Chapter 8World War I & the 1920’s

Imperialism A policy by which one country takes control

of another land or country.

Rough Riders Group of volunteers gathered by Theodore

Roosevelt to invade Cuba.

Open Door Policy U.S. Secretary of State John Hay promoted

an agreement with the nations of Great Britain, Japan, France, Germany, Russia, and Italy that kept China open to trade for all nations.

William C. Gorgas Colonel of the U.S. Army Medical Corps;

virtually eradicated malaria and yellow fever by sanitizing and draining areas of standing water in the Canal Zone.

Long Term Causes Of World War I

Alliances

Alliances Triple Alliance Triple Entente

Triple Alliance When European powers of Germany,

Austria-Hungary, and Italy formed an agreement of mutual protection.

Triple Entente Great Britain, France, and Russia formed

this alliance because they felt threatened by the Triple Alliance.

Start of World War I Archduke Francis Ferdinand

Archduke Francis Ferdinand Heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary; He

and his wife was assassinated while riding in a car in Serbia. His assassination was one of the factors that led to the starting of World War I.

Battle Tactics & New Innovations

Trench warfare No man’s land Machine guns Poison gas airplane

Trench Warfare War that takes place in the trenches, which

were infested with rats.

No Man’s Land Land that lay between the opposing

trenches where soldiers placed barbed wire and land mines.

Machine Guns Gun that fires bullets in rapid succession.

Was used to increase the chances of hitting the enemy.

Poison Gas First used by the Germans, mustard gas

killed or wounded soldiers instantly. Soldiers died by the hundreds of thousands.

Airplane In 1909, Wilbur and Orville Wright built the

first military airplane. At the beginning of the war, planes were used for reconnaissance. By the end of the war, countries equipped planes with machine guns.

Causes of U.S. involvement in World War I

The sinking of the Lusitania The Zimmerman Telegram German Aggression at sea The Russian Revolution

The Sinking of the Lusitania The U.S. sold military goods to the Triple Entente,

especially Britain. The Germans, however, had a group of submarines, called U-boats, which they used to sink British and Merchant ships in the Atlantic. The Germans warned all nations that they would attack any ship entering or leaving British ports. President Wilson ignored the warning. Without the knowledge of passengers the U.S. had been shipping military supplies to Britain on cruise liners. On May 7, 1915, a German submarine torpedoed the Lusitania off the coast of Ireland. 1,200 people died, including 128 Americans. A wave of anti-German feeling swept over the U.S.

The Zimmerman Telegram In 1917, the U.S. intercepted a secret

telegram between German foreign secretary, Arthur Zimmerman, and his official in Mexico. The telegram stated that the Mexican government should attack the U.S. if the U.S. declared war on Germany. In return, Germany promised to help Mexico win back the land the U.S. gained in the Mexican-American war.

German Aggression In 1917, Germany began sinking U.S.

merchant ships in the Atlantic. This aggression against the U.S. was seen as a reason for immediate war.

The Russian Revolution In March 1917, revolutionaries in Russia

overthrew the monarchy. With the monarchy gone, the Allied forces could present a united front for the ideals of democracy. With this event, Wilson asked the Congress to declare war on Germany, which Congress did on April 6, 1917.

Consequences of the War Political Economic Social

Political Germany, Austria-Hungary, and the

Ottoman Empire gave up parts of their land. The Austrian-Hungarian Empire disappeared. In the event of a future war, all men in the U.S. between the ages of 21 and 30 were required by law to register for the draft.

Economic When the war ended the Germans signed

an armistice (truce) on November 11, 1918. Later, in the Treaty of Versailles 1919, the Germans reluctantly agreed that the war was entirely their fault. As a result, the treaty called for Germany to pay war reparations or costs to the victorious nations for its part in starting the war.

Social The war reparations Germany was forced

to pay were considered a humiliation to the German people. When Adolf Hitler rose to power, he used this bitterness to reclaim the achievements of Germany’s past.

Post World War I Era The League of Nations Isolationism

The League of Nations President Wilson proposed the League of

Nations as a way to foster understanding and discourage aggressions against other countries.

Isolationism To stay out of international conflicts and

events.

Post World War I Culture: The Roaring Twenties

Prominent Writers and Movements in the U.S.

Prominent Writers and Movements in the U.S.

F. Scott Fitzgerald Ernest Hemmingway The Harlem Renaissance Langston Hughes Zora Neale Hurston Claude McKay Jean Toomer Louis Armstrong Jelly Roll Morton W.C. Handy Bessie Smith

F. Scott Fitzgerald Fitzgerald’s works personified the high

society life of the 1920’s. The Great Gatsby is his most famous work.

Ernest Hemingway Regarded as one of the most influential

writers of the 20th century, Hemingway used simple language to achieve a profound and complex effect. His most famous works include The Sun Also Rises, A Farewell to Arms, For Whom the Bell Tolls, and The Old Man and the Sea.

The Harlem Renaissance Beginning in Harlem, New York in the

1920’s, an increase in black racial pride and awareness led many black intellectuals to write works portraying the daily lives of working class blacks in the U.S. Another important aspect was the introduction of Jazz and the Blues as new musical forms of expression.

Langston Hughes African American author of the Harlem

Renaissance, Hughes wrote memorable plays, poems, and short stories about the black experience in the U.S.

Zora Neale Hurston A black writer and folklorist whose study of

her racial heritage influenced the Harlem Renaissance. Most famous work was Their Eyes Were Watching God.

Claude McKay First novelist to attract a large white

audience. Famous work Home to Harlem.

Jean Toomer Wrote the innovative novel Cane, in which

Toomer voiced a common theme of the Harlem Renaissance: the beauty and challenges of African American culture.

Louis Armstrong Extremely talented black jazz trumpet

player, played in King Oliver’s Jazz Band.

Jelly Roll Morton Black artist who was the first to arrange on

paper previously spontaneous jazz music.

W.C. Handy Born in Florence, Alabama, and a music

teacher at Alabama A&M University; Handy composed and popularized many blues songs. Famous songs include Memphis Blues, St. Louis Blues, and Loveless Love.

Bessie Smith Known as the Empress of the Blues in the

1920’s, Smith received national attention for her blues singing.

Social Activists Margaret Sanger Zelda Fitzgerald

Margaret Sanger A nurse in White Plains, New York, Sanger

advocated contraception. She distributed a magazine attacking the Comstock Law. This law prohibited the distribution of information related to pornography, birth control, and sexually transmitted diseases.

Zelda Fitzgerald Personified the lifestyles of the rich and

famous in the 1920’s. Wife of F. Scott Fitzgerald, and a writer in her own right.

Mass Media Entertainment Radio Movies

Radio In the 1920’s, radios became available for

the households of the U.S. The first radio station began broadcasting in Pittsburg in 1922. Radio listeners enjoyed comedies, westerns, mysteries, music, and the latest news.

Movies In the 1920’s, movies became very popular.

In 1927, the first movie with sound, The Jazz Singer, made its debut. This new technology caused a sensation, and people flocked to the movies in great numbers.

New Inventions Automobile Airplane Home Appliances

Automobile Automobiles allowed people to travel long

distances for work or for pleasure.

Airplane Provided a way for many people to travel

the U.S. or between continents in a matter of hours.

Home Appliances Home appliances such as vacuum

cleaners, mixers, and washing machines freed up more time for women working at home.

Racial Conflicts Back to Africa Movement

Back to Africa Movement Movement spurred by Marcus Garvey.

Although few blacks actually left for West Africa, the movement inspired unity among blacks and signaled their frustration with their lack of personal and economic freedom in the U.S.

The “Red Scare” When the Communist Bolsheviks came to

power in Russia, in 1917, they asked that workers around the world revolt against their governments. In addition, anarchists (people who do not believe in any form of government) tried to assassinate John D. Rockefeller and Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer. These two events led to a time of hysteria known as the “Red Scare.”

Immigration Laws of the 1920’s Nativists Emergency Quota Act

Nativists People who were afraid of foreigners

entering the U.S.

Emergency Quota Act Set up in 1921, this act set up a quota

system favoring northern Europe for immigration.

Prohibition 18th Amendment Speakeasies Bootleggers Al Capone 21st Amendment

18th Amendment Banned alcohol.

Speakeasies Hidden bars where people would go to

drink and dance.

Bootleggers People who made fortunes by smuggling

alcohol from Canada and the Caribbean into the U.S.

Al Capone Most famous bootlegger.

21st Amendment Repealed the 18th Amendment, which

banned alcohol.