Date post: | 13-Dec-2015 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | dominick-webster |
View: | 233 times |
Download: | 5 times |
Chapter 9
Leadership: What Makes an Effective
Leader?
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 2
Chapter 9 Objectives
• Describe the roles of leaders, managers, and followers.
• Discuss leadership theories over time.• Identify leadership styles.• List skills required of leaders at different
organizational levels.• Name basic characteristics and behaviors of effective
leaders. • Explain leadership needs for the future.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 3
Understanding Leadership
• Every group will have a leader.• The leader contributes to the success or failure of
whatever effort he or she is leading.• There is currently a need for leaders who can restore
confidence and reassure people of the integrity and quality of organizations.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 4
Understanding Leadership(cont.)
Becoming a Manager or a Leader• The terms leadership and management may be used
interchangeably. • But a person can be a leader without being in an
officially appointed management or supervisory position.
• And a person can be a manager without being a leader.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 5
Understanding Leadership(cont.)
Becoming a Manager or a Leader (cont.)• Management is the use of resources, including
human resources, to accomplish a goal.• Managers can be leaders only if employees allow
them to influence their attitudes and behaviors. • Influence is the ability to change the attitude or
behavior of an individual or group. This ability is the result of power.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 6
Understanding Leadership(cont.)
Becoming a Manager or a Leader (cont.)• Leadership is the process of influencing the activities
of individuals or organized groups so they follow and willingly do what the leader wants them to do.
• Leadership involves: Dealing with people and developing rapport with them Applying appropriate persuasion Inspiring people Influencing people to cooperate in pursuing your goals and
vision
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 7
Understanding Leadership(cont.)
Evolving Roles of Managers and Leaders• Changes in today’s business environment have
created the need for a different kind of manager. • Challenges include:
Wider generational workforce Rapid transitions in technology Changing concept of what constitutes a business
workplace
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 8
Understanding Leadership(cont.)
Evolving Roles of Managers and Leaders (cont.)• Managers have to adapt their styles and techniques
to deal with changing times. • New management styles encourage:
Creativity Risk taking Healthy conflict Learning from errors
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 9
Figure 9.1Levels of Management within a Typical Hierarchy
Executives
Managers
Supervisors
Workers
Top Management
Middle-Level Management
First-Level Supervision
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 10
Understanding Leadership(cont.)
Follow the Leader• Success as a leader may depend on how well you
develop your followers.• Take the opportunity to develop leadership talent
among followers so they can take the initiative.• A valuable part of becoming a leader is being an
effective follower. • Learning effective methods of following will improve
opportunities for demonstrating leadership capabilities.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 11
The Evolution of Leadership Theories
• The great man theory—certain people are born to become leaders and will eventually emerge in that role
• Today, we know people can learn to be leaders.• Modern theories of leadership fall into three
categories: Trait theories Behavioral theories Situational theories
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 12
The Evolution of Leadership Theories(cont.)
Do Common Leadership Traits Exist?• Researchers studied physical, personality, and
intelligence traits of prominent leaders in various fields.
• They found no conclusive common traits.• This led to the belief that the success of leaders is
based on behavior rather than traits.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 13
The Evolution of Leadership Theories(cont.)
Behavioral Theories• Behavioral theorists believed that successful leaders
could be identified by what they do rather than what they have.
• Researchers measured typical leader behaviors: Degree of control or authority Flexibility Concern about getting job done (task accomplishment) Concerns for subordinates or others
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 14
The Evolution of Leadership Theories(cont.)
Behavioral Theories (cont.)• McGregor suggested that leaders treat followers
according to assumptions about what motivates those followers. Theory X says people inherently avoid responsibility and
dislike work—leadership should be strict and controlling. Theory Y says people are eager to work and capable of
doing a good job—leadership should be supportive and participative.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 15
The Evolution of Leadership Theories(cont.)
Behavioral Theories (cont.)• In the two-dimensional Managerial Grid® theory, a
grid is used to plot the degree to which leaders Show concern for people Show concern for production (getting the job done)
• The coordinates indicate a leadership style.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 16
The Evolution of Leadership Theories(cont.)
Situational or Contingency Theories• Fiedler suggested that some leaders function best in
highly directive situations while others are more permissive.
• Organizations should consider each situation before assigning leaders because the same person may be effective in one situation but not in another.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 17
The Evolution of Leadership Theories(cont.)
Situational or Contingency Theories (cont.)• Hersey and Blanchard developed a blend of the
ideas of Blake and Mouton and Fiedler.• Their model says that leadership style used with
followers will vary, depending on: The job to be done Where it’s to be done How it’s to be done When it’s to be done (job situation)
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 18
Leadership Styles
• A leadership style is a leader’s pattern of behavior.• Autocratic leadership style:
Authoritarian and directive• Democratic leadership style:
Participative and easy-going; preferred by managers and employees
• Free-rein leaders: Integrative; employees lead themselves
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 19
Effective Leadership Skills
• Technical skills: Skills required to perform a particular task
• Conceptual skills: Administrative, problem solving, and “big picture” skills
• Human relations skills: Ability to deal effectively with people
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 20
Effective Leadership Skills(cont.)
• Leadership skills can be acquired or developed through observation, education, and experience.
• You may acquire skills through: Leadership training classes Starting a learning library Coaching and mentoring
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 21
Characteristics and Behaviors of Leaders
Functional Abilities• Gulick’s acronym for identifying the basic functions
of business leadership: PODSCORB Planning Organizing Directing Staffing Coordinating Reporting Budgeting
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 22
Characteristics and Behaviors of Leaders(cont.)
Characteristics• Key characteristics of effective leaders:
Communication Good decision making Taking risks Motivation Delegation
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 23
Characteristics and Behaviors of Leaders(cont.)
Attitude and Behaviors• Most expected and respected behaviors of an effective
leader include: Being passionate Being open-minded Being enthusiastic Being empathetic Being ethical Being competent
Being courteous Being considerate Being fair Being honest Being trustworthy
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 24
Leadership Today
Transactional Leadership• Transactional leadership requires that leaders:
Determine what followers need to achieve their own and organizational goals
Classify those needs Help followers gain confidence that they can reach their
objectives • It involves hierarchies and structures and followers
directed by leaders.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 25
Leadership Today(cont.)
Transformational Leadership• Transformational leadership motivates followers to
do more by raising the perceived value of the task and by getting them to: Transcend self-interest for the sake of the group goal Make positive changes Strive toward self-actualization
• This leadership style encourages more and better everything for the greater good of the group.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 26
Leadership Today(cont.)
Servant Leadership• The servant leader believes his or her mission is to
serve the needs of others. Servant leaders have qualities such as honesty, good
listening skills, patience, and gratitude. They are more concerned about the needs of others than
their own. They use their talents to benefit the group.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 27
Leadership Today(cont.)
Leadership with Emotional Intelligence• Effective leaders have a high degree of emotional
intelligence. They understand and manage their own feelings and have
empathy for others. They have a passion to work and pursue goals with energy
and persistence. They’re good at managing relationships and building
networks and are skilled at finding common ground and building rapport.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 28
Leadership Today(cont.)
Leadership Differences in Men and Women• Men and women may be perceived as acting
differently in leadership positions: Men may be more task oriented. Women may be more relationship oriented.
• Some management thinkers believe the similarities between male and female leaders outweigh the differences.
Chapter 9 Leadership: What Makes an Effective Leader? 29
Key Terms
• Influence• Leadership• Great man theory• Theory X• Theory Y• Managerial Grid®• Autocratic leadership• Democratic leadership• Free-rein leadership
• Technical skills• Conceptual skills• Human relations skills• PODSCORB• Delegation• Transactional leadership• Transformational
leadership