Chapter 9Chapter 9Elements, Compounds Elements, Compounds

& Mixtures& Mixtures

HypothesisHypothesisWhat is the difference What is the difference

between these three items?between these three items?Give examples if you need Give examples if you need

to.to.

From the Beginning…From the Beginning…

MatterMatter Matter is anything that has mass or Matter is anything that has mass or

weight.weight. It takes up space and has a definite It takes up space and has a definite

volume.volume. It must exhibit inertia (It must exhibit inertia (If something is at If something is at

rest , it must stay at rest until a force acts upon it).rest , it must stay at rest until a force acts upon it).

It cannot occupy the same space as It cannot occupy the same space as other matter at the same time.other matter at the same time.

It has physical and chemical It has physical and chemical properties.properties.

The BIG PictureThe BIG PictureCategorizing MatterCategorizing Matter

MatterMatterDescribed using physical and chemical propertiesDescribed using physical and chemical properties

Pure Substance Mixture

ElementsSmallest particle is the atom

CompoundsSmallest particle is the Molecule

Homogenous

Heterogeneous

SolutionsMixtures of two or more substances

One type of atom

throughout

specimen.

Atoms combine chemically

and cannot be separated.

Two or more atoms combine to create a

new substance.

Pure SubstancesPure Substances

ElementsSmallest particle

is the atom.

CompoundsSmallest particle

is the Molecule.

One type of atom

throughout specimen.

Atoms combine chemically and cannot

be separated physically.Two or more atoms

combine to create a molecule of a

new substance.

or

Pure Substance - ElementsPure Substance - Elements

9292

elements elements occur occur

naturally naturally and and

Many more Many more

have been have been created in created in

a a laboratorylaboratory

Element s for Your Body!Element s for Your Body!Common Trace Elements Common Trace Elements

found in food and Vitaminsfound in food and Vitamins Boron:Boron: Deficiencies of boron can contribute to Deficiencies of boron can contribute to

osteoporosis. osteoporosis.

Copper: Copper: Deficiencies of copper can cause premature Deficiencies of copper can cause premature hair graying, and premature wrinkling of the skin. hair graying, and premature wrinkling of the skin.

Iodine:Iodine: Deficiencies of iodine can cause a thyroid Deficiencies of iodine can cause a thyroid imbalance or reduced fertility. imbalance or reduced fertility.

Selenium:Selenium: Deficiencies of selenium can cause people Deficiencies of selenium can cause people to age prematurely or to have slower than normal recovery to age prematurely or to have slower than normal recovery from illnesses. from illnesses.

Zinc:Zinc: Deficiencies of zinc can cause sterility, and Deficiencies of zinc can cause sterility, and depression. depression.

Is Air an ELEMENT?

Air is primarily made up of nitrogen (78%) and oxygen (21%). The remaining 1% is made up of argon (0.93%), carbon dioxide (0.03%) and other trace gases (0.003%).

What about … Fire? Earth? Water?

Top TEN ElementsIn Earth’s Crust

http://education.jlab.org/glossary/abund_ele.html

Famous ElementsFamous ElementsTitanium is a hard, silvery-gray metallic Titanium is a hard, silvery-gray metallic

element. Its symbol is element. Its symbol is Ti.Ti. It is the 9th It is the 9th most common element in the Earth’s most common element in the Earth’s

crust. crust.

Pure Substance - Pure Substance - CompoundsCompoundsEvery compound is a pair or group of atoms that Every compound is a pair or group of atoms that

are combined in a definite proportion.are combined in a definite proportion.MILLIONS MILLIONS of compounds have been identified!of compounds have been identified!

Poisonous

yellow -green gas

Highly explosi

ve when

exposed to

water!

Table SaltOr

Sodium ChlorideSafe and

necessary for life.

plus equals

Common Household Compounds (1) water - H2O

(2) sodium chloride (table salt) - NaCl(3) sucrose (table sugar) - C12H22O11(4) sodium hydrogen carbonate (baking soda) - NaHCO3(5) calcium carbonate (chalk or marble) - CaCO3(6) acetic acid (vinegar) - HC2H3O2(8) ammonia (household ammonia) - NH3(9) sodium hypochlorite (bleach) - NaClO(10) sodium hydroxide (drain cleaner) - NaOH(11) calcium hydroxide (lime) - Ca(OH)2(12) sodium stearate (soap) - CH3(CH2)16COONa(13) glycerol (glycerin) - C3H5(OH)3(14) hydrogen peroxide (antiseptic or bleach) - H2O2(15) isopropanol (rubbing alcohol) - CH3COHCH3(16) silicon dioxide (glass) - SiO2(17) starch (flour) - (C6H10O5)n

Homework Activity Bring in one empty container that has

the label in tact – We are on the search for household Compounds! Examples…

Bleach bottleCleanser container

Vinegar bottle

What other household products can you think of that may be compounds?

The BIG PictureThe BIG PictureCategorizing MatterCategorizing Matter

MatterMatterDescribed using physical and chemical propertiesDescribed using physical and chemical properties

Pure Substance Mixture

ElementsSmallest particle is the atom

CompoundsSmallest particle is the Molecule

Homogenous

Heterogeneous

SolutionsMixtures of two or more substances

One type of atom

throughout

specimen.

Atoms combine chemically

and cannot be separated.

Two or more atoms combine to create a

new substance.

Mixtures ARE NOT PURE SUBSTANCES!

Substances in a mixture CAN be separated by physical means!

Mixtures can be…Heterogeneous: In substances in the mixture are NOT evenly distributed.

OrHomogenous: The substances in the

mixtureARE evenly distributed.

Heterogeneous MixturesNOT EVENLY

DISTRIBUTED! Examples of Heterogeneous mixtures are…

What heterogeneou

s Mixtures can you think

of?

Homogenous MixturesARE evenly distributed! Examples are…

More on a Homogenous

Mixture If it appears to be the same

throughout it is called a “solution” In a solution the component that is

present in the largest amount is called the “solvent”

The parts that are in the solution in lesser quantities are called “solutes”

What homogenous Mixtures can you think of?

Wrap Up ReviewWrap Up ReviewMatterMatter

Described using physical and chemical propertiesDescribed using physical and chemical properties

Pure Substance Mixture

ElementsSmallest particle is the atom

CompoundsSmallest particle is the Molecule

Homogenous

HeterogeneousUnevenly distributed

SolutionsMixtures of two or

more substances that are evenly distributed

•Largest component = solvent•Smaller components = solutes

One type of atom

throughout

specimen.

Atoms combine chemically

and cannot be separated.

Two or more atoms combine to create a

new substance.

Separating Mixtures

All Mixtures can be physically separated!

Let’s Practice!