Chapter 8
Transport
Transport
Is the absorption and circulation within an
organism
Passive Transport
vs.
Active Transport
Passive Transport
A type of transport in which materials move across the cell membrane without using energy
( high concentration to low concentration)
Diffusion
The movement of particles from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
Example of Passive transport
Active Transport
A type of transport requiring energy to move materials across the cell membrane
(low concentration to high concentration)
Concentration Gradient
The difference in concentration between a region of high
concentration and a region of low concentration
passive transportpassive transport the movement of materials the movement of materials across a plasma membrane across a plasma membrane in which the cell expends in which the cell expends
no energyno energy
•DiffusionDiffusion•OsmosisOsmosis
•PlasmolysisPlasmolysis•Facilitated DiffusionFacilitated Diffusion
active transport active transport the movement of materials against the movement of materials against
a concentration gradient (from a concentration gradient (from regions of low concentration to regions of low concentration to
regions of high concentration) buy regions of high concentration) buy using energy from ATPusing energy from ATP. .
•EndocytosisEndocytosis•Phagocytosis Phagocytosis •PinocytosisPinocytosis
•ExocytosisExocytosis
Cell membrane
Made up of proteins and lipids
Also known as :
- plasma membrane
- selective membrane
Is semipermeable membrane
Water molecules are small enough to easily diffuse across the cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Lipids
Protein
I. Absorption
Absorption
The passage of materials across the cell membrane
and into the cell
CirculationThe movement of materials within a cell and/or throughout an organism
a) intracellular circulation within the cell
(cyclosis)Endoplasmic reticulum
b) Intercellular circulation blood circulation throughout body
heart, blood vessels, capillaries Gastrovascular cavity
II. Circulation
Intracellular Circulation
Circulation within the cell
Ex: Cyclosis
Intracellular Circulation(Cyclosis)
Intercellular Circulation
Circulation outside of the cell
Ex: blood, heart,
III. Organisms
Transport in Vascular Plants
Plants have vascular (conducting) tissue known as xylem and phloem
1. Xylem- carries water and dissolved materials upward from the roots to the stems and leaves.
2. Phloem- carries food (glucose) and other organic compounds from the leaves throughout the rest of the plant.
Roots
Roots are structures that specialize in the absorption of water and minerals from the soil, and the
movement of these materials upward to the stem
Root Hairs
Found on roots
Increase surface area for water absorption
Stems
Structure is more complex than roots
The xylem and phloem tubes are continuous with the xylem and phloem of the roots
Leaves
The xylem and phloem tubes in the leaves are in vascular bundles called veins
The xylem and phloem tubes are continuous with the xylem and phloem of the roots and stems
Bryophytes
vs.
Tracheophytes
Tale of Two Plants
TracheophytesHas Vascular tissue Xylem, phloem
More complexTrue roots, stems, leavesTrees, flowers, bushes, Vegetables,
Grasses, etc
BryophytesLacks Vascular tissueMust be in moist Env.Limited growth capabilitiesSimple plantsNO true roots, stems, leavesMosses + liverworts
Bryophytes
Are simple, multicellular organisms that lack vascular tissue (xylem and phloem)
Therefore, transport is done by diffusion through cell membrane
Bryophytes- The Bryophytes
have- no true roots,
stems or leaves. - No vascular tissue
(no tubes)- Ex: moss -
Tracheophytes
Are higher, more complex multicellular organisms that have vascular tissue for transport
Tracheophytes
- 2. Tracheophytes- Have true roots, stems, and leaves.
- Have vascular tissue- Ex: trees and
flowering plants
Chloroplast
O2
Sugars
CO2
Light-Dependent Reactions
CalvinCycle
NADPH
ATP
ADP + PNADP+Chloroplast
Section 8-3
Figure 8-7 Photosynthesis: An Overview
Lightwater
Review
Leaf Cross Section
Veins
Xylem
PhloemVein
Cuticle
Epidermis
Palisademesophyll
Epidermis
Stoma
Guardcells
Spongymesophyll
Root Longitudinal Section ( #7 )
Section 23-2
Figure 23–9 Water Transport in a Root
Section Outline
23–5 Transport in PlantsA. Water Transport
1. Capillary Action
2. Transpiration
3. Controlling Transpiration
4. Transpiration and Wilting
B. Nutrient Transport
1. Functions of Phloem
2. Movement From Source to Sink
Stomates and Guard cells
Diagram #1-342
Stomates and Guard cells
a specialized cell on the undersurface of leaves for controlling gas exchange and water loss.
The Guard cells control the stomatal openings in the epidermis of the leaf.
Gas Exchange : Lenticels
a spongy area present in the cork (bark) surfaces of the stems, roots, and other parts of vascular plants. It appears on the surface as a lenticular (lens-shaped) spot, which acts as a pore. These structures allow for the exchange of gases between the internal tissues and atmosphere to occur across the bark which would otherwise prevent this exchange of gases.
Water Movement
Movement of nutrients and water from the ground and into the root hairs involve the following:
1. Diffusion (nutrients in) 2. Osmosis (water in)
Transpiration
The evaporation of water from the leaves through the stomatesTranspiration calls for the need of more water in the leaves, and as a result, water is pulled upward to replace the water that has evaporated
Transpirational Pull
The upward pull of water through the xylem due to
transpiration
Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves.
Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.
A B
Transpirationvideo 23.a
Evaporation of water molecules out of leaves.
Pull of water molecules upward from the roots.
A B
Transpiration
Transport videos
Transpiration video 23.a
Translocation 23.b
Section 23-5
Movementof water
Movementof sugar
Sugarmolecules
Source cell
Sink cell
Phloem Xylem
Figure 23–24 Phloem Transport
Organisms
Protists Ameoba Paramecium
Animals Hydra Earthworm Grasshopper
Kingdom: Protista
Oxygen
CO2
Phylum: Protozoan, Amoeba (ameba)
Metabolic Waste
Kingdom: ProtistaPhylum: Protozoan, Paramecium
Posterior Contractile
vacuole
Plasma membrane
Anterior Contractile
vacuole
cytoplasm
Circulation in Protista
Phylum: ProtozoanEx. Amoeba, Paramecium
No specialized transport system
Materials enter and leave by:diffusion and active transportUses contractile vacuoles
Ex. Oxygen, carbon dioxide
Invertebrates Review
Arthropod
Annelid
Flatworm
Cnidarian
Mouth/anus
Mouth/anusMouth
Mouth
Gastrovascularcavity
Gastrovascularcavity
Pharynx
Pharynx
PharynxCrop
Crop
Gizzard
Intestine
Intestine
Rectum
Anus
Anus
Stomachand
digestive glands
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Coelenterate
AKA: Cnidarian
Mouth/anus
Gastrovascularcavity
Cnidaria Review:
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Coelenterates or Cnidaria
Simple multicellular organisms 2 cell layers thick, endo and ectodermic layers Every cell in contact with the environment Carries out Extracellular circulation in Gastrovascular cavity (GVC)
Diffusion of gasses in and outIngests nutrients by Phagocytosis
Carries out Intracellular Circulation by Cyclosis and diffusion
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Annelida
Anus
Clitellum
Circular muscle
Longitudinalmuscle
Nephridia Ganglia Ringvessels
Reproductiveorgans
Ventralblood vessel
Ganglion
Brain
Mouth
Dorsalblood vessel
CropGizzardBody segments
Setae
Prentice Hall chapter 27
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Annelida
Annelida AKA Segmented Worms
Skin is moist for oxygen permeability
Closed Circulatory system
Blood contains IRON bases PROTEIN HEMOGLOBIN. Red color
Double diffusion of O2 through skin then body cells
Absorbs digested end products using typhlosole
Phylum: AnnelidsPhylum: Annelids(Segmented worms)(Segmented worms)
Transport Similarities
Insect:Open Circulatory
System
Annelid:Closed Circulatory
System
Heartlikestructures
Bloodvessels
Heartlike structure
Bloodvessels
Hearts
Heart
Sinusesand organs
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Arthropoda
Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Arthropoda
Open circulatory system, meaning the blood flows into the tissue and comes into direct contact with all the cells. Blood is transparent-green, lacks iron based hemoglobin. ITS COPPER BASED Blood only carries nutrients. NO GASESSpecial tubes transport the oxygen and carbon dioxide. Has only one blood vessel, the aortaHeart pumps the blood through the aorta and into the tissue or body spaces where materials are exchanged. The blood returns to the heart through valve like openings in the heart wall. SINUSES