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Chapter FourteenChapter FourteenLymphatic and Lymphatic and
Immune SystemsImmune Systems
Chapter 14Chapter 14
In this chapter you willIn this chapter you will
Identify the structures and analyze terms Identify the structures and analyze terms related to the lymphatic system.related to the lymphatic system.
Learn terms that describe the basic Learn terms that describe the basic elements of the immune system.elements of the immune system.
Apply your new knowledge to Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their understanding medical terms in their proper context.proper context.
LymphLymph
Watery fluid that surrounds body cells and Watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of lymph vesselsflows in a system of lymph vessels
Contains WBCs, lymphocytes and Contains WBCs, lymphocytes and monocytes.monocytes.
Contains water, salts, sugars, and waste Contains water, salts, sugars, and waste products of metabolism.products of metabolism.
Lymph NodesLymph Nodes
Clusters of lymph tissues.Clusters of lymph tissues.
Functions of lymph systemFunctions of lymph system Transports proteins back to bloodTransports proteins back to blood Absorb fats and transport back to bloodAbsorb fats and transport back to blood Important role is immune systemImportant role is immune system
Interstitial fluid and lymph Interstitial fluid and lymph capillaries – page 547capillaries – page 547
Figure 14-2 p. 547 – Blood and Figure 14-2 p. 547 – Blood and lymph circulationlymph circulation
SPLEEN – page 550SPLEEN – page 550
• Destroys old red blood cells. • Filters microorganisms and other foreign material out of the blood.• Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration. B cells produce antibodies.• Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets
Specialized Lymphatic OrgansSpecialized Lymphatic Organs::organs composed of lymph tissueorgans composed of lymph tissue
Thymus glandThymus gland Located in the upper mediastinum between Located in the upper mediastinum between
the lungsthe lungs
Secretes a hormone called Secretes a hormone called thymosinthymosin which which stimulates the bone marrow to produce stimulates the bone marrow to produce T T lymphocyteslymphocytes, which are important in the , which are important in the immune responseimmune response
THYMUS GLAND – page 550THYMUS GLAND – page 550
• Provides immunity in fetal life and in early years of growth.
• Makes cells immunocompetent in early life.
• Early removal from an animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and produce cells to fight antigens.
Specialized Lymphatic OrgansSpecialized Lymphatic Organs::organs composed of lymph tissueorgans composed of lymph tissue
TonsilsTonsils Help protect against bacteria and other Help protect against bacteria and other
harmful substances that may enter the body harmful substances that may enter the body through the nose or mouththrough the nose or mouth
The Immune SystemThe Immune System
Types of Immunity – page 551Types of Immunity – page 551
Immune Response – page 533Immune Response – page 533
B lymphocytes are responsible for B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity. humoral immunity.
originate in bone marrow from stem cellsoriginate in bone marrow from stem cells
transform into plasma cells to produce transform into plasma cells to produce immunoglobulins, antibodies that neutralize immunoglobulins, antibodies that neutralize antigensantigens
Immune Response Immune Response (cont’d)(cont’d)
T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. The function of T cells mediated immunity. The function of T cells varies:varies: Cytotoxic T cellsCytotoxic T cells (T8 cells) attach to and (T8 cells) attach to and
attack antigens.attack antigens. Other T cellsOther T cells secrete interferons and secrete interferons and
interleukins that help cells respond to interleukins that help cells respond to antigens.antigens.
Helper T cellsHelper T cells promote antibody synthesis promote antibody synthesis by B cells and stimulate other T cells.by B cells and stimulate other T cells.
Suppressor T cellsSuppressor T cells inhibit B and T cells. inhibit B and T cells.
The Immune ResponseThe Immune Response
Immunotherapy ExamplesImmunotherapy ExamplesVaccines:Vaccines: killed tumor cells produce cytokines killed tumor cells produce cytokines that enhance the immune responsethat enhance the immune response
Dendritic cells:Dendritic cells: cultured and exposed outside cultured and exposed outside body and reinfusedbody and reinfused
Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb):Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb): multiple multiple copies of cells or genes that kill tumor cellscopies of cells or genes that kill tumor cells
Donor lymphocyte infusions:Donor lymphocyte infusions: T cells, infused T cells, infused after allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow after allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow transplant, attack tumor (leukemia treatment)transplant, attack tumor (leukemia treatment)
Vocabulary – pages 554-555Vocabulary – pages 554-555
AdenoidsAdenoids – mass of lymphatic tissue in – mass of lymphatic tissue in nasopharynxnasopharynx
AntibodyAntibody – Protein produced by b cell – Protein produced by b cell lymphocytes to destroy antigenslymphocytes to destroy antigens
AntigenAntigen – substance body recognizes as – substance body recognizes as foreign.foreign.
VocabularyVocabulary
Cervical nodes Cervical nodes – lymph nodes in neck – lymph nodes in neck region.region.
Inguinal nodes Inguinal nodes – lymph nodes in the groin – lymph nodes in the groin region.region.
LymphLymph – thin watery fluid found in – thin watery fluid found in lymphatic vesselslymphatic vessels
Review Vocabulary WordsReview Vocabulary Words
Lymphatic and Immune Lymphatic and Immune Systems Combining Systems Combining Forms and prefixesForms and prefixes
p. 556 - 557p. 556 - 557
immun/oimmun/o protectionprotection
lymph/olymph/o lymphlymph
lymphaden/olymphaden/o lymph nodelymph node
splen/osplen/o spleenspleen
thym/othym/o thymus glandthymus gland
tox/otox/o poisonpoison
COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS
PREFIXESPREFIXES
ana-ana- again, anewagain, anew
inter-inter- betweenbetween
PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning
PREFIXESPREFIXES
TerminologyTerminology
autoimmune diseasesautoimmune diseases
AutoAuto
immun/o: protectionimmun/o: protection
Self protectionSelf protection
immunoglobulinimmunoglobulin
immun/o - protectionimmun/o - protection
Globulin - proteinGlobulin - protein
Protection proteinProtection protein
ImmunosuppressionImmunosuppression
immun/oimmun/o
-suppression: to stop-suppression: to stop
To stop protectionTo stop protection
lymphopoiesislymphopoiesis
lymph/o: lymphlymph/o: lymph
-poiesis: formation-poiesis: formation
Formation of lymphFormation of lymph
lymphedemalymphedema
lymph/o: lymphlymph/o: lymph
-edema: swelling-edema: swelling
lymph swellinglymph swelling
lymphocytopenialymphocytopenia
lymph/o - lymphlymph/o - lymph
cyt/o - cellcyt/o - cell
-penia - deficiency-penia - deficiency
Deficiency of lymph cells in the Deficiency of lymph cells in the blood.blood.
lymphocytosislymphocytosis
lymph/o: lymphlymph/o: lymph
-cytosis: increase in numbers of cells-cytosis: increase in numbers of cells
An increase in numbers of An increase in numbers of lymphocytes.lymphocytes.
lymphoidlymphoid
lymph/olymph/o
-oid: resembling-oid: resembling
Derived from lymph.Derived from lymph. Lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, spleen, Lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, spleen,
and thymus glandand thymus gland
lymphadenopathylymphadenopathy
lymphaden/o: lymph node (gland)lymphaden/o: lymph node (gland)
-pathy – disease condition-pathy – disease condition
Disease condition of lymph nodes.Disease condition of lymph nodes.
lymphadenitislymphadenitis
lymphaden/o – lymph nodelymphaden/o – lymph node
-itis - inflammation-itis - inflammation
Inflammation of lymph nodes.Inflammation of lymph nodes.
splenomegalysplenomegaly
splen/o: spleensplen/o: spleen
-megaly - enlargement-megaly - enlargement
Enlargement of the spleenEnlargement of the spleen
splenectomysplenectomy
splen/osplen/o
-ectomy-ectomy
Removal of the spleen.Removal of the spleen.
hypersplenismhypersplenism
hyper- excessivehyper- excessive
splen/o - spleensplen/o - spleen
-ism – condition of-ism – condition of
Condition of excessive spleenCondition of excessive spleen A syndrome marked by splenomegaly A syndrome marked by splenomegaly
(associated with anemia, leukopenia and (associated with anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia).thrombocytopenia).
thymomathymomathym/o: thymus glandthym/o: thymus gland
-oma-oma
Tumor of the thymus glandTumor of the thymus gland malignantmalignant
thymectomythymectomy
thym/othym/o
-ectomy-ectomy
Removal of the thymus gland.Removal of the thymus gland.
toxictoxic
tox/o: poisontox/o: poison
-ic-ic
Pertaining to poison.Pertaining to poison.
anaphylaxisanaphylaxis
ana-: away from, backward, up, apartana-: away from, backward, up, apart
-phylaxis: protection-phylaxis: protection
Away from protectionAway from protection An exaggerated, life-threatening, An exaggerated, life-threatening,
hypersensitivity reaction to foreign hypersensitivity reaction to foreign proteinsproteins
interstitial fluidinterstitial fluid
inter-: betweeninter-: between
-stitial: pertaining to standing or -stitial: pertaining to standing or positionedpositioned
Pertaining to fluid that is positioned Pertaining to fluid that is positioned between (body cells)between (body cells) Eventually becomes lymph fluidEventually becomes lymph fluid
Disorders of the Lymphatic and Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune SystemsImmune Systems
ImmunodeficiencyImmunodeficiency
Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)(AIDS) destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells)destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells) opportunistic infectionsopportunistic infections malignancies malignancies
(Kaposi sarcoma, Wasting syndrome)(Kaposi sarcoma, Wasting syndrome)
Kaposi SarcomaKaposi Sarcoma
Opportunistic Infections with Opportunistic Infections with AIDS – Page 558AIDS – Page 558
CandidiasisCandidiasis
Cryptococcus (Crypto)Cryptococcus (Crypto)
Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidiosis
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infectionCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection
Herpes simplexHerpes simplexHistoplasmosis (Histo)Histoplasmosis (Histo)Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infectioninfectionPneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)Toxoplasmosis (Toxo)Toxoplasmosis (Toxo)Tuberculosis (TB)Tuberculosis (TB)
HYPERSENSITIVITY –HYPERSENSITIVITY – page 560 page 560
Allergy:Allergy: abnormal sensitivity acquired by abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigenexposure to antigen Ranges fromRanges from
allergic rhinitis or hay fever to anaphylaxisallergic rhinitis or hay fever to anaphylaxis Other allergies:Other allergies:
atopic dermatitisatopic dermatitis
asthmaasthma
urticaria (hives)urticaria (hives)
Atopic DermatitisAtopic Dermatitis
MALIGNANCIES – page 560MALIGNANCIES – page 560
Lymphoma:Lymphoma: malignant tumor of malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissuelymph nodes and lymph tissue Hodgkin disease (Reed-Sternberg Hodgkin disease (Reed-Sternberg
cell)cell) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (follicular Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (follicular
lymphoma, large cell lymphoma)lymphoma, large cell lymphoma)
Multiple myeloma:Multiple myeloma: malignant malignant tumor of bone marrow cellstumor of bone marrow cells
Thymoma:Thymoma: malignant tumor of malignant tumor of the thymus the thymus
Staging of Hodgkin DiseaseStaging of Hodgkin Disease
QUICK QUIZQUICK QUIZ::
3.3. What is a malignant What is a malignant condition associated with condition associated with AIDS?AIDS?
A.A.anaphylaxisanaphylaxis
B.B.non-Hodgkin lymphomanon-Hodgkin lymphoma
C.C.Kaposi sarcomaKaposi sarcoma
D.D.Hodgkin diseaseHodgkin disease
Abbreviations – p. 563Abbreviations – p. 563
AIDSAIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome
CD4+CD4+ Protein on T-cell helper lymphocyte that is Protein on T-cell helper lymphocyte that is
infected with HIV in AIDSinfected with HIV in AIDS
ELISAELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Test to detect anti-HIV antibodiesTest to detect anti-HIV antibodies
AbbreviationsAbbreviations
HIVHIV Human Immunodeficiency VirusHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Causes AIDSCauses AIDS
PCPPCP Pneumocystis cariniiPneumocystis carinii pneumonia pneumonia Opportunistic AIDS-related infectionOpportunistic AIDS-related infection
T4T4 T-cell lymphocyte that is destroyed by the T-cell lymphocyte that is destroyed by the
AIDS virus (helper T cells)AIDS virus (helper T cells)
COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS
axill/oaxill/o armpitarmpit
cervic/ocervic/o neck; cervix (neck of neck; cervix (neck of uterus)uterus)
immun/oimmun/o immune;protection;safeimmune;protection;safe
inguin/oinguin/o groingroin
lymph/olymph/o lymphlymph
lymphaden/olymphaden/o lymph gland (node)lymph gland (node)
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
REVIEW SHEETREVIEW SHEET
COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS
splen/osplen/o spleenspleen
thym/othym/o thymus glandthymus gland
tox/otox/o poisonpoison
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
REVIEW SHEETREVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXESSUFFIXES
-cytosis-cytosis condition of cells; condition of cells; slight slight increase in numbers increase in numbers
-edema-edema swellingswelling
-globulin-globulin proteinprotein
-megaly-megaly enlargementenlargement
-oid-oid resemblingresembling
-pathy-pathy disease; emotiondisease; emotion
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
REVIEW SHEETREVIEW SHEET
SUFFIXESSUFFIXES
-penia-penia deficiencydeficiency
-phylaxis-phylaxis protectionprotection
-poiesis-poiesis formationformation
-stitial-stitial to set; pertaining to to set; pertaining to standing or standing or positioned positioned
-suppression-suppression to stopto stop
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
REVIEW SHEETREVIEW SHEET
PREFIXESPREFIXES
ana-ana- up; apart; backward; again; anewup; apart; backward; again; anew
auto-auto- self; ownself; own
hyper-hyper- above; excessiveabove; excessive
inter-inter- betweenbetween
retro-retro- behind; back; backwardbehind; back; backward
SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning
REVIEW SHEETREVIEW SHEET
QUICK QUIZQUICK QUIZ::
4. What is the fluid that lies 4. What is the fluid that lies between cells throughout between cells throughout the body?the body?
A.A. atopyatopy
B. lymphademaB. lymphadema
C. interstitialC. interstitialD. lymphopoiesisD. lymphopoiesis
The EndThe End