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Chapter EightChapter Eight
Politics in BritainPolitics in Britain
Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Country Bio: United KingdomCountry Bio: United Kingdom
Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
United KingdomUnited Kingdom
United Kingdom created in 1801, merging England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland
Britain did not become a democracy overnight (case study) Evolution not revolution Democratization was a slow process Contrasts with the dominant
European practice of switching between democratic and undemocratic regimes
United Kingdom created in 1801, merging England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland
Britain did not become a democracy overnight (case study) Evolution not revolution Democratization was a slow process Contrasts with the dominant
European practice of switching between democratic and undemocratic regimes
Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Policy Challenges Facing BritainPolicy Challenges Facing Britain General Election of 2010 - no party won
majority in House of Commons. Conservative Party (Tories) of David
Cameron - 307 seats Labour Party of Gordon Brown - 258 seats Liberal Democratic Party of Nick Clegg -
57 seats. Conservatives, Liberal Democrats formed
coalition Government’s offices divided between
Cameron as prime minister and Clegg as deputy prime minister
General Election of 2010 - no party won majority in House of Commons.
Conservative Party (Tories) of David Cameron - 307 seats
Labour Party of Gordon Brown - 258 seats Liberal Democratic Party of Nick Clegg -
57 seats. Conservatives, Liberal Democrats formed
coalition Government’s offices divided between
Cameron as prime minister and Clegg as deputy prime minister
Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Policy Challenges Facing BritainPolicy Challenges Facing Britain Next election scheduled for May, 2015 Rise of “independents” and the
fragmentation of the 2 ½ Party System Rise of Nationalist Parties in Scotland and
Wales SNP & Plaid Cymru
Rise of anti-EU parties, esp. UKIP Rise of anti-immigrant parties (BNP, UKIP) Rise of the “Greens”
Next election scheduled for May, 2015 Rise of “independents” and the
fragmentation of the 2 ½ Party System Rise of Nationalist Parties in Scotland and
Wales SNP & Plaid Cymru
Rise of anti-EU parties, esp. UKIP Rise of anti-immigrant parties (BNP, UKIP) Rise of the “Greens”
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Policy Challenges Facing BritainPolicy Challenges Facing Britain
British Empire = Commonwealth Antigua and Australia to India,
Pakistan, Zambia differ in wealth, culture, commitment to democracy.
Special relationship with U.S. Involvement in Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya “Bush’s Poodle” (Blair) “He calls me bro” (Cameron) Should the UK remain so closely linked
to US?
British Empire = Commonwealth Antigua and Australia to India,
Pakistan, Zambia differ in wealth, culture, commitment to democracy.
Special relationship with U.S. Involvement in Iraq, Afghanistan, Libya “Bush’s Poodle” (Blair) “He calls me bro” (Cameron) Should the UK remain so closely linked
to US?
Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Policy Challenges Facing BritainPolicy Challenges Facing Britain
Britain’s world position has declined European Community (1957) – now
EU Britain did not join until 1973 Created more policy challenges
Resentment toward EU policies as an “attack” on UK sovereignty
Much UK legislation comes from efforts to keep in line with EU policies
Resentment toward immigration from other EU countries
Rise of nationalist/anti-EU/anti-immigrant parties BNP, UKIP
Britain’s world position has declined European Community (1957) – now
EU Britain did not join until 1973 Created more policy challenges
Resentment toward EU policies as an “attack” on UK sovereignty
Much UK legislation comes from efforts to keep in line with EU policies
Resentment toward immigration from other EU countries
Rise of nationalist/anti-EU/anti-immigrant parties BNP, UKIP
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The Environment of PoliticsThe Environment of Politics
One Crown but five nations United Kingdom –
England: no English State in international law
Wales: ¼ speak Welch Scotland: separate legal, religious,
educational institutions Northern Ireland: remainder of
Ireland rebelled against Crown in 1916 and a separate Irish state in Dublin in 1921.
One Crown but five nations United Kingdom –
England: no English State in international law
Wales: ¼ speak Welch Scotland: separate legal, religious,
educational institutions Northern Ireland: remainder of
Ireland rebelled against Crown in 1916 and a separate Irish state in Dublin in 1921.
Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Test yourselfTest yourself
The emergence of a new Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly are evidence of
A. Marxist influences. B. diversity. C. devolution. D. democratic liberalism. E. unitary government.
The emergence of a new Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly are evidence of
A. Marxist influences. B. diversity. C. devolution. D. democratic liberalism. E. unitary government.
Test yourselfTest yourself
The emergence of a new Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly are evidence of
C. devolution.
The emergence of a new Scottish Parliament and Welsh Assembly are evidence of
C. devolution.
The Environment of PoliticsThe Environment of Politics Unitary State: political system having one
source of authority, British Parliament UK is multinational state Historically, Scotland, Wales governed by
British Cabinet ministers accountable to Parliament. Scotland/Wales (1999): responsibilities for
policy given to local elected assemblies Northern Ireland is most un-English part of
UK formally a secular polity identity questions: Catholics and
Protestants turmoil since 1968, IRA (the “troubles”)
Unitary State: political system having one source of authority, British Parliament
UK is multinational state Historically, Scotland, Wales governed by
British Cabinet ministers accountable to Parliament. Scotland/Wales (1999): responsibilities for
policy given to local elected assemblies Northern Ireland is most un-English part of
UK formally a secular polity identity questions: Catholics and
Protestants turmoil since 1968, IRA (the “troubles”)
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Devolved AdministrationsDevolved Administrations
Scottish Parliament 129 members Mixed SMD-FPTP & PR election Control over taxation, criminal justice,
health, education, transport, the environment, sport, culture and local government.
British Parliament retains reserved matters Foreign affairs, defense, immigration, social
security and welfare, employment and general economic & fiscal policy
Scottish Parliament 129 members Mixed SMD-FPTP & PR election Control over taxation, criminal justice,
health, education, transport, the environment, sport, culture and local government.
British Parliament retains reserved matters Foreign affairs, defense, immigration, social
security and welfare, employment and general economic & fiscal policy
Devolved AdministrationsDevolved Administrations
National Assembly for Wales 60 members Mixed SMD-FPTP & PR election Most legislation is still controlled by
British Parliament (Westminster) Welsh Assembly deals only with local
matters Health, education, transport, the
environment, culture and local government
National Assembly for Wales 60 members Mixed SMD-FPTP & PR election Most legislation is still controlled by
British Parliament (Westminster) Welsh Assembly deals only with local
matters Health, education, transport, the
environment, culture and local government
Devolved AdministrationsDevolved Administrations
Northern Ireland Assembly 108 members Mixed SMD-FPTP & PR election Assembly’s powers are broad and
similar to those of the Scottish Parliament
Northern Ireland Assembly 108 members Mixed SMD-FPTP & PR election Assembly’s powers are broad and
similar to those of the Scottish Parliament
Scottish IndependenceScottish Independence
Referendum was held in the fall of 2014
Result = no vote (narrow margin) Consequences
Promise of more “devolved” power to Scots More freedom to tax & spend
Wales & Northern Ireland will push to be more like Scotland
Referendum was held in the fall of 2014
Result = no vote (narrow margin) Consequences
Promise of more “devolved” power to Scots More freedom to tax & spend
Wales & Northern Ireland will push to be more like Scotland
Scottish IndependenceScottish Independence
More Consequences “English votes for English laws”
The “West Lothian Question” Scotch & Welsh MPs vote in Parliament
for laws that effect England No corresponding ability for English MPs Need for “English Parliament”? Is a federal system too far behind?
More Consequences “English votes for English laws”
The “West Lothian Question” Scotch & Welsh MPs vote in Parliament
for laws that effect England No corresponding ability for English MPs Need for “English Parliament”? Is a federal system too far behind?
Thinking about Britain:Thinking about Britain:
The basics The Kingdoms One of world’s most densely
populated countries One of the world’s most
monitored societies Millions of surveillance cameras – one for
every 14 citizens
The basics The Kingdoms One of world’s most densely
populated countries One of the world’s most
monitored societies Millions of surveillance cameras – one for
every 14 citizens
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A Multiracial BritainA Multiracial Britain
Worldwide British Empire was multiracial and so is commonwealth. Census estimates nonwhite
population of UK had risen from 74,000 to 4.6 million – 8% of UK
Since 9/11: stress integration of immigrant families into British way of life
Response to terrorist attacks: increase police powers restrictions on asylum seekers deportation made easier
Worldwide British Empire was multiracial and so is commonwealth. Census estimates nonwhite
population of UK had risen from 74,000 to 4.6 million – 8% of UK
Since 9/11: stress integration of immigrant families into British way of life
Response to terrorist attacks: increase police powers restrictions on asylum seekers deportation made easier
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Thinking about Britain:Thinking about Britain:Terrorism, Religious Minorities & “Britishness”
No longer an “all white” country Still rather homogeneous: religion & ethnicity
Immigrants from former British colonies Muslum minority: approx. 5% of population
9% in London Terrorism – attacks in 2005
Tories criticize “multiculturalism” which they say allows “parallel lives” without a sense of national identity
They would like more direct socialization into British civic culture Government countermeasures Status of civil liberties in UK?
Terrorism, Religious Minorities & “Britishness”No longer an “all white” country Still rather homogeneous: religion & ethnicity
Immigrants from former British colonies Muslum minority: approx. 5% of population
9% in London Terrorism – attacks in 2005
Tories criticize “multiculturalism” which they say allows “parallel lives” without a sense of national identity
They would like more direct socialization into British civic culture Government countermeasures Status of civil liberties in UK?
Thinking about Britain:Thinking about Britain:
Welfare state is still strong Social class remains a powerful
force (see photo) Eton and “Oxbridge” Becoming more unequal
Welfare state is still strong Social class remains a powerful
force (see photo) Eton and “Oxbridge” Becoming more unequal
Thinking about Britain:Thinking about Britain:
Becoming more unequal Income inequality is the highest it has
been since the 1930s 2011 Riots (“A riot is the language of the unheard”)
Tories: moral failing in contemporary British society; violence by criminals & opportunists
Labour: gov’t austerity measures, absence of opportunities
600K young adults under 25 have never worked Poor policing: 3/4s of rioters had been stopped
and searched; claimed unfair treatment
Becoming more unequal Income inequality is the highest it has
been since the 1930s 2011 Riots (“A riot is the language of the unheard”)
Tories: moral failing in contemporary British society; violence by criminals & opportunists
Labour: gov’t austerity measures, absence of opportunities
600K young adults under 25 have never worked Poor policing: 3/4s of rioters had been stopped
and searched; claimed unfair treatment
Thinking about Britain:Thinking about Britain:
Political Economy Climb out of the Great Recession Neo-liberal economic policies since
1979 (Thatcher) Role/extent of welfare state vs.
balancing the budget “Austerity” vs. the “safety net” Special place for the NHS
Political Economy Climb out of the Great Recession Neo-liberal economic policies since
1979 (Thatcher) Role/extent of welfare state vs.
balancing the budget “Austerity” vs. the “safety net” Special place for the NHS
The Evolution of the British State
The Evolution of the British State
Sequential, rather than simultaneous, tasks of British
Building the nation state Defining the role of religion Establishing liberal democracy Industrial revolution
Maintained legitimacy without constitution
Sequential, rather than simultaneous, tasks of British
Building the nation state Defining the role of religion Establishing liberal democracy Industrial revolution
Maintained legitimacy without constitution
The Evolution of the British State
The Evolution of the British State
The Broad Sweep of British History King and Parliament sharing power for
over 700 years Religion removed from politics after
16th and 17th centuries Growth of Parliamentary power;
decline of Royal power Capitalism and urbanization promoted
democratic reforms Modern parties established in late
19th century
The Broad Sweep of British History King and Parliament sharing power for
over 700 years Religion removed from politics after
16th and 17th centuries Growth of Parliamentary power;
decline of Royal power Capitalism and urbanization promoted
democratic reforms Modern parties established in late
19th century
Early British Political HistoryEarly British Political History
Date Set #1 1215 1660 1688 1911 1912
Date Set #1 1215 1660 1688 1911 1912
Date Set #2 1832 1867 1918 1928
Date Set #2 1832 1867 1918 1928
ActivityActivity
Divide into groups One member of each group should
have an electronic device that connects to the internet
Research the dates in terms of British political history
What does data set #1 represent? #2?
Divide into groups One member of each group should
have an electronic device that connects to the internet
Research the dates in terms of British political history
What does data set #1 represent? #2?
Early British Political HistoryEarly British Political History
Date Set #1 = Growth of Parliamentary Power
Date Set #2 = Growth of Democracy
Date Set #1 = Growth of Parliamentary Power
Date Set #2 = Growth of Democracy
The Making of Modern England:Evolution
The Making of Modern England:Evolution 1. The Crown was established as
the central authority in medieval times.
2. The supremacy of the state’s power over the church was settled in the 16th century when Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church to establish the Church of England.
1. The Crown was established as the central authority in medieval times.
2. The supremacy of the state’s power over the church was settled in the 16th century when Henry VIII broke with the Catholic Church to establish the Church of England.
The Making of Modern England:Evolution
The Making of Modern England:Evolution 3. The power struggle between
Crown and Parliament was resolved by a civil war in the 17th century in which Parliament triumphed and a weakened monarch was then restored. Parliament became able to hold the
Crown accountable by the 18th century, but Parliament represented only a small portion of the population.
3. The power struggle between Crown and Parliament was resolved by a civil war in the 17th century in which Parliament triumphed and a weakened monarch was then restored. Parliament became able to hold the
Crown accountable by the 18th century, but Parliament represented only a small portion of the population.
Test yourselfTest yourself
The National Health Service was established in
A. the 1940s. B. the 1950s. C. the 1970s. D. the 1980s. E. the 1990s.
The National Health Service was established in
A. the 1940s. B. the 1950s. C. the 1970s. D. the 1980s. E. the 1990s.
Test yourselfTest yourself
The National Health Service was established in
A. the 1940s.
The National Health Service was established in
A. the 1940s.
The Evolution of the Modern British State
The Evolution of the Modern British State
Stage 1: The Collectivist Consensus (1940s)
WWII coalition government became an informal agreement on many issues
Beveridge Report of 1942 formed core of “Collectivist Consensus” (social welfare program)
Post-war political cleavages were class based more than policy based
Stage 1: The Collectivist Consensus (1940s)
WWII coalition government became an informal agreement on many issues
Beveridge Report of 1942 formed core of “Collectivist Consensus” (social welfare program)
Post-war political cleavages were class based more than policy based
The Evolution of the Modern British StateThe Evolution of the Modern British State Stage #2 (1951-1964) The
Consensus Era Conservatives in office Maintained consensus on social welfare Used Keynesian economics to promote
growth, full employment & low inflation 3rd stage (early 60s through 1970s)
“What wrong with Britain?” Stagnation and political drift
Stage #2 (1951-1964) The Consensus Era Conservatives in office Maintained consensus on social welfare Used Keynesian economics to promote
growth, full employment & low inflation 3rd stage (early 60s through 1970s)
“What wrong with Britain?” Stagnation and political drift
Stage 4: The Thatcher Revolution Stage 4: The Thatcher Revolution
1979, Margaret Thatcher – Conservatives Policies of free-market From nationalization to privatization
(Thatcher – “The Iron Lady”) From Keynes to Friedman (monetary
policy & supply-side economics) Falklands War (vs. Argentina) Thatcher never won more than 43%
of total vote but division within other parties helped her win
replaced by John Major
1979, Margaret Thatcher – Conservatives Policies of free-market From nationalization to privatization
(Thatcher – “The Iron Lady”) From Keynes to Friedman (monetary
policy & supply-side economics) Falklands War (vs. Argentina) Thatcher never won more than 43%
of total vote but division within other parties helped her win
replaced by John MajorCopyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Stage 5: The Blair RevolutionStage 5: The Blair Revolution 1994, Tony Blair – “New” Labour
2nd longest serving prime minister of past century
New Labour’s “humane face” on social welfare reform
Traffic tax in London to pay for public transport investment (Blair)
Iraq: How to respond to massive public opposition? (Blair)
Successor – 2007 – Gordon Brown
1994, Tony Blair – “New” Labour 2nd longest serving prime minister
of past century New Labour’s “humane face” on social
welfare reform Traffic tax in London to pay for public
transport investment (Blair) Iraq: How to respond to massive public
opposition? (Blair) Successor – 2007 – Gordon Brown
Recent HistoryRecent History
2010 to present “Hung Parliament” Coalition government
Conservatives + Liberal Democrats PM is David Cameron (Con) Deputy PM is Nick Clegg (LD)
2010 to present “Hung Parliament” Coalition government
Conservatives + Liberal Democrats PM is David Cameron (Con) Deputy PM is Nick Clegg (LD)
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The British State: Enduring Myths and Changing
Realities
The British State: Enduring Myths and Changing
Realities The Monarchy and the Lords: visible but
powerless Parliamentary sovereignty, sort of
Real power lies with leadership of majority party Collective responsibility is key to power
Cabinet government? Ministers rely on expertise of senior civil
servants Top ministers and PM’s personal advisors make
broad policies
The Monarchy and the Lords: visible but powerless
Parliamentary sovereignty, sort of Real power lies with leadership of majority party Collective responsibility is key to power
Cabinet government? Ministers rely on expertise of senior civil
servants Top ministers and PM’s personal advisors make
broad policies
Test yourselfTest yourself The ceremonial head of state,
the Crown, A. has veto power over some
legislation. B. works with the House of Lords to
formulate legislation. C. symbolizes the authority of
government. D. has absolutely no bearing on modern
government in Britain. E. is always represented by a male heir.
The ceremonial head of state, the Crown,
A. has veto power over some legislation.
B. works with the House of Lords to formulate legislation.
C. symbolizes the authority of government.
D. has absolutely no bearing on modern government in Britain.
E. is always represented by a male heir.
Test yourselfTest yourself
The ceremonial head of state, the Crown,
C. symbolizes the authority of government.
The ceremonial head of state, the Crown,
C. symbolizes the authority of government.
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The Structure of GovernmentThe Structure of Government
Unwritten constitution: Acts Of Parliament Judicial Pronouncements Customs and Conventions Few constraints in unwritten
constitution: Vagueness makes it flexible Can be changed by majority vote in
Parliament or by government choosing to act in unprecedented manner
English courts claim no power to declare act of Parliament unconstitutional
Unwritten constitution: Acts Of Parliament Judicial Pronouncements Customs and Conventions Few constraints in unwritten
constitution: Vagueness makes it flexible Can be changed by majority vote in
Parliament or by government choosing to act in unprecedented manner
English courts claim no power to declare act of Parliament unconstitutional
Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
British ConstitutionalismBritish Constitutionalism
“un-codified” Statutory law = parliamentary law “Conventions” – agreed upon
standards & rules Interpretations Treaties European Union laws
“un-codified” Statutory law = parliamentary law “Conventions” – agreed upon
standards & rules Interpretations Treaties European Union laws
British ConstitutionalismBritish Constitutionalism
1. Defines the powers of Parliament 2. Define the relationships between
Parliament and the Crown 3. Relationships among the
constituent parts of the UK (Scotland, Wales, No. Ireland)
4. Rights of Citizens vs. the state
1. Defines the powers of Parliament 2. Define the relationships between
Parliament and the Crown 3. Relationships among the
constituent parts of the UK (Scotland, Wales, No. Ireland)
4. Rights of Citizens vs. the state
Some Key Parts of the British ConstitutionSome Key Parts of the British Constitution
Magna Carta (1215) The Habeas Corpus Act (1679) The Bill of Rights (1689) The Act of Settlement (1701) The Parliament Acts (1911 and 1949) The Peerage Act (1963) The European Communities Act (1972) The Scotland Act (1998) The Human Rights Act (1998) The House of Lords Act (1999) Reform Acts (1832 & 1867)
Magna Carta (1215) The Habeas Corpus Act (1679) The Bill of Rights (1689) The Act of Settlement (1701) The Parliament Acts (1911 and 1949) The Peerage Act (1963) The European Communities Act (1972) The Scotland Act (1998) The Human Rights Act (1998) The House of Lords Act (1999) Reform Acts (1832 & 1867)
Bagehot’s AnalysisBagehot’s Analysis
1867 “The English Constitution” Two parts 1. “dignified”
“excite and preserve the reverence of the population”
“attach” the population to the state/government
Basis for legitimacy and authority
1867 “The English Constitution” Two parts 1. “dignified”
“excite and preserve the reverence of the population”
“attach” the population to the state/government
Basis for legitimacy and authority
Bagehot’s AnalysisBagehot’s Analysis
2. “effective”/”efficient” How power is employed Actual functioning of the institutions Reality
2. “effective”/”efficient” How power is employed Actual functioning of the institutions Reality
Structure of the U.K. GovernmentStructure of the U.K. Government 1. Constitutional monarchy 2. Unitary state 3. Parliamentary democracy
Executive is part of and answerable to Parliament (House of Commons)
4. Fusion of Power Cabinet government Collective decision making Collective responsibility
1. Constitutional monarchy 2. Unitary state 3. Parliamentary democracy
Executive is part of and answerable to Parliament (House of Commons)
4. Fusion of Power Cabinet government Collective decision making Collective responsibility
Test yourselfTest yourself
Which of the following institutions may delay or debate legislation, but not create new legislation, in England?
A. office of the Exchequer B. prime minister C. Cabinet D. House of Commons E. House of Lords
Which of the following institutions may delay or debate legislation, but not create new legislation, in England?
A. office of the Exchequer B. prime minister C. Cabinet D. House of Commons E. House of Lords
Test yourselfTest yourself
Which of the following institutions may delay or debate legislation, but not create new legislation, in England?
E. House of Lords
Which of the following institutions may delay or debate legislation, but not create new legislation, in England?
E. House of Lords
The Structure of GovernmentThe Structure of Government
Crown rather than a constitution symbolizes the authority of government. Monarch only ceremonial head of state.
What constitutes the Crown? Government Government officials Whitehall Downing Street Parliament
Collectively referred to as Westminster
Crown rather than a constitution symbolizes the authority of government. Monarch only ceremonial head of state.
What constitutes the Crown? Government Government officials Whitehall Downing Street Parliament
Collectively referred to as Westminster
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The MonarchyThe Monarchy
Political Roles “Assents” to legislation Queen’s Speech
Written by the government and delivered at the State opening of Parliament each year
Sets out the legislative agenda for the year ahead
Doesn’t include everything Budget and pre-budget reports excluded
Political Roles “Assents” to legislation Queen’s Speech
Written by the government and delivered at the State opening of Parliament each year
Sets out the legislative agenda for the year ahead
Doesn’t include everything Budget and pre-budget reports excluded
What the Prime Minister Says and DoesWhat the Prime Minister Says and Does
Political Leader Ambiguous Duties Imperatives of the Prime
Minister: Winning elections Campaigning through the
media Focus of media attention
Dispenses Patronage Parliamentary performance Making and balancing
policies
Political Leader Ambiguous Duties Imperatives of the Prime
Minister: Winning elections Campaigning through the
media Focus of media attention
Dispenses Patronage Parliamentary performance Making and balancing
policiesCopyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
Prime Minister’s RolesPrime Minister’s Roles
1. Party Leader Maintain support of fellow MPs Keep coalition together (if necessary)
2. Leader of government Question Time – defend government
policies and answer questions
1. Party Leader Maintain support of fellow MPs Keep coalition together (if necessary)
2. Leader of government Question Time – defend government
policies and answer questions
The Prime Minister – Downing StreetThe Prime Minister – Downing Street Speaks legitimately for all members of
Parliament Chooses, moves and dismisses cabinet
ministers and important subordinate posts
Chairs Cabinet and determines its agenda
Appoints senior members of civil service Makes decisions in the Cabinet, with the
agreement of the ministers
Speaks legitimately for all members of Parliament
Chooses, moves and dismisses cabinet ministers and important subordinate posts
Chairs Cabinet and determines its agenda
Appoints senior members of civil service Makes decisions in the Cabinet, with the
agreement of the ministers
The Prime Minister – Downing StreetThe Prime Minister – Downing Street
3. Politician Guide his party to victory in general
elections Determine date of “general elections”
Campaigns for and represents the party in parliamentary elections
Electoral victory = “mandate” for party manifesto
3. Politician Guide his party to victory in general
elections Determine date of “general elections”
Campaigns for and represents the party in parliamentary elections
Electoral victory = “mandate” for party manifesto
The Prime MinisterThe Prime Minister
4. National & International Leader Represents the nation at international
summits Focus of media attention
4. National & International Leader Represents the nation at international
summits Focus of media attention
The Prime MinisterThe Prime Minister
Nothing equivalent to Article II of the US Constitution that defines the PM’s powers Instead powers come from
“convention”
Nothing equivalent to Article II of the US Constitution that defines the PM’s powers Instead powers come from
“convention”
The Prime MinisterThe Prime Minister
Additional powers as mentioned in Gordon Brown’s speech Power of the executive to declare war Power to request dissolution of
Parliament Power of the recall of Parliament Power of the executive to ratify
international treaties w/o a decision by Parliament
Additional powers as mentioned in Gordon Brown’s speech Power of the executive to declare war Power to request dissolution of
Parliament Power of the recall of Parliament Power of the executive to ratify
international treaties w/o a decision by Parliament
Interest Group View of Who Holds the Most Power (‘92)Interest Group View of Who Holds the Most Power (‘92)
The Prime MinisterThe Prime Minister
Chairman of the Cabinet Primus inter pares When the Cabinet meets and what it
discusses Sums up the discussion Determines the extent and composition of
Cabinet committees Head of Civil Service reports directly to
PM Deliver government’s promises
Chairman of the Cabinet Primus inter pares When the Cabinet meets and what it
discusses Sums up the discussion Determines the extent and composition of
Cabinet committees Head of Civil Service reports directly to
PM Deliver government’s promises
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The Cabinet and Cabinet MinistersThe Cabinet and Cabinet Ministers
Cabinet is senior ministers appointed by prime minister
Must be members of House of Commons or House of Lords
Remain important as department heads Major Whitehall departments differ
greatly from each other Political reputation of ministers depends
on success in promoting interests of their department in parliament, in media, in battles within Whitehall
Cabinet is senior ministers appointed by prime minister
Must be members of House of Commons or House of Lords
Remain important as department heads Major Whitehall departments differ
greatly from each other Political reputation of ministers depends
on success in promoting interests of their department in parliament, in media, in battles within Whitehall
Copyright © 2012, 2010, 2008 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Prime MinisterThe Prime Minister
Appointment of Ministers By “convention” normally drawn from
Parliament Predominantly from the House of
Commons Drawn from the PM’s majority party Balance geography & different wings of
the party Appointment assures ministerial loyalty
Collective responsibility
Appointment of Ministers By “convention” normally drawn from
Parliament Predominantly from the House of
Commons Drawn from the PM’s majority party Balance geography & different wings of
the party Appointment assures ministerial loyalty
Collective responsibility
The CabinetThe Cabinet
PM + Cabinet = “the government” The “collective decision-making
body” of British (UK) government 20-24 members Ministerial heads of principal
government departments
PM + Cabinet = “the government” The “collective decision-making
body” of British (UK) government 20-24 members Ministerial heads of principal
government departments
The CabinetThe Cabinet
Ministers roles Initiate policies Oversee the actions of thousands of civil
servants Interact with the media
Not an expert in his policy area Is an expert in Parliamentary politics They must rely on their advisors and
civil servants
Ministers roles Initiate policies Oversee the actions of thousands of civil
servants Interact with the media
Not an expert in his policy area Is an expert in Parliamentary politics They must rely on their advisors and
civil servants
The CabinetThe Cabinet
As a body, it has no legal powers Instead the powers are vested in
ministers When the government takes on new
powers, those powers are vested in ministers
Major policies are announced through the publication of a “white paper” Report/policy document that has gone
through the cabinet but was drawn up within departments
As a body, it has no legal powers Instead the powers are vested in
ministers When the government takes on new
powers, those powers are vested in ministers
Major policies are announced through the publication of a “white paper” Report/policy document that has gone
through the cabinet but was drawn up within departments
The CabinetThe Cabinet
Cabinet is challenged by the “Shadow Cabinet” of the opposition Adversarial
The PM may choose to have the Sovereign dismiss a minister
The PM may conduct a Cabinet “reshuffle” Ministers are reassigned to different
departments Bound by two conventions
Cabinet collective responsibility Cabinet independent responsibility
Cabinet is challenged by the “Shadow Cabinet” of the opposition Adversarial
The PM may choose to have the Sovereign dismiss a minister
The PM may conduct a Cabinet “reshuffle” Ministers are reassigned to different
departments Bound by two conventions
Cabinet collective responsibility Cabinet independent responsibility
Collective ResponsibilityCollective Responsibility
Members must resign if they do not support the policies of the Government set forth by the PM Ministers may argue in a cabinet session, but
once a decision has been made, they are required to support it publically
Similar to a concept called “democratic centralism
If a motion of no confidence passes, all cabinet members must resign
Members of the cabinet accept responsibility for decisions made by it
Members must resign if they do not support the policies of the Government set forth by the PM Ministers may argue in a cabinet session, but
once a decision has been made, they are required to support it publically
Similar to a concept called “democratic centralism
If a motion of no confidence passes, all cabinet members must resign
Members of the cabinet accept responsibility for decisions made by it
Individual ResponsibilityIndividual Responsibility
If a minister’s department is involved in a major scandal, the minister is considered responsible for the problem, even though the fault may not be his/hers
If the minister is involved in a personal scandal, the minister must resign
If a minister’s department is involved in a major scandal, the minister is considered responsible for the problem, even though the fault may not be his/hers
If the minister is involved in a personal scandal, the minister must resign
Cabinet GovernmentCabinet Government
In theory, the Cabinet is a “check” on the PM’s power The PM must gain the support of a
majority of the cabinet for any significant decisions
Concept weakened under Thatcher & Blair Meetings are “dull & perfunctory, and
debate is rare.” The PM, a few key cabinet ministers, and a
handful of advisers make decisions in smaller gatherings.
In theory, the Cabinet is a “check” on the PM’s power The PM must gain the support of a
majority of the cabinet for any significant decisions
Concept weakened under Thatcher & Blair Meetings are “dull & perfunctory, and
debate is rare.” The PM, a few key cabinet ministers, and a
handful of advisers make decisions in smaller gatherings.
Case Study: The Iraq WarCase Study: The Iraq War
Decision to go to war was discussed “but was never subjected to the full-scale
debate and formal cabinet approval” “To gain assent for the Iraq War, the
PM had summoned cabinet ministers individually.”
Cabinet meetings were beside the point
Decision to go to war was discussed “but was never subjected to the full-scale
debate and formal cabinet approval” “To gain assent for the Iraq War, the
PM had summoned cabinet ministers individually.”
Cabinet meetings were beside the point
Cabinet GovernmentCabinet Government
The PM holds or controls many of the levers of power in the core executive
His/her office helps develop policy, coordinates operations, and functions as a liaison with the media, the party, interest groups and the Parliament
“The culmination of a long process of centralization of power in the hands of the PM is seen in the declining role of the Cabinet and the increased development of resources inside Number 10.”
The PM holds or controls many of the levers of power in the core executive
His/her office helps develop policy, coordinates operations, and functions as a liaison with the media, the party, interest groups and the Parliament
“The culmination of a long process of centralization of power in the hands of the PM is seen in the declining role of the Cabinet and the increased development of resources inside Number 10.”
The Role of Parliament (Westminster)The Role of Parliament (Westminster)
Principal division in Parliament is between party with majority of seats in House of Commons and opposition party.
If bill or motion is identified as vote of confidence in government, government will fall if it is defeated
MPs from majority party generally vote as party leadership instructs
Principal division in Parliament is between party with majority of seats in House of Commons and opposition party.
If bill or motion is identified as vote of confidence in government, government will fall if it is defeated
MPs from majority party generally vote as party leadership instructs
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The Role of ParliamentThe Role of Parliament
Whitehall departments draft bills presented to Parliament
Government rather than Parliament sets budget
Parliament is “a policy-ratifying” body
Whitehall departments draft bills presented to Parliament
Government rather than Parliament sets budget
Parliament is “a policy-ratifying” body
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The Role of ParliamentThe Role of Parliament
Functions of MPs: weigh political reputations publicize issues scrutinize legislation examine how Whitehall
departments administer public policies
MPs in the governing party have private access to the government ministers
Functions of MPs: weigh political reputations publicize issues scrutinize legislation examine how Whitehall
departments administer public policies
MPs in the governing party have private access to the government ministers
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The Role of ParliamentThe Role of Parliament House of Lords
Unique as second chamber because initially composed of hereditary peers
1999: Labour abolished right of all but 92 hereditary peers to sit in House of Lords
Government often introduces noncontroversial legislation in Lords if it deals with technical matters
Uses Lords as revising chamber to amend bills
Lords cannot veto legislation, but can amend or delay passage of government bills
House of Lords Unique as second chamber because
initially composed of hereditary peers 1999: Labour abolished right of all but
92 hereditary peers to sit in House of Lords
Government often introduces noncontroversial legislation in Lords if it deals with technical matters
Uses Lords as revising chamber to amend bills
Lords cannot veto legislation, but can amend or delay passage of government bills
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The Civil Service – “Whitehall”The Civil Service – “Whitehall”
Largest number of civil servants are clerical staff with little discretion
Most important group of civil servants is smallest group Advise ministers, oversee work of
their departments Top civil servants are bipartisan,
ready to work for whichever party is winner
Thatcher: focus on making civil service more businesslike
Largest number of civil servants are clerical staff with little discretion
Most important group of civil servants is smallest group Advise ministers, oversee work of
their departments Top civil servants are bipartisan,
ready to work for whichever party is winner
Thatcher: focus on making civil service more businesslike
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The BureaucracyThe Bureaucracy
Permanent secretary Very senior career civil servant who has
responsibility for running a department Civil servants do much of the work of
conceptualizing and refining legislation Done by committee staff in US Congress
Political because they are concerned with formulating, revising, and advising on policies
Permanent secretary Very senior career civil servant who has
responsibility for running a department Civil servants do much of the work of
conceptualizing and refining legislation Done by committee staff in US Congress
Political because they are concerned with formulating, revising, and advising on policies
The BureaucracyThe Bureaucracy
Bipartisan because they need to be ready to work for whichever party is the winner of an election
Ministers rely on the expertise of senior civil servants because they are political appointees and often not experts in the area they are responsible for
Bipartisan because they need to be ready to work for whichever party is the winner of an election
Ministers rely on the expertise of senior civil servants because they are political appointees and often not experts in the area they are responsible for
The BureaucracyThe Bureaucracy
Non-departmental Public Bodies (NDPBs) Since the 1970’s an increasing number
of administrative functions have been transferred to bodies that are part of the government in terms of funding, function and appointment of staff But, they operate at arm’s length from
ministers
Non-departmental Public Bodies (NDPBs) Since the 1970’s an increasing number
of administrative functions have been transferred to bodies that are part of the government in terms of funding, function and appointment of staff But, they operate at arm’s length from
ministers
The BureaucracyThe Bureaucracy
NDPBs are better known as QUANGOs Quasi-nongovernmental organizations They take responsibility for specific
functions and can combine governmental and private sector expertise
Some are involved in the delivery of services
NDPBs are better known as QUANGOs Quasi-nongovernmental organizations They take responsibility for specific
functions and can combine governmental and private sector expertise
Some are involved in the delivery of services
The British State: Enduring Myths and Changing
Realities
The British State: Enduring Myths and Changing
Realities The rest of the state
Civil servants act as administrators, not policy makers
Regulatory agencies oversee former government corporations
QUANGOs make a great deal of policy and regulation
While courts have potential to be more active, they have never exercised a policy-making role
The rest of the state Civil servants act as administrators, not
policy makers Regulatory agencies oversee former
government corporations QUANGOs make a great deal of policy and
regulation While courts have potential to be more
active, they have never exercised a policy-making role
The Courts and Abuses of PowerThe Courts and Abuses of Power Supreme Court created as highest
judicial authority, 2009 Replaced old practice of highest court
being committee of House of Lords “Law Lords”
Court consists of president and 11 justices
Serves as final appeal on points of law Limited powers, cannot declare Acts of
Parliament unconstitutional
Supreme Court created as highest judicial authority, 2009
Replaced old practice of highest court being committee of House of Lords
“Law Lords”
Court consists of president and 11 justices
Serves as final appeal on points of law Limited powers, cannot declare Acts of
Parliament unconstitutional
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Court System in England and WalesCourt System in England and Wales
Supreme Court Final word on all types of cases other
than criminal matters in Scotland Also rule in disputes over devolution No power of judicial review
Violation of “parliamentary supremacy” May issue declaration of incompatability
Supreme Court Final word on all types of cases other
than criminal matters in Scotland Also rule in disputes over devolution No power of judicial review
Violation of “parliamentary supremacy” May issue declaration of incompatability
Great Britain: Supreme CourtGreat Britain: Supreme Court
However, The Court must enforce directly applicable European Union law,
and interpret domestic law so far as possible
consistently with European Union law. It must also enforce the rights contained
in the European Convention on Human Rights.
A sovereignty issue caused by membership in the EU
However, The Court must enforce directly applicable European Union law,
and interpret domestic law so far as possible
consistently with European Union law. It must also enforce the rights contained
in the European Convention on Human Rights.
A sovereignty issue caused by membership in the EU
Great Britain: CourtsGreat Britain: Courts
Human Rights Act 1998: Rights guaranteed in the European Convention on Human Rights are secured in British courts.
Human Rights Act 1998: Rights guaranteed in the European Convention on Human Rights are secured in British courts.
Government as NetworkGovernment as Network
Within Whitehall network, core set of political figures are important in determining policies Prime Minister Cabinet Ministers In coalition government major
decisions cannot be made by single politician
Within Whitehall network, core set of political figures are important in determining policies Prime Minister Cabinet Ministers In coalition government major
decisions cannot be made by single politician
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Political Culture and LegitimacyPolitical Culture and Legitimacy Legitimacy comes from history, tradition,
monarchy, democracy Who should be involved in decision
making? Trusteeship Theory of Government: leaders
take initiative and use own best judgment Collectivist Theory of Government:
government balances competing demands; parties represent groups/classes
Individualist Theory of Government: parties represent people not groups; freedom from government; choice; “market”
Legitimacy comes from history, tradition, monarchy, democracy
Who should be involved in decision making?
Trusteeship Theory of Government: leaders take initiative and use own best judgment
Collectivist Theory of Government: government balances competing demands; parties represent groups/classes
Individualist Theory of Government: parties represent people not groups; freedom from government; choice; “market”
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British Political CultureBritish Political Culture
Will there always be a Britain? Identification with the UK has declined in
past 40 years Resurgence of support for regional parties in
Scotland and Wales Devolution (regional parliaments) Monarchy’s loss of influence and prestige Increasing racial diversity (most born in the
UK) Growing importance of the EU
Will there always be a Britain? Identification with the UK has declined in
past 40 years Resurgence of support for regional parties in
Scotland and Wales Devolution (regional parliaments) Monarchy’s loss of influence and prestige Increasing racial diversity (most born in the
UK) Growing importance of the EU
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Political SocializationPolitical Socialization
Socialization influences the division between those who do and do not participate Family and Gender: create youthful
identification with party Education: more educated not as
likely to be conservative as once were Class: Conservative = middle class,
Labour = working class Mass Media: only a few papers, TV is
primary source of news
Socialization influences the division between those who do and do not participate Family and Gender: create youthful
identification with party Education: more educated not as
likely to be conservative as once were Class: Conservative = middle class,
Labour = working class Mass Media: only a few papers, TV is
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Political ParticipationPolitical Participation
Voting: competitive elections bring higher turnout
Sign Petitions Contact Politicians Party Volunteers Most politically involved are no
more than 1/10 of 1 percent of electorate.
Voting: competitive elections bring higher turnout
Sign Petitions Contact Politicians Party Volunteers Most politically involved are no
more than 1/10 of 1 percent of electorate.
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Political ParticipationPolitical Participation
The British electorate Long time class-based politics upset by
radicalism and Thatcher victories Rather than realignment, it was a
dealignment Labour victories probably the result of
voter “fatigue” with Conservative government and Labour’s success in appealing to middle class and post-materialist voters
The British electorate Long time class-based politics upset by
radicalism and Thatcher victories Rather than realignment, it was a
dealignment Labour victories probably the result of
voter “fatigue” with Conservative government and Labour’s success in appealing to middle class and post-materialist voters
Political RecruitmentPolitical Recruitment
Important political roles: Cabinet minister higher civil servant partisan advisers intermittent public persons
Each group has own recruitment pattern
Starting early on political career necessary for success
Geography –career will be spent in London
Important political roles: Cabinet minister higher civil servant partisan advisers intermittent public persons
Each group has own recruitment pattern
Starting early on political career necessary for success
Geography –career will be spent in London
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Organizing Group InterestsOrganizing Group Interests
Civil society institutions flourished in Britain for centuries Confederation of British Industries:
big business, direct contacts with Whitehall
Trades Union Congress: labor Voluntary/Charitable Associations Lobbying must be done at highest
levels where bills are drafted
Civil society institutions flourished in Britain for centuries Confederation of British Industries:
big business, direct contacts with Whitehall
Trades Union Congress: labor Voluntary/Charitable Associations Lobbying must be done at highest
levels where bills are drafted
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What Interest Groups WantWhat Interest Groups Want
Most interest groups pursue three goals: sympathetic administration of established
policies information about government policies and
changes in policies influence on policymaking
Insider Interest Groups: have values in harmony with all parties
Outsider Interest Groups: demands are inconsistent with party in power Keeping Interest Groups at a Distance: less
reliance on negotiations with groups and more on authority of Crown
Most interest groups pursue three goals: sympathetic administration of established
policies information about government policies and
changes in policies influence on policymaking
Insider Interest Groups: have values in harmony with all parties
Outsider Interest Groups: demands are inconsistent with party in power Keeping Interest Groups at a Distance: less
reliance on negotiations with groups and more on authority of Crown
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Party System and Electoral ChoiceParty System and Electoral Choice General election must occur at least once
every five years Prime minister is free to call election any
time Winner is candidate who is first past the
post (plurality) Winner nationally is party that gains most
seats Two party system vs. multiparty system Distribution of seats in House of Commons
different from distribution of share of votes
General election must occur at least once every five years
Prime minister is free to call election any time
Winner is candidate who is first past the post (plurality)
Winner nationally is party that gains most seats
Two party system vs. multiparty system Distribution of seats in House of Commons
different from distribution of share of votes
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Party Images and AppealsParty Images and Appeals
Terminology of left/right rejected by British voters median voter tends to choose central position, a
tenth on far left or far right consensus among voters on variety of issues;
economy, crime, health service major concerns parties emphasize collectivist economic interests
and consensual goals Governing party has votes to enact parliamentary
legislation, regardless of protests by opposition New governments must also enforce the laws
enacted by the previous governments
Terminology of left/right rejected by British voters median voter tends to choose central position, a
tenth on far left or far right consensus among voters on variety of issues;
economy, crime, health service major concerns parties emphasize collectivist economic interests
and consensual goals Governing party has votes to enact parliamentary
legislation, regardless of protests by opposition New governments must also enforce the laws
enacted by the previous governments
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Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies
Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies
Unitary state, political authority is centralized Decisions are binding on public agencies
through Acts of Parliament and regulations Treasury must authorize expenditures
before bill can be put to Parliament Minister must pilot bill through Parliament Minister may also negotiate agreement with
public agencies outside and with affected interest groups
Unitary state, political authority is centralized Decisions are binding on public agencies
through Acts of Parliament and regulations Treasury must authorize expenditures
before bill can be put to Parliament Minister must pilot bill through Parliament Minister may also negotiate agreement with
public agencies outside and with affected interest groups
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Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies
Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies Devolution to Elected Officials:
Local government is subordinate to central government
Scotland and Wales to representative assemblies
Local council elections fought on party lines Local government divided into two tiers of
county, district councils, each with responsibility for local services
Central government grants are largest source of local government revenue
Devolution to Elected Officials: Local government is subordinate to central
government Scotland and Wales to representative
assemblies Local council elections fought on party lines
Local government divided into two tiers of county, district councils, each with responsibility for local services
Central government grants are largest source of local government revenue
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Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies
Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies Nonelected Institutions:
Executive agencies National Health Service (NHS)
Quasi-Autonomous Nongovernmental Organizations QUANGOs)
Advisory Committees Administrative Tribunals
Turning to the Market Privatization
Nonelected Institutions: Executive agencies National Health Service (NHS)
Quasi-Autonomous Nongovernmental Organizations QUANGOs)
Advisory Committees Administrative Tribunals
Turning to the Market Privatization
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Why Public Policy MattersWhy Public Policy Matters
Government relies on three major resources to produce benefits of public policy: Laws – unique resource of government;
contracts are only effective if enforced Money – taxes on incomes and
consumption and stealth taxes Personnel – public employees are needed
to administer laws and deliver services Social security most costly program of
British government
Government relies on three major resources to produce benefits of public policy: Laws – unique resource of government;
contracts are only effective if enforced Money – taxes on incomes and
consumption and stealth taxes Personnel – public employees are needed
to administer laws and deliver services Social security most costly program of
British government
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Policy Outcomes in SocietyPolicy Outcomes in Society
Outputs of public policy play significant part in everyday lives of Britons
Benefits received are especially important for low-income families
Average family makes use of at least two major social programs: health and education services
Broad agreement about need to make economy more competitive in global economy
Differences of opinion about policy that can best achieve goal
Outputs of public policy play significant part in everyday lives of Britons
Benefits received are especially important for low-income families
Average family makes use of at least two major social programs: health and education services
Broad agreement about need to make economy more competitive in global economy
Differences of opinion about policy that can best achieve goal
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Great Britain: Supreme CourtGreat Britain: Supreme Court
Is the final court of appeal for all United Kingdom civil cases, and criminal cases from England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Hears appeals on arguable points of law of general public importance
Concentrates on cases of the greatest public and constitutional importance
Is the final court of appeal for all United Kingdom civil cases, and criminal cases from England, Wales and Northern Ireland
Hears appeals on arguable points of law of general public importance
Concentrates on cases of the greatest public and constitutional importance
British Political CultureBritish Political Culture
The civic culture and the collectivist years
high levels of legitimacy great civic tolerance patriotic enthusiasm
The civic culture and the collectivist years
high levels of legitimacy great civic tolerance patriotic enthusiasm
Great BritainGreat Britain
Rule of law tradition: Magna Carta 1215
Common law (case law): precedent: Independent court
Measures: World Bank Governance Percentile
Rank: 92.3 Freedom House: PR-1, CL-1
Rule of law tradition: Magna Carta 1215
Common law (case law): precedent: Independent court
Measures: World Bank Governance Percentile
Rank: 92.3 Freedom House: PR-1, CL-1
Court System in England and WalesCourt System in England and Wales Lower level (original jurisdiction)
Magistrates’ courts for minor criminal cases Crown courts for serious criminal cases
High Court Chancery Division (equity, tax, bankruptcy) Family Division Queen’s Bench (contract, tort & commercial
cases)
Lower level (original jurisdiction) Magistrates’ courts for minor criminal cases Crown courts for serious criminal cases
High Court Chancery Division (equity, tax, bankruptcy) Family Division Queen’s Bench (contract, tort & commercial
cases)
Court System ScotlandCourt System Scotland
Treaty of Union of 1707 guaranteed the Scottish legal system.
Original jurisdiction District Courts Sheriffs Courts High Court of Justiciary (very serious
criminal cases + appeals from lower courts)
Court of Session (civil cases)
Treaty of Union of 1707 guaranteed the Scottish legal system.
Original jurisdiction District Courts Sheriffs Courts High Court of Justiciary (very serious
criminal cases + appeals from lower courts)
Court of Session (civil cases)
Great Britain: Supreme CourtGreat Britain: Supreme Court In giving effect to rights contained in the
European Convention on Human Rights, The Court must take account of any decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.
An individual contending that his Convention rights have not been respected by a decision of a United Kingdom court (including The Supreme Court) against which he has no domestic recourse may bring a claim against the United Kingdom before the European Court of Human Rights.
In giving effect to rights contained in the European Convention on Human Rights, The Court must take account of any decision of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.
An individual contending that his Convention rights have not been respected by a decision of a United Kingdom court (including The Supreme Court) against which he has no domestic recourse may bring a claim against the United Kingdom before the European Court of Human Rights.
Great Britain: Supreme CourtGreat Britain: Supreme Court
Under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (article 267), The Court must refer to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in Luxembourg any question of European Union law, where the answer is not clear and is necessary for it to give judgment.
Under the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (article 267), The Court must refer to the European Court of Justice (ECJ) in Luxembourg any question of European Union law, where the answer is not clear and is necessary for it to give judgment.
Political Culture and LegitimacyPolitical Culture and Legitimacy Evidenced by readiness of British
people to comply with basic political laws
Not related to economic calculations
Symbols of common past as major determinants of legitimacy
Habit and tradition
Evidenced by readiness of British people to comply with basic political laws
Not related to economic calculations
Symbols of common past as major determinants of legitimacy
Habit and tradition
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British Political CultureBritish Political Culture The politics of protest: toward an uncivic culture?
growing unrest in 1970s Northern Ireland a battlefield Urban race riots Radicalization of unions in face of growing
unemployment and economic decline Renewed activism of anti-nuclear, anti-war
movements polarization of politics and alienation of the
center
The politics of protest: toward an uncivic culture? growing unrest in 1970s
Northern Ireland a battlefield Urban race riots Radicalization of unions in face of growing
unemployment and economic decline Renewed activism of anti-nuclear, anti-war
movements polarization of politics and alienation of the
center
British Political CultureBritish Political Culture
The civic culture holds Dangers of protest were fleeting Economic recovery of the 1980s
eased many problems skepticism toward politicians
grew
The civic culture holds Dangers of protest were fleeting Economic recovery of the 1980s
eased many problems skepticism toward politicians
grew
Political ParticipationPolitical Participation
Interest groups Trades Union Council and
Confederation of British Industries are dominant peak associations
Lobbying must be done at highest levels where bills are drafted
Interest groups Trades Union Council and
Confederation of British Industries are dominant peak associations
Lobbying must be done at highest levels where bills are drafted
Political ParticipationPolitical Participation
The Conservatives Traditionally pragmatic politicians Historically practiced “noblesse oblige” Elitist and effective party organization Opening organization to more democratic
processes led to Thatcher’s election Since Thatcher, party has struggled to find
success Benefitted from “Labour fatigue” in 2010
Coalition with Lib-Dems Challenged by anti-immigrant & anti-EU parties
The Conservatives Traditionally pragmatic politicians Historically practiced “noblesse oblige” Elitist and effective party organization Opening organization to more democratic
processes led to Thatcher’s election Since Thatcher, party has struggled to find
success Benefitted from “Labour fatigue” in 2010
Coalition with Lib-Dems Challenged by anti-immigrant & anti-EU parties
Political ParticipationPolitical Participation
Labour Began as alliance of unions, socialists, and
cooperative associations in the early 20th century
Led by pragmatic politicians for 70 years Economic crisis and New Left activists led
to leadership by party’s left wing Leaders more interested in electoral
success than ideology were chosen in mid-‘80s
New Labour, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, and younger, more moderate leaders took over in mid-1990s
Labour Began as alliance of unions, socialists, and
cooperative associations in the early 20th century
Led by pragmatic politicians for 70 years Economic crisis and New Left activists led
to leadership by party’s left wing Leaders more interested in electoral
success than ideology were chosen in mid-‘80s
New Labour, Tony Blair, Gordon Brown, and younger, more moderate leaders took over in mid-1990s
Political ParticipationPolitical Participation
The Liberal Democrats Product of 1987 merger of Liberal and
Social Democratic parties Plurality elections prevent it from winning
as many seats as their percentage of national vote would seem to entitle it
Currently challenging the Conservatives as second-largest party
Minor parties
The Liberal Democrats Product of 1987 merger of Liberal and
Social Democratic parties Plurality elections prevent it from winning
as many seats as their percentage of national vote would seem to entitle it
Currently challenging the Conservatives as second-largest party
Minor parties
Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies
Central Authority and Decentralized Delivery of Policies From Trust to Contract:
Civil service has relied on trust in delivering policies
Government buying from private sector The Contingency of Influence:
Theory of British government is centralist.
All roads lead to Downing Street Influence varies with problem
From Trust to Contract: Civil service has relied on trust in
delivering policies Government buying from private sector
The Contingency of Influence: Theory of British government is
centralist. All roads lead to Downing Street Influence varies with problem
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