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9. Design of Services9.1
Design of Vertical and Horizontal Circulation Systems
9.1.1 IntroductionNormally buildings must have corridors and stairways sufficiently wide to cope with the pedestrian
traffic. But in multistory buildings (high-rise buildings) in addition to that, there are lifts (elevators)
and sometimes escalators and moving walkways.
There are several types of lifts available for different purposes. In high rise buildings rather than the
passenger lifts there are service lifts also available. In here there are three types of high-rise buildings
available. Those are,
1. Residential Tower2. Office Complex3. Shopping Complex
Therefore three different buildings have separate vertical and horizontal circulation systems. Those are
indicated below.
Table 9-1: Different Types of Circulation Systems
Type of Building Types of Circulation Systems
Residential Lifts, Stairway
Office Complex Lifts, Stairway
Shopping Complex Lifts, Stairway, Escalator
To design of lifts we are using soft zoning for all of the 3 buildings. Therefore all the lifts will serve
every floor in their particular building.
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9.1.2 Residential Tower9.1.2.1Lift Design CalculationAssumptions
Basement height is 4.5m Parking floor height is 2.7m Additional floor height is 2.4m (This is used where the transfer plate is located) Floor height of other floors 3.6m Midrange type apartment Population density is 2 per bedroom (Table 25)
Number of 6 apartment floors = Number of 2 bedroom houses =
=
Number of 4 apartment floors =
Number of 3 bedroom houses = =
Number of occupants in a bedroom =
Total number of bedrooms = =
Total Number of population in Residential Building =
Total Number of floors to be served =
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Lift system is designed for 5 minutes peak capacity.
% of population handles in 5 minutes = 6% (Table 25.5)
# Of population handle to be in 5 minutes = =
Average interval = Capacity of a lift car = Elevator speed = (Table 25.4)Round Trip Time = (Figure 25.7.2)(Round trip time is based on 3.6m building height. Therefore correction must be done)
Correction of RTT =
=
Corrected RTT = # of lifts required =
=
=
Since the building height is greater than the 18m have to provide a fire fighting lift (service lift)
according to building regulations. (BS 5588-5 : Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of
buildings)
Therefore rather than the 3 passenger lifts additional service lift is same as the passenger lift. Lift
arrangement is indicated in the next page.
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Figure 9-1: Lift Arrangement of Residential Tower
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9.1.2.2Stairway Design Calculation
Rise and thread of the stairs are taken as 180mm and 230mm respectively.Floor to floor height =
of steps needed floor to floor =
= As the numbers of steps are more than the recommended value for a single flight, 2 flights of
10 steps are used.
Width of the flight is taken as 1.0m. Therefore depth of the landing is selected as 0.9m(lessthan width of the flight)
(Building services hand book, 5th edition, Fred Hall and Roger Greeno)
Let angle of the flight to the horizontal to be :
Check for the angle ;
( )
( )
Therefore angle is of satisfactory value and design was done accurately.
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Figure 9-2: Side View of a Residential Building Stairway
9.1.3
Office Complex
9.1.3.1Lift Design CalculationAssumptions
Floor to floor height is 3.6m Area allocated per one person is 10m2 Building type is investment, downtown Service core is 25% from the total area
Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Lift design calculation of Residential Tower).
Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.
# of lifts required Since the building height is greater than the 18m have to provide a fire fighting lift (service lift)
according to building regulations. (BS 5588-5 : Fire precautions in the design, construction and use of
buildings)
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Therefore rather than the 2 passenger lifts additional service lift which is same size as the passenger
lift. Lift arrangement is indicated in the next page.
Figure 9-3: Lift Arrangement of Office Complex
9.1.3.2Stairway Design Calculation
Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Stairway design calculation of Residential Tower).
Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.
9.1.4 Shopping Complex9.1.4.1Service LiftIn a shopping complex we are using a service lift to transport the goods for upper floors. Dimensions
of the lift indicate in next figure.
Operational speed 2.5m/s Shaft width 1.8m Shaft depth 2.1m Shaft pit depth 2.8m
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Shaft head height 5m Minimum area of lift motor room 14m2 Lift car width 1100mm Lift car depth 1400mm Clear height of lift car 2200mm
Figure 9-4 : Lift Arrangement of Shopping Complex
9.1.4.2Escalator DesignEscalators are moving stairs used to convey people between floor levels. The maximum carryingcapacity depends on the step width and conveyor speed.
Step width = People per step = Speed of lift =
Escalator capacity formula to estimate the number of persons (N) moved per hour, (Building serviceshand book, 5th edition, Fred Hall and Roger Greeno)
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PNumber of person per step
VSpeed of travel (m/s)
Angle of incline
LLength of each step (m)
Here we used cross over escalator to move up. Cross section of the escalator is indicated in below.
Figure 9-5 : Cross Section of the Escalator
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9.1.4.3Stairway Design Calculation
Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Stairway design calculation of Residential Tower).
Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.
9.2 Design of Sanitary Appliances9.2.1 Office Tower9.2.1.1Sanitary Appliances for Ground, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th & 5th floorsSanitary appliances mainly used in public area,
1. WCs2. Urinals3. Lavatory Basins4. Cleaners Sinks
Assumptions
10m2 need per person Male to female ratio is 60:40 Service area is about 20% Ground floor consists of reception area. It is also consider as the office area.
Total usable floor area =
# of population per floor = = # of males = # of females = Therefore, these are the selected sanitary appliances for 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th & 5th floors.
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Table 9-2: Sanitary Appliances required for 1st to 5th floors (Office Tower)
Types of
Appliances
Male Female
WC 2 2
Urinals 2 -
Lavatory Basin 2 2
Cleaners Sink 1 1
(Ref: Table 2- Metric Hand Book Planning and Design Data)
Figure 9-6 : Sanitary Arrangement of 1st to 5th floors in Office Complex
Provide an additional sanitary appliances for staff in reception area (Ground Floor CommonArea)
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Selected sanitary appliances for ground floor,
Table 9-3: Sanitary Appliances required for ground floor in Office Complex
Types of
Appliances
Male Female
WC 3 3
Urinals 3 -
Lavatory Basin 3 3
Cleaners Sink 1 1
9.2.1.2Sanitary Appliances for 6th floor (Top floor)
Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for ground to 5 th
floor of Office Tower). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.
Therefore selected sanitary appliances for top floor,
Table 9-4: Sanitary Appliances required for top floor in Office Complex
Types of
Appliances
Male Female
Confer. Cafeteria Total Confer. Cafeteria Total
WC 2 1 3 2 2 4
Urinals 2 1 3 - - -
Lavatory Basin 2 1 3 2 2 4
Cleaners Sink 1 - 1 1 - 1
Note: Sanitary arrangement of top floor is indicated in Annex.
9.2.2 Residential Tower9.2.2.1Sanitary Appliances for 2 bedroom apartment
Each apartment consists of master bathroom and common bathroom.
Following chart indicate the types of appliances used for different bathrooms
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Table 9-5: Sanitary Appliances needed in Residential Tower-2 bed room apartment
Master Bath room Common Bath room
Shower Shower
Bath tub WC
WC Wash Basin
Wash Basin Washing Machine
Figure 9-7 : Sanitary Arrangement of Master Bath room
Figure 9-8 : Sanitary Arrangement of Common Bath room
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9.2.2.2Sanitary Appliances for 3 bedroom apartment
Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for 2 bed room
apartment). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.
Arrangements of bathrooms are same as the arrangement of bathrooms in 2 bed room apartments.
Arrangement is indicated in the Annex.
9.2.2.3Sanitary Appliances for 4th floor (Swimming Pool and Gym)Note: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for office tower).
Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.
Therefore selected sanitary appliances for Gym,
Table 9-6: Sanitary Appliances for 4th floor in Residential Tower-Gym
Types of
Appliances
Male Female
WC 2 2
Urinals 2 -Lavatory Basin 3 2
Cleaners Sink 3 2
( Ref: Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data)
Therefore selected sanitary appliances for swimming pool area,
Table 9-7: Sanitary Appliances for 4th floor in Residential Tower-Swimming Pool
Types of
Appliances
Male Female
WC 3 5
Urinals 3 -
Lavatory Basin 4 3
Cleaners Sink 4 3
( Ref: Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data)
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9.2.2.4Sanitary Appliances for Ground floor (Reception Area)Ground floor has a recreation area. Therefore in reception area has to provide sanitary facilities for
staff.
Therefore selected sanitary appliances for Ground floor,
Table 9-8: Sanitary Appliances for Ground floor in Residential Tower
Types of
Appliances
Male Female
WC 1 1
Urinals 1 -
Wash Basin 1 1
( Ref: Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data)
9.2.3 Shopping ComplexSanitary appliances mainly used in public area,
1. WCs2. Urinals3. Lavatory Basins4. Cleaners Sinks
9.2.3.1Sanitary Appliances for Shopping Complex 1th floorAssumptions
Basement and ground floor reserved for parking. There isnt any sanitary items installed in thisarea
Male to female ratio is 50:50 Area allocated for a person is 6m2 Service area is about 25% from the total area
Total area of first floor = Usable area of first floor =
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=
# of customers in first floor = =
# of males = # of females = Therefore selected sanitary appliances for 1st floor,
Table 9-9: Sanitary Appliances for 1st floor in Shopping Complex
Types of
Appliances
Male Female
WC 2 3
Urinals 2 -
Lavatory Basin 2 3
Cleaners Sink 1 1
( Ref: Table 2-Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data)
9.2.3.2Sanitary Appliances for Shopping Complex 2nd floorNote: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for Shopping
Complex 1st floor). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.
Therefore selected sanitary appliances for second floor,
Table 9-10: Sanitary Appliances for 2nd floor in Shopping Complex
Types of
Appliances
Male Female
Shopping Cinema Total Shopping Cinema Total
WC 2 2 4 3 4 7
Urinals 2 2 4 - - -
Lavatory Basin 2 2 4 3 3 6
Cleaners Sink 1 - 1 1 - 1
( Ref: Table 2-Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data)
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9.2.3.3Sanitary Appliances for Shopping Complex 3rd floorNote: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Sanitary appliances calculation for Shopping
Complex 1st floor). Therefore it is not shown in here. Calculation is indicated in Annex.
Therefore selected sanitary appliances for third floor,
Table 9-11 Sanitary Appliances for 3rd floor in Shopping Complex
Types of
Appliances
Male Female
Shopping Restaurant Total Shopping Restaurant Total
WC 1 2 3 1 6 7
Urinals 1 4 5 - - -
Lavatory Basin 1 3 4 1 6 7
Cleaners Sink 1 - 1 1 - 1
( Ref: Table 2-Metric Handbook Planning & Design Data)
9.3 Design of Water Supply SystemWater sump is designed to locate at basement level with two day storage. Same pump is used to
distribute the water for three buildings. And another domestic water tank is located at the roof top
level in order to provide the water to the buildings. In here we did not go for an intermediate water
tanks. Therefore we can save that space also.
But when we supply the water to the lower floors from the roof top level domestic tank pressure
develops will be higher when the head increased. Therefore in order to control the pressure we have
located several break water pressure valves at every 8 floors.
9.3.1 Calculation of Water Requirement for Residential BuildingPer capital demand of water = Total population at building =
Water Requirement of Upper 7 floors# of occupants per bedroom =
# of bedrooms per apartment =
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# of apartment per floor = # of floors = Total population =
= Required water storage =
= Note: Calculation procedure for water requirement of other floors of the residential building is same
as above.(water requirement calculation for upper 7 floors). Therefore, calculations of water
requirement of other floors are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only.
Table 9-12: Water Requirement of Residential Building
Type of Floors Water Requirement (m /day)
19t
25t
30
11t
18t
35
3
rd
10
th
351
st,2
nd, Gym & Parking 16
Total 116
Therefore Total water requirement of Residential Tower per day = 9.3.2 Calculation of Water requirement for Office ComplexAssumptions
Water required per person is 45l/day in office area Water required per person is 20l/day in conference hall Water required per person (customer) is 10l/day in cafeteria Water required per person (staff member) is 20l/day in cafeteria
Common Area (Ground Floor),
Usable floor area of ground floor =
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=
Expected population = =
Water requirement in common area = =
Note: Calculation procedure for water requirement of other floors of the office complex is same as
above.(water requirement calculation for Ground floor). Therefore, calculations of water requirement
of other floors are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only.
Table 9-13: Water Requirement of Office Complex
Type of Floors Water Requirement (m3/day)
1st 2.5
2nd
2.8
3r
3.0
4th
3.0
5th
3.0
6t
3.6
Total 20.0
Total water requirement in Office Complex 9.3.3 Calculation of Water requirement for Shopping ComplexAssumptions
Water required per staff member is 45l/day Water required per customer is 10l/day Water required per meal is 7l/meal Staff to customer ratio is 20:80 # of seats available in restaurant is 300 5 meals will be served from a seat per day
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Water requirement for cooking is 20l/ person (person meal) Water sump is designed for 2 days
First Floor
Usable area =
# of population = =
Water requirement in first floor = =
Note: Calculation procedure for water requirement of other floors of the Shopping Complex is same
as above.(water requirement calculation for first floor). Therefore, calculations of water requirement
of other floors are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only.
Table 9-14: Water Requirement of Shopping Complex
Type of Floors Water Requirement (m /day)
1st 3.4
2nd
4.9
3rd
42.0
Total 50.0
Total water requirement in shopping complex Total water requirement in all 3 buildings =
= Capacity of the basement water storage tank =
= 9.4 Design of Above Ground Disposal SystemAll the sanitary appliances could generate a certain quantity of waste water. This has to be disposed
with due care to ensure habitable conditions within the building. In here all the buildings we are using
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two pipe systems. Therefore waste water from WCs, urinals is collected to one pipe ( soil stack) and
waste water from wash basins, sink, kitchens and bath tubs is collected to another pipe which is called
waste stack.
Figure 9-9 : Typical Arrangement of Two pipe System
9.4.1 Calculation for Residential Building9.4.1.1Internal Diameter for TrapsInternal diameter for traps, (Ref: Building Services Handbook-5 th edition-Fred Hall and Roger
Greeno)
Table 9-15: Internal Diameter of Traps for Residential Building
Types of Fitments Trap Size (internal-mm)
Bath tub 40
Shower 40
Water closet (WC) 50
Wash Basin 32
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Washing Machine 40
9.4.1.2Calculation of Diameters of Vertical Stack and Horizontal BranchDischarge units of 3 Bedroom Apartments (7 floors-24th to 30th floor),
Table 9-16: Discharge units of 3 Bedroom Apartments
Appliances Discharge Unit
(per item)
# of Appliances
per Floor
Total Discharge
Units Per Floor
Total Discharge
Units
WC 7 8 56 392
Wash Basin 1 8 8 56Shower 1 8 8 56
Bath tub 6 4 24 168
Washing Machine 3 4 12 84
Discharge units of 2 Bedroom Apartments (18 floors-6th to 23rd floor),
Table 9-17: Discharge units of 2 Bedroom Apartments
Appliances Discharge Unit
(per item)
# of Appliances
per Floor
Total Discharge
Units Per Floor
Total Discharge
Units
WC 7 12 84 1512
Wash Basin 1 12 12 216
Shower 1 12 12 216
Bath tub 6 6 36 648
Washing Machine 3 6 18 324
Discharge units of Ground Floor,
Ground floor has a recreation area. Therefore in reception area, has to provide sanitary facilities for
staff,
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Table 9-18: Discharge units of Ground Floor-Residential Tower
Appliances Discharge Unit
(per item)
# of Appliances
per Floor
Total Discharge
Units per Floor
Total Discharge
Units
WC 7 2 14 14
Wash Basin 1 2 2 2
Urinals 2 1 2 2
Discharge units of 4th Floor (Gym and Swimming Pool Area),
Table 9-19: Discharge units of 4th Floor-Residential Tower
Appliances Discharge Unit
(per item)
# of Appliances
per Floor
Total Discharge
Units per Floor
Total Discharge
Units
WC 14 12 168 168
Wash Basin 2 12 24 24
Urinals 2 5 10 10
Showers 2 12 24 24
Note: Calculation procedure for total discharge units is indicated in the Annex. Here indicated the
tabulated form of final values only. As well as the calculation of vertical and horizontal branch pipe
sizes are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only.
Table 9-20: Vertical & Horizantal Branch Pipe Sizes of Residential Building
Type of Pipe Total Discharge
Units
Pipe Diameter
(mm)
Slope
Soil Stack Vertical Stack 2098 125 -
Hoizantal Branch Pipe 150 1:100
Waste Stack Vertical Stack 1838 125 -
Hoizantal Branch Pipe 150 1:100
Vent Pipe (0.5D) - 63 -
References:
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BS EN 12056-2 : Gravity drainage systems inside buildings Building Services Handbook : 5th edition
Figure 9-10 : Section of Above Ground Water Disposal System-Residential Tower
9.4.2 Calculation for Office Complex9.4.2.1Internal Diameter for TrapsInternal diameter for traps, (Ref: Building Services Handbook-5 th edition-Fred Hall and Roger
Greeno)
Table 9-21: Internal Diameter of Traps for Office Complex
Types of Fitments Trap Size (internal-mm)
Water closet (WC) 50
Urinal 40
Lavatory Basin 32
Cleaners Sink 40
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9.4.2.2Calculation of Diameters of Vertical Stack and Horizontal BranchDischarge units of Basement,
Two taps are fitted in basement area,
Discharge unit of basement (for waste stack) = Discharge units of Ground floor and1st to 5th floors
Table 9-22: Discharge units of Ground floor to 5th floors-Office Complex
Appliances Discharge Unit
(per item)
Total # of Appliances Total Discharge Units
WC 14 28 392
Urinals 2 12 24
Lavatory Basin 2 28 56
Cleaners Sink 14 12 168
Discharge units of Top floor (6th floor)
Table 9-23: Discharge units of Top floor-Office Complex
Appliances Discharge Unit
(per item)
Total # of Appliances Total Discharge Units
WC 14 7 98
Urinals 2 3 6
Lavatory Basin 2 7 14
Cleaners Sink 14 2 28
Note: Calculation procedure for total discharge units is indicated in the Annex. Here indicated the
tabulated form of final values only. As well as the calculation of vertical and horizontal branch pipe
sizes are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only.
Table 9-24: Vertical & Horizantal Branch Pipe Sizes of Office Complex
Type of Pipe Total Discharge
Units
Pipe Diameter
(mm)
Slope
Soil Stack Vertical Stack 520 100 -
Hoizantal Branch Pipe 125 1:100
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Waste Stack Vertical Stack 270 90 -
Hoizantal Branch Pipe 125 1:100
Vent Pipe (0.5D) - 50 -
References:
BS EN 12056-2 : Gravity drainage systems inside buildings Building Services Handbook : 5th edition
9.4.3 Calculation for Shopping Complex9.4.3.1Internal Diameter for TrapsInternal diameter for traps, (Ref: Building Services Handbook-5 th edition-Fred Hall and Roger
Greeno)
Table 9-25: Internal Diameter of Traps for Shopping Complex
Types of Fitments Trap Size (internal-mm)
Water closet (WC) 50
Urinal 40
Lavatory Basin 32
Cleaners Sink 40
9.4.3.2Calculation of Diameters of Vertical Stack and Horizontal BranchDischarge units of first floor
Table 9-26: Discharge units of First floor -Shopping Complex
Appliances Discharge Unit
(per item)
Total # of Appliances Total Discharge Units
WC 14 5 70
Urinals 2 2 4
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Lavatory Basin 2 5 10
Cleaners Sink 14 2 28
Discharge units of Second floor
Table 9-27: Discharge units of Second floor -Shopping Complex
Appliances Discharge Unit
(per item)
Total # of Appliances Total Discharge Units
WC 14 11 154
Urinals 2 4 8
Lavatory Basin 2 10 20
Cleaners Sink 14 2 28
Discharge units of Third floor
Table 9-28: Discharge units of Third floor -Shopping Complex
Appliances Discharge Unit
(per item)
Total # of Appliances Total Discharge Units
WC 14 10 140
Urinals 2 5 10
Lavatory Basin 2 11 22
Cleaners Sink 14 4 56
Note: Calculation procedure for total discharge units is indicated in the Annex. Here indicated the
tabulated form of final values only. As well as the calculation of vertical and horizontal branch pipe
sizes are indicated in Annex. Here indicate the final values only.
Table 9-29: Vertical & Horizantal Branch Pipe Sizes of Shopping Complex
Type of Pipe Total Discharge
Units
Pipe Diameter
(mm)
Slope
Soil Stack Vertical Stack 386 90 -
Hoizantal Branch Pipe 125 1:100
Waste Stack Vertical Stack 164 90 -
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Hoizantal Branch Pipe 100 1:100
Vent Pipe (0.5D) - 50 -
References:
BS EN 12056-2 : Gravity drainage systems inside buildings Building Services Handbook : 5th edition
9.5 Below Ground Water Disposal System Wastewater generated from the building is 90% of its daily requirement Sewer waste water capacity is 40% of total generated waste water Total quantity of water used in 14 hours Peak discharge is six times the average discharge
9.5.1 Residential Tower9.5.1.1Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in Residential TowerGenerated waste water capacity =
= Generated sewer waste quantity =
Average Discharge = =
Peak Discharge = =
Assume,
Half of the pipe is filled Self-cleansing velocity (V) is
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If the diameter of pipe D,
,
Where,
Therefore, we used 150mm diameter pipe.
Then,
Where,
( )
150mm diameter pipe with 1:140 inclination pipe is used for the sewer line.9.5.1.2Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in Residential TowerGenerated Total waste water capacity = Generated waste water quantity =
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Average Discharge =
= Peak Discharge =
= Assume,
Half of the pipe is filled Self-cleansing velocity (V) is
If the diameter of pipe D,
,Where,
Therefore, we used 150mm diameter pipe.
Then,
Where,
( )
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Use 150mm diameter pipe with 1:140 inclination pipe for the waste water line.9.5.2 Office ComplexAssumptions
Water requirement per person is 45l/day in office area Water requirement per person is 20l/day in conference hall Water requirement per person (customer) is 10l/day in cafeteria Water requirement per person (staff member) is 20l/day in cafeteria
9.5.2.1Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in Office TowerNote: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in
Residential Building). Therefore here indicate the final values only. Calculation is indicated in Annex.
Peak Discharge =
Use 65mm diameter pipe with 1:60 inclination for the sewer line.9.5.2.2Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in Office TowerNote: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in
Residential Building). Therefore here indicate the final values only. Calculation is indicated in Annex.
Peak Discharge =
Use 65mm diameter pipe with 1:60 inclination pipe for the waste water line.
9.5.3 Shopping ComplexAssumptions
Staff to customers ratio is 20:80 Water requirement per person (customer) is 10l/day Water requirement per person (staff member) is 45l/day Water requirement for cooking 20l/day
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Water requirement per meal 7l/day # of seats available in Restaurant 300
9.5.3.1Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in Shopping ComplexNote: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Estimation of Sewer Line Characteristics in
Residential Building). Therefore here indicate the final values only. Calculation is indicated in Annex.
Peak Discharge = Use 100mm diameter pipe with 1:90 inclination for the sewer line.
9.5.3.2Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in Office TowerNote: Calculation procedure is same as the above (Estimation of Waste Water Line Characteristics in
Residential Building). Therefore here indicate the final values only. Calculation is indicated in Annex.
Peak Discharge = Use 100mm diameter pipe with 1:90 inclination pipe for the waste water line.9.6 Design of Fire Fighting Services9.6.1 Introduction to Fire Fighting ServicesFirefighting system of a high-rise building can be divided in to mainly in two parts. Those are,
1) Fire PreventionFire Prevention means the methods we can used to prevent a fire taking place. This includes,
a. Fire doors, fire wallsthese doors and walls given a rating such as 1 hour, 2 hour, andetc.
b. Fire meetings, fire education, fire inspection these methods specially used infactories
2) Fire ManagementFire management means how we can manage the fire after taking place. This can be categorized into 3
parts.
1. Fire Detection
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It has two types of methods. Those are smoke detectors and heat detectors. Heat detectors
available in two types as: fixed temperature detectors (it detects the temperature rising above a
pre-defined level) which are the heat detectors going to be used in the emperor building and
rising temperature detectors. (Detects rate of increasing temperature)
2. Fire ProtectionThis method includes,
a. Sprinkler It has a bulb filled with alcohol which is burst at particular temperature.(For the Emperor Tower this temperature is 630) And after burst the bulb it sprays
water to control fire.
b. Hose reelHose reel can be handle by single person for small scale of firesc. Wet Riser It is the pipe running vertically through the whole building and which is
filled with water under pressure. (this cant be handle by normal person but fire fighter
only)
d. Breaching inletIt is available at the outside of the building to connect the fire enginedirectly to the fire system of the building
e. Fire extinguishers 0 these have different color-coded for easy to identified CO2Blackfor oil and electrical fires Foam SpreadsPink/Creamordinary and oil fires WaterRedOrdinary fires Chemical PowderBlueany fire (specially for electrical fires)
c. EvacuationIn case of fire, it is better to plan the evacuation in high rise building. This includes,
Fire staircase we have provided staircase in an emergency it can be used forevacuation
Emergency exit Fire escape plan showing escape route this plan should be displayed normally at
every floor. It should be shown the way to emergency exit.
Signboards Sounders Public Announce System
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9.6.2 Sprinkler SystemFire of the building depends on the usage of the building. According to the usage of the building
sprinkler system is categorized in to three classes. Such as,
Extra Light Hazard Ordinary Hazard Extra High Hazard
9.6.2.1Design of Sprinkler System in Residential Building
Table 9-30: Hazard Conditions of Residential building
Floor Number Function Hazard Condition
Basement Car park + Storage Extra light
Ground floor to 3r
floor Car Park Extra light
4th
floor Gym + Spa Extra light
5t
to 29t
floor Residential Extra light
According to the hazard condition we can calculate the S (design spacing of sprinklers) and D
(distance between rows of sprinklers) values.
Table 9-31: Design of Sprinkler System in Office Tower
Hazard Condition
Extra Light 21 4.5 4.5
Table 9-32: Hazard Conditions of Office Complex
Floor Number Function Hazard Condition
Basement Car parking Extra light
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Ground floor Common area Extra light
1st
to 5t
floor Office area Extra light
6t
floor Conference hall Extra light
According to the hazard condition we can calculate the S (design spacing of sprinklers) and D
(distance between rows of sprinklers) values.
Table 9-33: Dimensions of Sprinkler System in Office Complex
Hazard Condition
Extra Light 21 4.5 4.5
9.6.2.2Design of Sprinkler System in Shopping Complex
Table 9-34: Hazard Conditions of Shopping Complex
Floor Number Function Hazard Condition
Basement + Ground
floor
Car parking Extra light
1st
to 2nd
floor Shopping area Ordinary
3rd
floor Restaurant + Cinema Ordinary
According to the hazard condition we can calculate the S (design spacing of sprinklers) and D
(distance between rows of sprinklers) values.
Table 9-35: Dimensions of Sprinkler System in Shopping Complex
Hazard Condition
Extra Light 21 4.5 4.5
Ordinary 12 4 3
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Figure 9-11 : Section of Wet Riser Schematic Diagram
9.6.3 Hose ReelsHose reels are firefighting equipment for the use as a first aid measure by building occupants. They
should be located (near stair case), where users are less likely to be endangered by the fire.
Discharge of a hose reel = Hose reel should supply water at least one hour.
Tank volume needed = =
= One hose reel is not enough, when the area of the floor greater than the 800m2. Therefore we have to
provide two hose reels per floor in apartment complex and shopping mall. But in office complex one
hose reel is enough per each floor.
All tanks should be located top of the building.
Hose reel tank capacity needed,
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Table 9-36: Hose Reel Tank Capacity Needed
Building Type Capacity (m3)
Apartment 4
Shopping 4
Office 2
Figure 9-12 : Section of Hose Reel Schematic Diagram
9.7 Design of Lighting System9.7.1 Introduction to Lighting System of Residential BuildingLighting is very important in Residential building since it is a major factor related to energy
requirement of the building. We have to provide adequate lighting with required illumination level to
the different areas. In here we have three types of options to provide lighting to the Residential
Building. Those are,
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1. Use Incandescent Light Bulbs2. Use Compact Fluorescent Lights (CFL)3. Use LED Lighting Systems
In order to identify the best option we did a comparison between above three lighting systems.
Table 9-37: Comparison of Three Lighting Systems
Comparison Factors
LEDs Incandescent
Light Bulbs
CFLs
Life Span (average) 50000 hours 1200 hours 8000 hours
Watts of electricity used
(equivalent to 60 watt bulb)
6-8 watts 60 watts 13-15 watts
Kilo-watts of Electricity used
(30 Incandescent Bulbs per yearequivalent)
329 KWh/yr 3285 KWh/yr 767 KWh/yr
Annual Operating Cost
(30 Incandescent Bulbs per yearequivalent)
$32.85/yr $328.59/yr $76.85/yr
Contains the TOXIC Mercury No No Yes
Carbon Dioxide Emissions
(30 bulbs per year)
451 pounds/yr 4500 pounds/yr 1051 pounds/yr
Heat Emitted 3.4 btus/hour 85 btus/hour 30btus/hour
Durability Very Durable Not very durable Not very durable
Therefore finally after comparison we decided to go for LED Lighting systems. Different areas need
different illumination levels according to next table. (Ref: CIBSE (Chartered Institute of Building
Services Engineers) Code for Lighting Part 2 (2002)
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Table 9-38: Illumination Level of Different areas
Area Illumination Level (lux)
Living 250
Bed Room 50
Kitchen 250
Bathroom 150
Corridor and Stairs 100
Dinning 200
Following indicate the different illumination levels of different types of LEDs.
Table 9-39: Illumination level of three lighting Systems
9.7.2 Calculation of Number of Lamps required in different areasFollowing indicate the sample calculation for number of lamps required in living area of 2 bedroom
apartments.
Ref: Building Services Handbook
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Where,
N = number of lamps
E = average illuminance on the working plane (lux)
A = area of the working plane (m2)
F = flux from one lamp (lumens)
U = utilization factor
M = maintenance factor
Assumptions:
Utilization factor is 0.5 Maintenance factor is 0.8 Used 25W LEDs with 2600 lumens Area of living 20.4m2 Illumination level of living is 300
Therefore number of lamps required in living area of 2 bedroom apartments.
Likewise we can calculate the amount of LEDs required for the entire Residential Building. Following
tables indicate the amount of LEDs required for the apartments.
Lamps Required in 2 Bed Room Apartments
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Table 9-40: LED Lamps required in 2 Bed room apartments
2 Bed Room
Apartment
Area Type Area (m2) Illumination
Level(lux)
Number Of
Lamps
Master Bed Room 13 50 1
Master Bath Room 5 150 1
Bed Room 12 50 1
Bath Room 4 150 1
Living 20 250 5
Dinning 9 200 2
Kitchen 9 250 2
Corridor & Lobby 10 100 1
TV Longe 8 200 2
Total 14
Total number of Lamps required 5th -22nd floors=
per floor
= Lamps Required in 3 Bed Room Apartments
Table 9-41: LED Lamps required in 3 Bed room apartments
3 Bed RoomApartment
Area Type Area (m2) IlluminationLevel(lux)
Number OfLamps
Master Bed Room 20 50 1Master Bath Room 7 150 1
Bed Room 1 18 50 1
Bath Room 7 150 1
Bed Room 2 13 50 1
Living 23 250 6
Dinning 14 200 3
Kitchen 12 250 3
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Corridor & Lobby 11 100 1
TV Longe 10 200 2
Total 19
Total number of Lamps required 23rd -29th floors= per floor =
9.7.3 Calculation of Energy Required for Lighting Total amount of lamps required =
Energy required for lighting =
= w=
After calculating the energy requirement for lighting we can calculate the energy requirement for
entire Residential Building approximately. Average energy consumption in a Residential building is
indicated below.
Figure 9-13 : Residential Site Energy Consumption
Space Cooling
45%
Water Heating
18%
Space Heating
9%
Lighting
6%
Electronics
5%
Cooking
4%
Refrigeration
4%
Wet Cleaning
3%Computers
1%
Other
3%
Adjust to seds
2%
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This is design for America. But Sri Lanka is tropical country. Since our site is located in Nawala area
space heating is not required. Due to Sri Lanka is tropical country we decided to used 45% for space
cooling.
Note: Here indicate the Energy requirement in tabulated form only. Calculations are indicating in the
Annex.
Table 9-42: Energy Requirement of the Building
Requirement Energy Required (kW)
Space Cooling Water Heating
Lighting Electronics Cooking Refrigeration Wet cleaning Computers Others
Total
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9.8 Design of Gondola Window Cleaning SystemIt is very difficult task to cleaning the windows in high rise buildings. Therefore to do that, we have
provided a Gondola Window Cleaning system to our residential building.
Figure 9-14 : Image of Gondola window Cleaning System
Figure 9-15 : Section of Gondola Window Cleaning System-Autocad Drawing