread: Long & Short a T-B Futures w/ Different Expiration Dates• Ex. to speculate r , if r will in short period then Sell a

shorter maturity futures & Buy a longer maturity futures (see Table 5, p. 399)

T-Bond Futures Spread/Implied Repo Ratet T

BuySell

@ Time t, Get T-Bond & Pay ft(CFt)+AIt ,Finance By Repo Rate r. @ Time T, Deliver T-Bond & Get fT(CFT)+AIT. 0 Net Cash Flow @ Time 0 & t & 0 risk at Time T (ft(CFt)+AIt)(1+r)T-t = fT(CFT)+AIT, or r=[(fT(CFT)+AIT)/(ft(CFt)+AIt)]1/(T-t)-1. If r forward rate, then Arbitrage Opportunity [i.e. Over(under)priced futures]

Ex. (T-Bond Futures Spread/ Implied Repo Rate)On 12/2/02, 16 1/4s T-Bond Maturing on 8/15/23 is the C-T-D Bond, March-June Spread & Given AI =.35, CFM=1.029,

CFJ=1.0289, fM=108.09375, fJ=108.09375, AIM =.35, AIJ

=1.9 =>(implied repo rate from 13/7-6/5)r = [(108.09375(1.0289)+1.9)/(108.09375(1.4662)+.35 )]365/90

-1 = .00092 (ex. P. 401)

Bond Mkt Timing w/Futures: DS if r, &DS if r To change the Duration from DS to DT is decided by

Nf = -[(DS-DT)S(1+yf)]/Dff(1+yS)

• Ex. DS=7.83, DT=4, S=1.01MM, yf=14.92% Df=7.2, f = 70,500, yS= 11.74%, => Nf = -7.84 Sell 8 Futures See Table 6, p. 403

8/15 9/26 12/1 2/15 3/1

Stock Index Futures Strategies

• Stock Index Arbitrage: when f = Se(rc-)T is Violated Then Buy Low Sell High, See Ex: p. 404, & Table 7

• Program Trading At least $1MM mkt value& At least 15 Stocks transaction

Speculating on Unsystematic Risk (Individual Stock)

rS = rM + S, Or,SrS = SrM + SS

S = S(M/M) + SS , M is the mkt index

Given, = S+Nf f , and Nf = -(S/f), so no systematic risk in Portfolio S + Nf f (This is a Hedge)

= SS

= Stock Price * Unsystemmtic Return

if M/M = f/f

Ex. next page

Ex. Speculating on Unsystematic Risk Table 8, p. 410

• On 12/1, Bay has a price at 26 and a beta of 1.2, You expect Bay to by 10% by the end of Feb and the S&P 500 to 8%. =1.2 1.2x8% =9.6% on the stock. To Hedge: Selling S&P 500 index futures12/2 2/28

Own 100,000 shares of Bay at 26, S = $2,600,000f=765.3 March, Nf=1.2(2,600,000)/765.3x500=8.154, Sell 9 Futures

Stock price is 26.25f= 700, Buy 9 Futuresto Close out

from Stock = $25,000 from Futures = 65.3x500x9= $293,850, Total = 318,850, Rate of return=12.26%

Stock Mkt Timing w/Futures: (Adjust by Futures)

• Buying or selling futures to or portfolio Given Nf = -S(S/f), Portfilo P = S + Nf f , & p = S+Nf f ,

the return on the portfolio rp= (S+Nf f )/S

E(rp)= E(rS)+NfE(f /S) = r + [E(rM)-r]T, T is the target

E(rS) = r + [E(rM)-r]S and E(f /f) = E(rM)-r ,

Nf = (TS)(S/f)

from 0-beta risk hedge ratio Nf = -S(S/f) to target T risk hedge ratio Nf = (TS)(S/f)

Ex: On 12/2 current =.9, S = $5MM. Portfolio Manager likes to to 1.5 for 3 months, f=765

Nf = (1.5-.9)5MM/765x500=7.843, Buy 8 S&P 500 March

index futures contracts Now

Put-Call-Futures Parity:

Pe = Ce + (E-f)(1+r)-T vs. Pe = Ce -S + E(1+r)-T

PVBuy a Put P E- ST 0Buy a Futures 0 ST-f ST -f E-f ST -fBuy a Call C 0 ST -EBuy a Bondw/ PV(E-f) PV(E-f) E-f E-f E-f ST -f

ST E STE

Current Date Expiration Date

Chapter 12: Option on the Futures• Key Concepts

– Basic Characteristics of Options on Futures

– Intrinsic Values, Lower Bounds & Put-Call Parity of Options on Futures

– Why Both Calls & Puts Might Be Exercised Early

– Black & Binomial Option on Futures Pricing Models

– Trading Strategies for Options on Futures

– Diffrence Between Options on the Spot & Options on Futures

Options on Futures

To give the buyer the right to buy (or sell) a futures contract @ a fixed price (E) up to a specified expiration date (T). (Commodity Options or Futures Option)

Call & Put

Intrinsic Value of an American Option on Futures = Max(0,f-E) for Call. = Max(0,E-f) for Put.

Ex.

Black Option on Futures Pricing Model

• C(f,T,2,E, r) = e-rcT[fN(d1) - EN(d2)]

where, d1 = [ln(f/E) + .52T]/sT

d2 = d1 -s

• Ex • - .

Put-Call Parity

• Ce(f,T,E) = Pe(f,T,E) + (f-E)(1+r)-T

• Ex. Pe(f,T,E) = 7.45, f = 320, E=315, r = 5.46%, T = .25, then Ce(f,T,E) = 7.45 + 5(1.0546)-.25 = 12.52

Chapter 14: Swaps & Other Interest Rate Agreements

• Key Concepts– Interest Rate Swaps (pricing, Apllications, Termination)– Forward Rate Agreements & Similarity to Swaps– Interest Rate Options Use & Pricing– Caps, Floors, Collars Use & Pricing– The Derivative Intermediary– The Nature of Credit Risk & How It Is Managed– General Awareness of Accounting, Regulatory & Tax

Issues

Basic Concepts• Swaps = Privated Agreements Between 2 Parties to

Exchange Cash Flows In the Future According to a Prearranged Formula = Portfolio of Forwards Contracts

• Comparative Advantage : Borrowing Fixed When it Wants Floating or Vice Versa

• Prime Rate (Reference Rate of Interest for Domestic Financial Mkt)

• LIBOR (Reference Rate for International Financial Mkts)

Example Borrowing Rate: Fixed FloatingCompany A 10% 6-month LIBOR +0.3%

Company B 11.2% 6-month LIBOR +1%

B pays 1.2% more than A in Fixed & Only .7% in Floating

B has Comparative Advantage in Floating Rate Mkt, A has Comparative Advantage in Fixed Rate Mkt

A Swap is Created: A B9.95%

LIBOR+0.05%

A pays 10%/year to Outside Lender, Receive 9.95%/yearfrom B, Pays LIBOR to B

B Borrows @ LIBOR+1%A Borrows @ Fixed 10% &Then Rnter a Swap to Ensurethat A Ends Up Floating Rate

LIBOR+1%10%

Example: Company B Cash Flow: 1. Pay LIBOR+1% to Outside Lender 2. Receive LIBOR from A 3. Pays 9.95% to A

Company A Net Cash Flow with Swap -10%+9.95%-(LIBOR) = -(LIBOR+0.05%)

Without Swap, Company A Pays LIBOR+0.3%, Save 0.25%

Company B Net Cash Flow with Swap -(LIBOR+1%)-9.95%+[LIBOR] = -10.95%

Without Swap, Company A Pays 11.2%, Save 0.25%

The Total Gain = [11.2%-10%] - [(LIBOR+1%) - (LIBOR+ 0.3% )] = 0.5%.

Role of Financial Intermediary (Net 0.1%)

• A: Cash Flow: (Net = LIBOR+0.1%, Save 0.2% )Pay 10% to outside Lenders

Receive 9.9%/annum from Financial Intermediary

Pay LIBOR to Financial Intermediary

A BFinancialInstitution

9.9%

LIBORLIBOR + 1%

10.0%

10% LIBOR

B: Cash Flow: (Net = 11%, Save 0.2%) Pay LIBOR + 1% to Outside Lenders Receive LIBOR from Financial Intermediary Pay 10%/annum to Financial Intermediary

Swap Valuation

• VF = Value of Floating Payment = P - PV(P). Bond Sell at Par P = Notional Principal

• VR = PV(Fixed Cash FLow): for Fixed Payment

• Value of Swap = VF - VR ,

• VF (Floating Payment Discount at Euro$ Deposit Rate, i.e, the PV of Receiving $1Euro$ at Date T)

• VR (Fixed Payment Discount at T-Bill Price/$, i.e., the PV of Receiving for Sure $1 at Date T)

Spot & Forward Rate

Term Structure of Interest Rate (Based on Pure Discount Bond)

Bond Pricing: B = PV(Ci) + PV(Par) @ Yield y

Note: Yield Curve is Derived from ys

1% = 100 base points

• Estimating the Term Structure (p.372)• (i.e., An Application of Forward Rates to Derive the Spot

Rate) Example. See p. 372-375

Spot Rates

Forward Rate

Example: Estimating the Term Structure

Spot Rate = S1

S2 = (1+S1 )(1+ f1 )-1

S3 = (1+S2 )(1+ f2 )-1

S1 f1 f2

S4 = (1+S3)(1+ f3)-1

f3

Note: fi is derived from the T-bill Futures PriceSi+1 = (1+Si)(1+fi) Annualize & then - 1

• T-Bill: f utures price per $100 = 100 - (100-IMM Index)x (90/360), Face value = $1 MM, Ex. Dec. 94.95 by IMM, the Actual futures price = [100-(100-94.95)(90/360)] = $98.7375, Yield = [100/98.7375]365/90 see p.373

• Note: IMM quotes based on a 90-day T-bill w/360-day year.

1. Short-term Interest Rate Hedges

• a. Anticipatory Hedge of a future purchase of a T-Bill

T-Bills (IMM), size = $1 million/contract (90-day)

(*) f = 100 - (100-IMM index)(90/360)

Ex. IMM index 92.06

f = 100 - (7.94)/4 = 100-1.985 = 98.015

So, the futures price is $980,150/T-bill futures

Ex. Hedging a Future Purchase of a T-bill:

If you are going to buy T-bill from spot market in the future, then you should buy the T-bill futures now (why?).

If interest rate decreases, then the price of T-bill will increase => To hedge future purchase of T-Bill, BUY one (why one ?) T-Bill futures now to capitalize the rising of the futures price due to the interest rate decrease. Because if rfutures price=>Losses (Table 6, p. 426)

Money

Buy a T-BillPay f

Get the1MMPar

Now, Buya Futures

FuturesExpired

ExampleGiven, forwarddiscount 8.94 *Implied forward rate 9.6% IMM = 91.32f = 97.83Buy a Futures at97.83

Close Out DateGiven IMM=92.54new f=98.135, Net from futures = -97.83+98.135= 0.305Buy a T-Bill @ discount 7.69 or S = 98.056 NetCost of a T-Bill98.056-.305=97.751

FuturesExpired

T-BillExpiredGet $1MM

w/Hedge, the Rate ofReturn = 9.55%=(100/97.751)365/91 -1w/o Hedge, the Rate of Return = 8.19% = (100/98.056)365/91 -1

(Lock in the forward rate @ 9.6%)

5/17

2/15 June

b. Anticipatory Hedge of a future $10MM commercial paper Issue (Use: Euro$ futures (IMM), size=$1 MM)• Ex. Hedging a Future Commercial Paper Issue:• If you need to issue 180 days commercial paper in the

future, then you should sell the futures (why?) (Table 7, p. 429). [Because issuing a commercial paper sell spot, if r , spot , & Interest Rate Futures Short Euro$ futures].

• Hedging Strategy: Use (*) to calculate the futures price & yield yf & use spot mkt to calculate the commercial paper's yield ys & its value. Find the hedge ratio using the Price Sensitivity Hedge Ratio (why?): Nf = - DsS(1+yf)/Dff(1+ys) (p.429)

Ex. Hedge Future Commercial Paper Issue

4/6 7/20 Sept

Issue $10MM (180Days) C P@ Spot Rate 11.34100-11.34(180/360)=94.33 per $100(100/94.33)365/180- 1=.1257 if No Hedge

FuturesExpired

Given IMM of Sept88.23 =>f =97.0575yf = (100/f)365/90 -1=.1288,Given 180-day C PImplied forward Rate 10.37%, Price100-10.37(180/360)ys = (100/P)365/180-1=.114, Nf = -19.8Sell 20 Futures(Sept)Contracts (Hedge)

IMM = 87.47, f = 96.8675, f = 0.19/100[100/(94.33+.38)]365/180 -1= 11.65 Costof Fund if HedgeNote: 1000/(943.3+3.8)=100/(94.33+.38)

3.8 = .19x20 (Contracts)

(Lock in the forward rate @ 11.4%)

Ex. Hedging a Floating Loan:(Lock in @ 10.68%) (3months floating loan)

• Borrow $10MM from a bank with a floating rate = LIBOR +1% for two months. If LIBOR , then futures . So, firm should sell the futures now. Given f6 = $976,875=> yf = 9.95%, ys = .1122=(1+10.68%/12)12-1,

• Nf = - DsS(1+yf)/ Dff(1+ys)

= -(1/12)10MM(1.0995)/ [(1/4)(9.76875)(1.1122)] = -3.37 and

Nf = -(1/12)10089000(1.0995)/ [(1/4)(9.76875)(1.1122)]

= -3.4 Sell 6 futures with three to be closed out on March and three on

April.(see Table 8, p.431)

• Example: Heading a Floating Rate Loan (3 Months)

2/3 3/2 4/6 5/4FuturesExpired

LIBO(90days)=9.68%,Get 10MMLoan, & Like toLock in the(1+.1068/12)12

-1 = .1122= ys

IMM=90.75, f=97.6875, yf=.0995,Nf =-3.37Sell 6 Euro$Futures

IMM=90.47f=97.6175,

f=.07, or700/Futuresx3 = $2,100Total Liabil.=10MM(1+.1068/12) =$10,089,000 - 2,100$10,086,900New LIBOR=10.09

IMM=89.99,f = 97.4975f =.19, or1900/Futuresx3=$5,700Total Liabil.10086900(1+.11.09/12) =$10,180,120 - 5,700$10,174,420New LIBOR=10.79

Pay Total Debt$10,174,420(1+.1179/12)=$10,274,384

Cost of Debt(10,274,384/10MM)4= .1144 with Hedgew/o Hedge =[1+.1068/12)(1+.1109/12)(1+.1179/12)]4=.1178