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ObjectivesObjectives
• 1. Jackson’s philosophy of government and his impact on the presidency.
• 2. Jacksonian Democracy• 3. Nullification theory of John C. Calhoun,
and President Jackson’s reaction to the attempt to put into action.
• 4. Jackson and the war on the Bank of the United States
• 5. Democrats and the Whigs
The Rise of Mass PoliticsThe Rise of Mass Politics
• All adult white males
• Gave all voters the right to hold public office
• Property qualifications were abolished
• Blacks could not vote anywhere
• No state allowed women the right to vote
• No secret ballots
Political PartiesPolitical Parties
• Permanent, institutionalized parties were a desirable part of political process that was essential to democracy
• In the 1830s a fully formed two-party system began to operate at the national level
• The Anti-Jackson Party were called – Whigs
• Democrats – the nations oldest party
? What Is He For ?? What Is He For ?
• Jackson spoke about the importance of State’s Rights
• Strongly committed to the Preservation of the Union
Calhoun and NullificationCalhoun and Nullification
• John C. Calhoun (the V.P.) began to assert a dangerous constitutional theory!
• Nullification
• South Carolina had become angry over a federal tax that they were ready to consider a drastic remedy
• Secession
CalhounCalhoun
• Calhoun knew his political future rested with his home state of South Carolina
• 1. Since the federal government was created by the states
• 2. The states should be the final arbiter of the Constitutionality of federal laws
Theory of NullificationTheory of Nullification
• If a state concluded that Congress passed an unconstitutional law it could:
• 1. Hold a special convention and declare that the law null and void within the state
• 2. The law would remain void until ¾ of the states ratified it as an amendment to the Constitution
• 3. The nullifying state would then have to choose between submitting to the law or seceding from the Union
The CrisisThe Crisis
• Jackson insisted that nullification was treason
• Asked Congress for a Force Bill authorizing the president to use military force to enforce acts of Congress
• South Carolina accepted the tax
Eaton AffairEaton Affair
• Senator Eaton has having an affair
• Upon the death of her husband she married Senator Eaton
• Jackson makes Eaton part of the cabinet
• Mrs. Calhoun would not include Mrs. Eaton in social affairs
• Remembering what had happened to his own wife – this was the last straw
Rise of Van BurenRise of Van Buren
• Kitchen cabinet
• John C. Calhoun was to be Jackson’s pick for President
• Because of the Nullification Crisis and the Eaton Affair
• Martin Van Buren was picked to be the next President
Removal of the IndiansRemoval of the Indians
• Trail of Tears
• Supreme Court Cases to weaken the Native tribes
Bank WarBank War
• By law the bank of the US was the only place for the Federal funds
• Soft-money faction = those who wanted more money in circulation
• Hard-money faction = those who wanted gold or silver (Jackson supported)
• In 1832, Congress passed the re-charter of the Bank
• Jackson Vetoed it• The Election of 1832 was over the Bank
Bank DestroyedBank Destroyed
• Jackson decided to remove the government’s deposits from the bank
• Federal monies were then placed in state banks
• The Bank died in 1836
• The country lost a valuable institution which affected the economy for almost 100 years
Election of 1836Election of 1836
• Democrats – Martin Van Buren
• Whigs – Henry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. Calhoun
• Whiggery – expanding federal power, encouraging industry and commercial development
Election of 1840Election of 1840
• Log Cabin Campaign
• Whigs – William Henry Harrison and John Tyler
• Democrats – Martin Van Buren
• Harrison Wins
• Harrison dies one month into office
• Tyler establishes relations with China