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Chapter 9Chapter 9
View Design and Integration
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Outline Outline
Motivation for view design and integrationView design with formsView integration
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Why View Design and Why View Design and IntegrationIntegration??Database complexity reflects
organizational complexityTime-consuming and labor-intensive
processCollect requirements from different user
groupsInvolves coordination among designer
team
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Motivation for View Design and Motivation for View Design and IntegrationIntegration
As the “divide and conquer” strategy is used to manage complexity, View Design and Integration is an approach to managing complexity of the database design effort.
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Overview of View Design and Overview of View Design and IntegrationIntegration
Viewdesign
Viewintegration
Views
Conceptual schema
InterviewsDocumentation
Proposedforms/reports
Conflictidentification
Conflictresolution
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
View Design with FormsView Design with Forms
Important source of database requirementsReverse the process described in the first
part of the bookDerive an ERD that is consistent with the
formFive step procedure
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Sample Customer Order FormSample Customer Order Form
Order No: 1234 Order Date: 3/19/2000
Customer No: 1001 Customer Name: Jon Smith
Address: 123 Any Street
City: Seattle State: WA Zip: 98115
Salesperson No: 1001 Salesperson Name: Jane Doe
$5001
$1503
$1204
Unit PriceQuantity
R210
B138
M128
Product No
Table
Cabinet
Bookcase
Description
Customer Order Form
Parent(main form)
Child(subform)
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Form AnalysisForm Analysis
Create an ERD to represent a formERD supports form and other anticipated
processingERD should be consistent with the formERD is a view of the database
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Form Analysis StepsForm Analysis StepsStep 1: Defineform structure
Step 2: Identifyentity types
Step 3: Attachattributes
Step 4: Addrelationships
Step 5: Checkcompleteness and
consistency
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Step 1: Define Form StructureStep 1: Define Form Structure
Construct a hierarchy that depicts the form structure.
Most forms consist of a simple hierarchy where the main form is the parent and the subform is the child.
Complex forms can have parallel subforms and more levels in the hierarchy.
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Hierarchical Form StructureHierarchical Form StructureParent Node
Order NoOrder Date
Customer No., Customer NameAddress, City
State, ZipSalesperson No
Salesperson Name
Child NodeProduct NoDescription
QuantityUnit Price
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Step 2: Identify Entity TypesStep 2: Identify Entity Types
Split each node in the hierarchical structure into one or more entity types.
Make an entity type if the form field is a potential primary key and there are other associated fields in the form.
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Entity Types for the Customer Entity Types for the Customer Order FormOrder Form
OrderOrder No
CustomerCustomer No
ProductProduct No
SalesPersonSalesPerson No
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Step 3: Attach AttributesStep 3: Attach Attributes
Attach attributes to the entity types identified in the previous step
Group together fields that are associated with the primary keys found in Step 2
Form fields close together may belong in the same entity type
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Attributes Added to the Entity Types Attributes Added to the Entity Types
OrderOrder No
Order Date
CustomerCustomer No
Customer NameAddress
CityStateZip
ProductProduct NoDescriptionUnit Price
OrderLineQuantity
SalesPersonSalesPerson No
SalesPerson Name
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Step 4: Add RelationshipsStep 4: Add Relationships
Relationships involving the form entity type– Form entity type contains the form's primary key– Relationships between the form entity type and
other entity types derived from the parent node: usually 1-M.
– Add a relationship to connect the form entity type to an entity type in the child node
Add relationships to connect entity types derived from the child node if not already connected
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Entity Relationship Diagram Entity Relationship Diagram
Customer NoCustomer NameAddressCityStateZip
Customer
Order NoOrder Date
Order
Product NoDescriptionUnit Price
Product
SalesPerson NoSalesPersonName
Salesperson
Makes
Takes
Contains
Quantity
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Step 5: Check Completeness Step 5: Check Completeness and Consistencyand ConsistencyCheck the ERD for consistency and
completeness with the form structure.The ERD should contain minimum and
maximum cardinalities for all relationships, a primary key for all entity types, and a name for all relationships.
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Consistency Rules for Consistency Rules for Relationship CardinalitiesRelationship Cardinalities1. In at least one direction, the maximum
cardinality should be one for relationships connecting entity types derived from the same node (parent or child).
2. In at least one direction, the maximum cardinality should be greater than one for relationships connecting entity types derived from nodes on different levels of the form hierarchy.
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Analysis of M-Way Analysis of M-Way Relationships using FormsRelationships using FormsChoice between M-way and binary
relationships can be difficult.Data entry forms provide a context to
understand M-way relationships.An M-way relationship may be needed if a
form shows a data entry pattern involving three entity types.
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Sample Project Purchasing Sample Project Purchasing FormForm
Project Purchasing Form
Purchase No.: P1234 Purchase Date: 3/19/2000
Project No.: PR1 Project Manager: Jon Smith
Part No. Supplier No. Quantity Unit Price
M128 S100 4 $120
M128 S101 3 $150
R210 S102 1 $500
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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ERD for the Project Purchase ERD for the Project Purchase FormForm
PartNoPartName
PartSuppNoSuppName
SupplierProjNoProjName
Project
QtyPrice
IncludesPartUses
SuppUses
PurchaseNoPurchaseDate
Purchase
PurchUses
Makes
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Sample Purchasing FormSample Purchasing Form
Purchasing Form
Purchase No.: P1234 Purchase Date: 3/19/2000
Supplier No.: S101 Supplier Name: Anytime Supply
Part No. Quantity Unit Price
M128 4 $120
M129 3 $150
R210 1 $500
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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ERD for the Purchasing FormERD for the Purchasing Form
PartNoPartName
Part
SupplierNoSupplierName
Supplier
QtyPrice
Includes
PartUses
PurchaseNoPurchaseDate
Purchase
PurchUse
From
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
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View IntegrationView Integration
Combine individual views into a complete database design
Incremental and parallel integration approaches
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Incremental ApproachIncremental Approach
Incremental viewintegration
Integrated ERD(Views 1 to n)
View nPartially Integrated ERD
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Parallel ApproachParallel Approach
Parallel viewintegration
Integrated ERD(Views 1 to n)
View nERD
View 1ERD
...
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Integration StrategyIntegration Strategy
Parallel viewintegration
Integrated ERD
Partially integratedERD for subset 1 ...
Incremental viewintegration
Incremental viewintegration
Partially integratedERD for subset n
View subset 1 View subset n...
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Precedence RelationshipsPrecedence Relationships
Form A precedes form B if form A must be complete before form B
Preceding forms typically provide data for subsequent forms
Place forms with precedence relationships in the same view subset
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Precedence ExamplePrecedence Example
Customerform
Productform
Orderform
Invoiceform
Product Designform
Product Mftg.form
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Resolving Synonyms and Resolving Synonyms and HomonymsHomonymsSynonym: spelled differently but have the
same meaningHomonym: same sound and often the same
spelling but different meaningForms provide a context to resolveMajor part of standardizing a vocabulary
View Integration ExamplesView Integration Examples
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Sample Invoice FormSample Invoice FormINVOICE FORM
Customer No.: 1273 Invoice No.: 06389 Name: Contemporary Designs Date: 3/28/2000
Address: 123 Any Street Order No.: 61384
City: Seattle State: WA Zip: 98105
Product No Description Qty Ord
Qty Ship
Qty Back
Unit Price
Total Price
B381 Cabinet 2 2 150.00 300.00
R210 Table 1 1 500.00 500.00
M128 Bookcase 4 2 2 200.00 400.00
Total Amount $1200.00
Discount 60.00
Amount Due $1140.00
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Incremental Integration Incremental Integration ExampleExample The following 5 slides
demonstrate the Incremental Integration process by integrating the Invoice Form with the ERD for Customer Order Form.
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Form HierarchyForm Hierarchy
Parent NodeInvoice No
DateCustomer No.
Name, AddressCity, State, Zip
Order No., Discount
Child NodeProduct NoDescription
Qty Ord, Qty ShipQty Back
Unit Price, Total Price
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Identify entity typesIdentify entity types and attach and attach attributesattributes
OrderOrder No
CustomerCustomer No
NameAddress
City, State, Zip
ProductProduct NoDescriptionUnit Price
ShipLineQty Ord.Qty Ship
Qty Back *Total Price *
InvoiceInvoice No.
DateTotal Amount *
Discount *Amount Due *
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List the form fields that match existing List the form fields that match existing entity typesentity types
Order No matches the Order entity type.
Customer No, Customer Name, Address, City, State, and Zip match the Customer entity type.
Product No, Description, and Unit Price match the Product entity type.
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Analyze homonymsAnalyze homonyms
Revise the Customer entity type with two sets of address fields: billing address fields and shipping address fields.
Add shipping address fields to the Invoice entity type.
Create a new entity type (ShipAddress) with the shipping address fields.
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Integrated ERD (incremental)Integrated ERD (incremental)
Customer NoCustomer NameAddressCityStateZip
Customer
Order NoOrder Date
OrderQuantity
OrderLine
Product NoDescriptionUnit Price
Product
SalesPerson NoSalesPerson Name
SalesPerson
Makes
Takes
Contains
UsedIn
Invoice NoDateShipAddrShipCityShipStateShipZipTotal AmountDiscountAmount Due
Invoice
Qty ShipQty OrdQty Back
ShipLine
ShipFor
ShipsIn
UsesProd
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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Parallel Integration ExampleParallel Integration Example The difference between the
parallel and incremental approaches is that integration occurs later in the parallel approach.
For the parallel approach, ERDs for forms must be constructed before merging.
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
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ERD for the Invoice FormERD for the Invoice Form
Customer NoCustomer NameAddressCityStateZip
Customer
Order No
OrderQty ShipQty OrdQty Back
ShipLine
Product NoDescriptionUnit Price
Product
Invoice NoDateTotal AmountDiscountAmount Due
Invoice
UsesProd
ShipFor ShipsIn
SentTo
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Integrated ERD (Parallel)Integrated ERD (Parallel)
Customer NoCustomer NameAddressCityStateZip
Customer
Order NoOrder Date
OrderQuantity
OrderLine
Product NoDescriptionUnit Price
Product
SalesPerson NoSalesPerson Name
SalesPerson
Makes
Takes
Contains
UsedIn
Invoice NoDateShipAddrShipCityShipStateShipZipTotal AmountDiscountAmount Due
Invoice
Qty ShipQty OrdQty Back
ShipLine
ShipFor
ShipsIn
UsesProd
© 2001 The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
SummarySummary
View design and integration is an important skill for designing large databases.
Manage complexity of large development efforts.
The result of form analysis is an ERD that is a view of the database.
Two approaches for View Integration, incremental and parallel.