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Chapter Four
Consciousness
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Did You Know That…
• Dividing your attention between driving and using a car phone is about as dangerous as driving with a blood alcohol level at the legal limit?
• Body temperature does not remain at a steady 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit throughout the day?
• The eye is sensitive to changes in light even in people without sight?
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Did You Know That… (Cont’d)
• People with narcolepsy may be holding a conversation one moment and collapse on the floor the next, fast asleep?
• The average college student spends more money on alcohol than on textbooks?
• It can be dangerous – indeed deadly – to let a person who blacks out from drinking too much to “sleep it off”?
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Did You Know That… (Cont’d)
• Coca-Cola once contained cocaine?
• You may be hooked on a drug you have with breakfast every morning?
Module 4.1
States of Consciousness
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Module 4.1 Preview Question
• What are states of consciousness?
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States of Consciousness
• William James: Described consciousness as a stream of thoughts
• Today’s View: Consciousness is a state of awareness of ourselves and of the world around us.
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States of Consciousness
• Focused Awareness: A heightened state of alert wakefulness
• Drifting Consciousness: Characterized by drifting thoughts or mental imagery• May lead to daydreaming
• Divided Consciousness: Characterized by dividing attention to 2 or more tasks or activities performed at the same time
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States of Unconsciousness
• States in which we are relatively unaware of our external surroundings• Includes sleeping and dreaming
• Altered States of Consciousness: States of awareness that differ from one’s usual waking state
Module 4.2
Sleeping and Dreaming
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Module 4.2 Preview Questions
• How are our sleep-wake cycles regulated?
• What are the stages of sleep, and what functions does sleep serve?
• Why do we dream?
• What are sleep disorders?
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Circadian Rhythm
• The pattern of fluctuation in bodily processes that occur regularly each day
• Sleep-wake cycle operates on a circadian rhythm close to 24 hours in length.• Cycle is regulated by the suprachiasmatic
nucleus in the hypothalamus.
• Jet lag is a disruption of sleep-wake cycles.
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Figure 4.1: Brain Wave Patterns During Wakefulness and Sleep
Source: From "Behavior effects of blood alcohol levels" by O. Ray & C. Ksir, Drugs, society, & human behavior, 5/e Copyright © 1990 Times Mirror/Mosby College Publishing
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REM Sleep
• After Stage 4 sleep, briefly cycle through Stages 3 and 2, entering REM sleep• Stage most associated with dreaming
• During REM sleep, brain becomes more active while muscle activity is blocked.• Person becomes practically paralyzed. • Also called “paradoxical sleep”
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Figure 4.2: REM Sleep Through the Night
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Why Do We Sleep?
• Protective function
• Energy conservation
• Restore bodily processes
• May bolster immune system
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Why Do We Dream?
• May help to consolidate memories and new learning
• May help in problem solving
• May represent attempt by the cerebral cortex to make sense of random discharges of electrical activity occurring during REM sleep• Activation-synthesis hypothesis
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Figure 4.3: Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
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Freud and Dreams
• Dreams represent form of wish fulfillment.• “Royal road” to the unconscious
• Two types of dream content:• Manifest content: Events that occur in the
dream• Latent content: True, underlying meaning of
the dream
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Impact of Sleep Deprivation
• Slowed reaction times
• Impaired concentration, memory, problem solving
• Difficulty learning new information
• Impaired academic performance
• Accidents
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Figure 4.4: Motor Vehicle Accidents in Relation to Time of Day
Source: Adapted from AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety, 1996
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Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia
• Narcolepsy
• Sleep apnea
• Nightmare disorder
• Sleep terror disorder
• Sleepwalking disorder
Module 4.3
Altering Consciousness Through Meditation and Hypnosis
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Module 4.3 Preview Questions
• What is meditation?
• What is hypnosis?
• What are the major theories of hypnosis?
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Meditation
• A process of focused attention that induces a relaxed, contemplative state
• Transcendental Meditation (TM): Person focuses attention by repeating a particular mantra
• Mindfulness Meditation: Person focuses on moment-to-moment experiences without making judgments
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Why Meditate?
• Relaxes body and mind
• Expand consciousness, awareness, peacefulness
• Find relief from everyday stress
• Therapeutic benefits
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Hypnosis
• Altered state of consciousness characterized by:• Focused attention• Deep relaxation• Heightened susceptibility to suggestion
• Varied techniques for inducing hypnosis
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Hypnotic Experiences
• Hypnotic age regression
• Hypnotic analgesia
• Distortions of reality
• Posthypnotic amnesia
• Posthypnotic suggestion
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Theories of Hypnosis
• A trance state
• Role-playing model
• Neodissociation theory• Dissociated of a part of consciousness• Hidden observer
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Characteristics of Highly Hypnotizable People
• Well-developed fantasy life
• Vivid sense of imagination
• Tendency to be forgetful
• Positive attitude toward hypnosis
Module 4.4
Altering Consciousness Through Drugs
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Module 4.4 Preview Questions
• When does drug use cross the line from use to abuse and dependence?
• What are the different types of psychoactive drugs, and what effects do they have?
• What factors contribute to alcohol and drug-abuse problems?
• What treatment alternatives are available to help people with drug problems?
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Psychoactive Drugs
• Chemical substances that act on the brain to affect emotional or mental states
• Used for a variety of reasons:• Change level of alertness• Alter mental states• Blunt awareness of the stresses and strains of
daily life• To seek some type of inner truth
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Figure 4.5: Rates of Drug Use in the United States
Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Mental Health Services, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Mental Health. (2001). Mental health: Culture, race, and ethnicity: A supplement to Mental health: A Report of the Surgeon—Executive summary. General Rockville, MD: Author.
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Drug Abuse
• Maladaptive or dangerous use of a chemical substance
• Drug abuse if drug:• Impairs one’s health or ability to function• Becomes associated with dangerous
behavior
• Polyabusers abuse more than one drug at a time.
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Drug Dependence
• Characterized by impaired control over the use of the drug
• Usually, but not always, associated with physiological dependence• Signs include withdrawal syndrome and
tolerance
• Drug Addiction: Drug dependence accompanied by signs of physiological dependence
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Psychological Dependence
• Pattern of compulsive or habitual use of a drug to satisfy a psychological need.
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Depressants
• Drugs that reduce central nervous system activity• Depresses bodily processes
• Psychologically, induces feelings of relaxation and provides relief from stress
• High doses can kill
• Highly addictive
• Dangerous if mixed with other drugs
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Alcohol
• Is an intoxicant• Behavioral effects of blood alcohol levels
• Directly affects the brain
• Has a disinhibiting effect• Associated with many forms of aggression
• Accounts for more than 100,000 deaths per year in the US
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From O. Ray and C. Kasir, Drugs, Society, and Human Behavior. Fifth Edition, 1990. Copyright © 1990 by the McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Reprinted with permission.
Table 4.1 Behavioral Effects of Blood Alcohol Levels
Return
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Figure 4.6: Alcohol Use and Causes of Death
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Alcoholism
• A chemical addiction characterized by:• Impaired control over the use of alcohol• Physiological dependence on it
• About 1 in 10 adult Americans suffers from alcoholism.• Only about 5% fit “skid-row” stereotype• Typically develops between ages of 20 and
40
• Can lead to physiological damage
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Table 4.2: Alcohol Use Among College Students
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Binge Drinking
• Defined as having 5+ (for men) or 4+ (for women) drinks on one occasion
• Patterns of early drinking and binge drinking predictors of later alcoholism
• Binge drinkers 3x more likely to engage in unsafe or unplanned sex
• Places person at risk of death from alcohol overdose• Blackouts and seizures can occur.
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Table 4.3: Signs of Alcohol Overdose
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Barbiturates
• Calming or sedating drugs that have legitimate medical uses• But they are highly addictive and are used
illicitly
• Examples: Amobarbital, pentobarbital, phenobarbital, and secobarbital
• Overdoses can lead to convulsions, coma, and death.• Especially if mixed with alcohol
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Tranquilizers
• Widely used to treat anxiety and insomnia
• Less toxic than barbiturates, but still can be dangerous
• Examples: Valium, Xanax, Halcion
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Opioids
• A narcotic • An addictive drug that has pain-relieving,
sleep-inducing properties
• Produces a euphoric “rush,” dampens awareness of personal problems
• Has legitimate medical uses as painkillers
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Stimulants
• Drugs that heightens activity of the central nervous system
• Can produce both physiological and psychological dependence
• Examples:• Amphetamines• Cocaine• MDMA (Ecstasy)• Nicotine• Caffeine
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Hallucinogens
• Drugs that alter sensory perceptions• Produces distortions or hallucinations in visual,
auditory, or other sensory forms
• Not known to lead to physiological dependence• But can lead to psychological dependence
• Types• LSD• Mescaline, psilocybin, and PCP• Marijuana
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Understanding Drug Abuse
• Social and cultural factors• Ethnic and racial differences• Acculturation
• Genetic factors• Role of neurotransmitters
• Changes in biochemistry of brain• Suppressed production of endorphins
• Psychological factors• Cognitive factors Continue
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Figure 4.7: Ethnicity and Drug Use
Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001. Return
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Drug Treatment
• Most effective treatment programs use a wide variety of approaches
• Detoxification
• Follow-up services, counseling
• Therapeutic drugs
• Self-help programs
Application: Module 4.5
Getting Your Z’s
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Module 4.5 Preview Question
• What steps can you take to combat insomnia?
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Healthy Sleep Habits
• Adopt a regular sleep schedule.
• Don’t try to force sleep.
• Establish a regular bedtime routine.
• Establish proper cues for sleeping.
• Avoid tossing and turning.
• Avoid daytime naps.• Don’t take problems
to bed.• Use mental imagery.• Adopt a regular
exercise program.• Limit intake of
caffeine.• Practice rational “self-
talk.”