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CHAPTER 8
TRANSPORT
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8.1 ANIMAL
8.1.1 Cardiac Cycle
8.1.2 Control of heart eat8.1.! Cardio"a#c$lar di#ea#e
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& The heart #o$nd hear for% #tetho#co'e(((
ca$#ed(((clo#in) of "al"e#
&So$nd 'attern* l$(d$+ l$(d$'+ l$'(d$'& 1#t#o$nd, l$(((recoil of lood a)ain#t the
closed AV valves
& 2nd
#o$nd, d$(((recoil of lood a)ain#tsemilunar valves
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8.1.1 Cardiac cycle
Introd$ction*
& Heart contract and rela-e# in a rhyth%ic
cycle* Contract* ((('$%' lood
Rela-e#* (((heart cha%er fill /ith lood
& Cardiac cycle one co%'lete#e0$ence of '$%'in) and fillin),,,the
alternatin) contraction and rela-ation of
heart
refer
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& Cardiac cycle+ t/o 'ha#e
1. Sy#tole
2. ia#tole
& Sy#tole, contraction 'ha#e
& ia#tole , rela-ation 'ha#e
& Ad$lt h$%an+ heart eat#, 34 56 eat#
'er %in$te& One co%'lete cardiac cycle, 7.8 #econd#
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& Cardiac cycle* ! #ta)e#
1 Atrial #y#tole 9contraction of atria, 7:1
#econd2 ;entric$lar #y#tole 9contraction of
"entricle#, 7.! #econd#
! ia#tole 9rela-ation of atria
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Sta)e 1
& $rin)
rela-ation9atrial and
"entricle dia#tole*
lood ret$rnin) fro%the lar)e "ein#(((flo/
into atria and
"entricle#
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Sta)e 2
& Atrial #y#tole,7.1#ec*
& All re%ainin) lood
force# o$t fro% atria
"entricle#
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Sta)e !
& ;entric$lar #y#tole
'$%'# lood
Lar)e arterie#
into
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ATRIAL S>STOLE
& ?orce# all re%ainin) lood
o$t of atria into "entricle#
Proce##*
& SAnode #ti%$lated(((/a"e
#'read to oth atria
& Atria contract
& O'enin) of atria("entric$lar
"al"e# ca$#e y 're##$re
of lood
& @lood flo/ into "entricle#
9'$l%onary< aortic
#e%il$nar "al"e #till clo#e
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;entric$lar #y#tole
& Atria rela-
& A;node #ent electrical
i%'$l#e(((P$rinBe fier#((("entricle %$#cle,contraction of "entricle
lood force to
'$l%onary arterie# andaorta
& "entricle+ lood 're##$rethere (((ic$#'id andtric$#'id "al"e clo#e,,
'rod$ce fir#t #o$nd l$D
Th$# %ade
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IASTOLE
;entricle rela-*
& @lood 're##$re in "entricle
lo/er than '$l%onary andarterie#
& Se%il$nar "al"e# clo#e, 2nd#o$nd d$'D
hen "entricle and atria rela-+& @lood flo/ into heart "ia*
;ena ca"aeFdeo-y)enatedlood
P$l%onary "ein#Fo-y)enated
lood
& Cardiac cycle re'eated
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hich of the follo/in) A@C re're#ent 'ha#e
of cardiac cycle #e0$enceG
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An#* 1* C+ 2*@+ !*A
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8.1.2 Control of heart eat
&Ti%e to deli"er O2i# i%'ortant.
Min$te# delay+ rain cell# die /itho$tO2.
&Se"eral %echani#% e"ol"e to controlheart eat
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Introd$ction
& Cardiac %$#cle cell#Fcontract /itho$t
#i)nal fro% ner"o$# #y#te%, %yo)enic
& Rea#on* d$e to #'eciali#e re)ion on
heart(((sinoatrial (SA)node or
pacemaker
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SA node& ?-* Set the rate and ti%in) for heart
%$#cle to contract& Str$ct$re*
S'eciali#ed %$#cle ti##$e
Located* /all of ri)ht atri$% 9near 'oint /here#$'erior "ena ca"e enter heart#
& Jenerate electrical i%'$l#e*ho/GG
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SA node& ?-* Set the rate and ti%in) for heart
%$#cle to contract& Str$ct$re*
S'eciali#ed %$#cle ti##$e
Located* /all of ri)ht atri$% 9near 'oint /here#$'erior "ena ca"e enter heart#
& Jenerate electrical i%'$l#e*ho/GG
SA node cell %e%rane((('er%eale to NaK
NaKenter cell(((cell %e%rane de'olari#e
9action 'otential 'rod$ce(((aa i%'$l#e
(((lead 'rod$ction of electrical i%'$l#e
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control of heart rhyth%
& SA node )enerate electrical impulse
& I%'$l#e spreadto /all# of atria
& Si)nal:i%'$l#e 'a## to atrioventricular
(AV) node:A; nodeFlocated* /all t/n ri)ht atri$% and
ri)ht "entricle
& A; node((de'olari#e
%ade
@oth atria contract
#i%$ltaneo$#ly
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control of heart rhyth%
& At A; node+ i%'$l#e delay 934 7.1 #econd
9@= #'read to /all of "entricle
7.1 #ec* cardiac cycle, atrial #y#tole force all
re%ainin) lood into the "entricle
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control of heart rhyth%
& Ne-t+ #'ecialie ti##$e, Purkinje fibers
cond$ct #i)nal9A; node
& Made oth "entricle contact*lood9"entricle force o$t to '$l%onary
artery and aorta
Heart a'e-
and
Thro$)ho$t "entric$lar /all#
to
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Sho/ the #'read of i%'$l#e
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Sho/ the contraction of atria and
"entricle in re#'on#e of i%'$l#e
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PRST, electrocardio)ra%
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& e#crie ao$t the P+ RS and T /a"e of
the electrocardio)ra%
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& P, de'olari#ation of atria
& @t/n P9li)ht 'in color, 7.1 #ec* ti%e
taen for #'readin) i%'$l#e fro% atria toA; node
& RS co%'le-, de'olari#ation of
"entricle((((contin$e /ith "entriclecontraction
& T* "entricle #lo/ly re'olari#e
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Intro*
& ;erterate ner"o$# #y#te%
& PNS*1. So%atic ner"o$# #y#te%*
& re#'on# to e-ternal #ti%$li fro% #eletal %$#cle
"ol$ntary
2. A$tono%ic ner"o$# #y#te%*& re)$late internal en"iron%ent9e)* control cardiac
%$#cle+ endocrine #y#te% etc in"ol$ntary
CNS
PNS
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& ! di"i#ion* 'ara#y%'athetic+ #y%'athetic
and enteric((((%ade $' a$tono%ic
ner"o$# #y#te%
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THS in E-trin#ic factor %odifyin)
the heart rate
& Sympathetic nerve* relea#e noradrenaline
to heart
& parasympathetic nerve* relea#e
acetycholine to heart
Increa#e heart rate and #troe "ol$%e
&Slo/ do/n heart rate&Lo/er #tren)th of contraction
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Other e-trin#ic factor %odifyin) the
heart rate
& Hor%one #ecreted in lood*
E'ine'hrine hor%one 9fi)ht(or(fli)ht y
adrenal )land#((((increa#e heart rate
& @ody te%'erat$re*
An increa#e of 1QC, rai#e heart rate ao$t 17
heart 'er %in$te
?e"er( yo$r '$l#e increa#e
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8.1.! Cardio"a#c$lar di#ea#e
Introd$ction
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Introd$ction
& Cardio"a#c$lar di#ea#e((( di#ea#e of heart
and lood "e##el
E"ent$ally(((lead to heart attac
9myocardial infarction or #troe
& Heart attacFdeath of cardiac %$#cle
ti##$e
& Stroe(((death of ner"o$# ti##$e in rain
@loca)e of coronary arterie#9 dat #$''ly O2REASON
R$'t$re or loca)e of arterie# in head
REASON
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Cardio"a#c$lar di#ea#e*
& Arterio#chlero#i#
& Hy'erten#ion
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Arterio#chlero#i#
Ho/ it de"elo'GG
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Arterio#chlero#i#
Ho/ it de"elo'GG
& $e to )ro/th# of plagueon inner /all# of
arterie#
& Pla0$eGG
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Arterio#chlero#i#
Ho/ it de"elo'GG $e to )ro/th# of plagueon inner /all# of
arterie#
& Pla0$eGG ?or% at artery #ite /here* #%ooth %$#cle
layer thicen# anor%arlly((((then infiltrated/ith firo$# connecti"e ti##$e and chole#terol
& Pla)$e of arterio#chlero#i#* hardenedycalcium deposit
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Arterio#chlero#i#& Pla0$e de'o#it at inner /all((((((narro/
the arterie#& Then Embolus/ill tra''ed in that narro/
arterie#
& A# atherio#clero#i# 'ro)re##+ arteryeco%e %ore clo))edFthreat to heartattac:#troe
& Earlier /arnin)(((coronary artery loc*'er#on feel che#t 'ain9aa an)ina'ectori#*
& Indicate #o%e 'art of heart recei"e eno$)h O2
thi#
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E%oli#%*e%ol$# tra''ed
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Hy'erten#ion
& hatGG
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Hy'erten#ion
& Aa hi)h lood 're##$re
& Pro%ote Arterio#chlero#i#
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