Chapter 20By: The AP Euro Class

Spanish Revolution

● The drive for independence was inspired by both the Age of Enlightenment and the French Revolutions

● A priest, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla started gatherings to discuss whether it was better to obey or to revolt against a the government

● From 1815 to 1821 most of the fighting for independence from Spain was done by small and isolated guerrilla bands

● On the night of the May 18, 1822, a mass demonstration led by the Regiment of Celaya, which Iturbide had commanded during the war, marched through the streets and demanded their commander-in-chief to accept the throne.

● While his authority did not last long, Mexico remained independent and free of Spanish rule

The Ottoman Empire Revolt of 1812

● Serbia joins the empire; lost two battles and were captured in 1459, thusly ruled for five centuries

● Eventually the Serbians chose to join the Janissaries who were killing Serbian leaders

● Russia supported Serbians, who were able to take Belgrade, and convinced them to continue fighting when offered full autonomy.

● Leader was Djordje “Black George” Petrovic● Gained independence through the creation of the Bucharest Peace Treaty of

1812● Largely considered a failure simply because of Russia’s inconsistency of

support, abd Black George constantly arguing with the council over authority, causing many to attempt open rebellion against him

The Ottoman Empire Revolt ArtDjordje Petrovic

Haitian Revolution● A series of conflicts between 1791 and 1804.● Haitian slaves and colonists vs. armies of Spain originally, then France and

Britain.● The Haitians won independence and became the first country to be founded

by former slaves.● Some of the main reasons of the revolution included the racist society, the

French Revolution, and nationalism expressed through Vodou ceremonies● The most prominent revolutionary leaders were Vincent Ogé, a Haitian

mulatto, and Toussaint Louverture, a former slave turned military leader.

-Portrait of Toussaint L’Ouverture-Battle of Palm Tree Hill

South American Wars on Independence● Sparked by Haiti’s success during slave revolt● Revolts were led by Creole elites disgruntled by racial policies● Creoles wanted nations to be independent, formed the juntas, political

committees● Rio de la Plata (Argentina) first to assert independence, helps Paraguay and

Uruguay as well● José de San Martín lead forces over Andes Mountains, where his army

captured Chilean capital and Bernardo O’Higgins takes power● San Martín went to Peru by sea, eventually takes Lima● Simon Bolívar liberated Venezuela, joined with San Martín

The Treaty of Paris● Official ending of the Spanish-American

war● The U.S. gains the Philippines and

Puerto Rico● Granting them their first overseas

empire

Jose San Martin● Argentine soldier and statesman● Helped lead revolutions against

Spanish rule in Argentina(1812), Chile(1818), and Peru(1821).

Decembrist Revolution of 1825After Tsar Alexander died there was debate over who was the next heir. Liberals who didn’t like Nicholas’ conservative views took advantage of the momentary confusion and staged an uprising. They convinced troops not to take an oath of loyalty to Nicholas I. Instead the Liberals and Military officials demanded Constantine to be Tsar instead. The Revolt was put down very quickly in the North and South- as it was poorly planned and executed and there was no military leaders to organize the rebelling troops. It resulted in the trial of the revolt leaders; 5 were executed, 31 were imprisoned and the rest were exiled to Siberia.

Revolutionists near the Winter Palace

the Decembrist Revolt at the Senate Square on December 14, 1825

French Revolution 1830● 26-29 of July ● Aka the “July Revolution” ● Saw the overthrow of King Charles X or the French Bourbon monarch● Marked the ascent of Louis Phillipe, Duke of Orléans ● Marked the shift from a constitutional monarchy to a July Monarchy ●

French Revolution 1830 art

Belgium Independence

Episode of the Belgian Revolution of 1830

by Gustaf Wrappers

Road to Independence ● Congress of Vienna united Southern Netherlands (Belgium) and Northern

Netherlands (Holland) under Protestant WIlliam I.● Belgian Catholics who resented Protestant interference in clerical matters and

liberals who desired more freedom formed unlikely coalition that opposed the Dutch crown. Revolution soon exploded in 1830 and by October 4th victory was claimed by the provisional government.

Great Reform Bill in Britain 1832

● British law published in 1832● Expanded size of English electorate● Kept property and gender as qualification for voting

○ Widened the variety of voters○ Reason why revolution in Britain was not necessary○ Had the same institutions but influenced by different people

● Response to many years of people criticising electoral system as unfair● Primarily served to transfer voting privileges from small boroughs controlled

by nobility and gentry to heavily populated industrial towns● Total electorate increased by 217,000

Great Reform Bill in Britain 1832 (continued)

● First Reform Bill authored by:a. then prime minister Charles Grey, b. Earl Grey

● House of Commons passed Reform Bill (1831) but House of Lords defeated it● Fear in government that unless there was reform, there might be a revolution

instead● King William IV lost popularity for standing in the way of reform● William IV agreed to create new Liberal peers● House of Lords heard this and agreed to pass the Reform Act● only men who owned property worth at least £10 could vote● Cut out most of the working classes