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Chapter 9Drugs, Part 1
Objectives Compare and contrast psychological and
physical dependence Name and classify the commonly abused drugs
Drug Any natural or synthetic substance that is
used to produce physiological or psychological effects in humans or other higher order animals
Drugs can mean:
a. Sustaining and prolonging life
b. Provide an escape from life’s pressures
c. A means of ending a life
Background & History In the 1960’s:marijuana became the most widely
used illicit drug in the US alcohol consumption continued to rise Today, 90 million Americans drink regularly Today, 10 million have alcohol addiction
In the 1970’s: heroin addiction emerged Today: cocaine abuse
Approximately 23 million people use illicit drugs More than 75 % of the evidence being evaluated in crime
laboratories is drug related
Drug Dependence depends on: Nature of the drug Route of administration The dose Frequency of administration Individual rate of metabolism
Non-drug factors which influence dependence are: Personal characteristics Expectation of the drug experience Society’s attitudes Setting in which the drug is used
Psychological dependence Arises from personal and social factors
that act as an escape from personal problems and stressful situations
Produces a conditioned pattern of drug abuse Some drugs result in a high degree of involvement if
continuation of the drug occurs Some drugs have a lower potential for the
development of psychological dependence (marijuana, codeine)
Physical dependence Characterized by withdrawal sickness or
abstinence syndrome (body chills, vomiting, stomach cramps,
convulsions, pain, hallucinations) Marijuana, LSD, cocaine do have the
potential for creating physical dependence. As can Alcohol, heroin, barbiturates
Narcotic Drugs Substances that bring relief from pain and
produce sleep Analgesics = relieve pain by exerting a
depressing action on the central nervous system (CNS) Most derived from opium (poppy plant) Opium is brown in color with a morphine content
between 4-21%
Heroin Derivative of opium
React morphine with acetic anhydride or acetyl chloride
Soluble in water and taken intravenously Produces a high accompanied by drowsiness
and a sense of well-being lasting 3-4 hours Diluents include Quinine, Starch, Lactose,
Procaine (Novocain), Mannitol
More Narcotics Codeine is present in opium and prepared
synthetically from morphine Opiates – drugs that have similar
physiological effects as the opium narcotics but are not naturally derived from opium
Opiates OxyContin - synthetically related to
morphine and heroin in chemical structure Methadone – synthetic opiate Prevents a high from morphine or heroin if
taken in oral doses
Refer to Table 9-1 Page 236
Narcotic Drugs – page 237, paragraph 3
Hallucinogens drugs that can cause marked alterations in
normal thought processes, perceptions and moods
Marijuana
Marijuana Derived from Cannabis sativa L. Produces a sticky resin called hashish Sinsemilla is potent form of marijuana which is
made from the unfertilized flowering tops of the female plant
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is the chemical responsible for the hallucinogenic effect THC concentration is highest in resin, flowers, and leaves
Marijuana History First use of marijuana occurred medically in
2737 BC by Chinese Emperor Shen Nung (see uses on page 240 p.5)
A part of the Hindu culture in 1000 BC About 500 AD it began to appear in Persian
and Arabian lit First introduced in 1920 in the US by
Mexican laborers crossing into Texas
Read report of the National Commission of Marijuana and Drug Abuse page 242-243
LSD lysergic acid diethylamide Synthesized from ergot, a type of fungus of
certain grasses and grains Can produce effect for 12 hours Extreme mood changer User prone to flashbacks and psychotic
reactions
PCP (phencyclidine) Sold as powder (angel dust) or capsule Causes a false sense of strength and
invulnerability Also causes depression, violent behavior,
suicide
MDMA or Ectasy Methylenedioxymethamphetamine Synthetic, mind-altering drug Exhibits many hallucinogenic and
amphetamine-like effects Originally patented as a appetite suppressant Induces feelings of happiness and relaxation