CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of Study Prose or poetry is one of compulsory subjects for student of English Department Student of STKIP PGRI BLITAR. It is said that it becomes one of difficult courses. There are two reasons toward this judgment. First reason probably students’ lack of interest in literature in general and in prose (poetry). The second reason probably the students do not understand the meaning well because they lack of the vocabulary Mastery. Talking about written language, surely also talking about literature, as human beings that were crated by God with skills, they always want to express their feeling in every kind of expressions like song, poem, or prose. Sometimes people also express their feeling in the drama form. It shows that no limitation for human being to show their 1
Transcript
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of Study
Prose or poetry is one of compulsory subjects for student of
English Department Student of STKIP PGRI BLITAR. It is said that it
becomes one of difficult courses. There are two reasons toward this
judgment. First reason probably students’ lack of interest in literature in
general and in prose (poetry). The second reason probably the students do
not understand the meaning well because they lack of the vocabulary
Mastery.
Talking about written language, surely also talking about literature,
as human beings that were crated by God with skills, they always want to
express their feeling in every kind of expressions like song, poem, or prose.
Sometimes people also express their feeling in the drama form. It shows that
no limitation for human being to show their feeling or imagination to others,
and know that the way is the best choice for self expression.
Whenever someone wants to make art work, such as song, drama,
prose or poetry, he does not lose from literature that gives guidance in
making art work to be easier. Although most people said that literature is a
difficult thing to study, but there are some people believe that letters can be
created to be art work some successful people in art they had great name in
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the world such as Shakespeare, Robert Burn, William Black, Charles
Dickens, Sir Walter Raleigh, and so on.
It shows that literature is enjoyable to be studied. As what Rene
Wellek and Austin Warren (1956: 1), they said, “Literature is a human
creativity an art work”. It means that trough literature people can crate
everything that is suitable with their feeling in a current form of art. It can be
in a poem, prose, and drama and also in a song form.
Literature also shows values of factual an imaginative beauty. It
makes peoples who read get consulate and spiritualisms satisfaction.
Literature does not only teach human being to make appreciation for beauty
values but also give spiritual contentment for the readers.
Literature is divided into several forms such as novel, drama and
poetry which are called imaginative literature or literature of power. As it is
an imaginative literature, poetry is a work of literature written in verse
which has things (material) to explain, to make clear, to understand, to shape
the new mind, to give sense on the reality of life imaginative literature
perfect the reality in the hope that man understands and act more in his
reality of life. (Sumardjo, 1988: 112)
Aminudin (2002: 134) defines poetry as “make” and “a
production” because from poetry, the human being created an individual
world. This has substance of message or description of certain atmosphere.
Hudson said that, “A poem is one of Literature branches that is using words
as a message media to produce illusion an imaginative, like a portrayal
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which is using line and color to describe painter’s idea”. Aminudin (2002:
134)
Studying poetry also discusses figurative languages that there are
mostly used in every poetry. Because each author always chooses the best
words that represent their feeling and ideas. It also makes their poems
become beautiful and interesting ones.
Besides figurative language, actually the author tries to show
readers about what he thougt, idea and feeling. So in poetry there are some
values that show the social condition, religion and ethnic of the author or the
character of the poetry.
The reason above makes the researcher interested in knowing more about
poetry in analysis, and especially to know the figurative language that
consist of the poetry as well as to know the value of the poetry. Because
every sentence in poetry has intended meaning and have some values that
want to be showed by the author to the readers.
Based on backgrounds above researcher carried out research entitle
“An Analysis of Figurative Language and Values of “everyman’s Poetry” by
Sir Walter Raleigh” , because he is well known as a realist, naturalist, social,
and nationalist poet. The writer has assumed that in the Sir Walter Raleigh
poems there are also some figurative languages and values. Besides this
poem is a classical poem that also used classical English language.
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1.2 Problems of Study
This research is concerning with figurative language and values in
Everyman’s Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh. According to the background of
the study above, the problem in this research are classified into two
questions below.
1. What kinds of figurative languages are found in the selected poems
on Everyman’s Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh?
2. What kinds of values are found in each selected poems on
Everyman’s Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh?
1.3 Purpose of Study
The purpose studies are:
1. To describe the kinds of figurative language are found in the selected
poems on Everyman’s Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh.
2. To describe the kinds of value are found in the selected poems on
Everyman’s Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh?
1.3 Significance of Study
The result of the study is supposed to be alternative reference for
student or other peoples that have suitable data for their research. It is to be
hoped that this scientific work can be additional of study literature that have
relationship with this analysis and also useful for other researches who are
interested in the same topic with this research, especially for student
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Institute Of Teacher Training And Education PGRI Blitar Faculty Of
Language And Art Education Department Of English Education.
Actually, knowing the other researcher’s work can give some
comprehension and some suggestion to make the research to be better.
1.4 Scope and Limitation of Study
The writer just focuses on the analysis and tries to understand the
poem in Everyman’s Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh. The scope of this study
is analyzing the kinds of figurative language and values that exist on
Everyman’s Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh. This analysis has limitation only
eight selected poem of Sir Walter Relight poetry on Everyman’s Poetry.
1.5 Definition of Key Term
To avoid misunderstanding and misperception the writer uses some
terms that have relationship with the topic being discussion. They are:
1.6.1 Figurative Language
Figurative language is a divination form what speakers of language
apprehend as the ordinary or standard significance or sequence of words, in
order to archive some special meaning or effect. Abram (1981: 45)
1.6.2 Values
Values are the sense of the meaning in poetry that suitable
with religion, moral, aesthetic. Muthmainah (1997: 47)
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1.6.3 Everyman’s Poetry
Everyman’s poetry is the title of poem that are some work
of Sir Walter Raleigh
1.6.4 Sir Walter Raleigh
Sir Walter Raleigh is one of the authors of Everyman’s
Poetry book.
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITRATURE
In the second chapter of this thesis, there are several basic concepts, which
are applied as foundation to solve the research problems. The reviews bellow
cover discussion about literature, poem, figurative language, previous study, and
biography of the author to be referred to support the data, basic concept, and
statement obtained in this study.
2.1 Literature
People can express their ideas, feeling, and desire through literary
work. Jones (1968; I) stated that literature is a work of art that uses language
as its media and implies another way we can experience the word around
through imagination. It has broadest sense, literature includes all materials,
such as history books, dictionaries, novels, magazines, and school text book.
Some people define literature as the expression of beautiful thought and
ideas in beautiful language.
Literature can be used to express one’s thought, feeling, ideas,
emotion and experience. Because literature has the power to appear emotion
and imagination and also literature gives the reader a certain pleasure and
satisfaction.
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Koesnobroto (1988: 2) said that “Although literature does not
intend to provide answers to the question, at least it does offer hints,
suggestion, and flashes of insight, Literature offers these things in such a
way as to refresh and encourage our own thinking, and so leads or to insight
of our own”. It is means that literature gives a comfort to human being, or
makes us refresh. It can be conclude that literature is the human creativity
deal with emotion, feeling, and imagination in expressing ideas through
language.
2.2 Poetry
One of the literary works is poetry. Poetry is rather difficult than
the others such as drama and prose: it is rather difficult to define. Because
poetry involves both basic versifications, symbolic meaning that are
obtained through the uses of word, their meaning, sound position, etc. As
stated by Alexander (1963) “To find the meaning of poem and analyze it, we
have to know general meaning, detailed meaning, and intention meaning.”
General meaning, it this should be expressive simply in one sentence, or at
the most two sentences. It should be based on a reading of the whole poem.
Every author has different opinions. In addition, several experts of
poetry give definitions, which are viewed from several sides. Blair and
Chandler that “Poetry is spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling; it takes
its origin from emotion recollected in tranquility. Tarigan (1967: 28)
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It means that poetry is direct expression of feeling and emotion,
which originates from the heart of each human being.
Samson stated, “Poetry is from of rhyme sound language which
imaginative, and emotional intellectual experience.” Waluyo (1987:3)
As like Shelly said that:
Poetry is the record of the best happiest moment in our life for example: the impression moments that raise the strong emotion, as the happiness, the cheerfulness, the love ness, and the sadness because of the death of the loves one. Tarigan (1967: 5)
The idea about emphasizes the definition on the content that is the
experience of human life.
As stated by Dickinson
If I read a book and make my body so cold no fine can ever warm me, I know that is poetry. If I feel physical as if the top of my head were taken off, I know that is poetry. These are the only ways I know it. Tarigan (197:7)
From statement above, we can conclude that Dickinson give
explanation about the definition of poetry such as; everything that is dealing
with human feeling’s, than it express in to certain written, which the result
can be read.
Each poet or critic can develop his own concept of poetry. In order
to get an idea of what a writer thinks of poetry. There are some reflections
on poetry as stated by Frederick (1988:15)
1. The object of poetry is to act upon emotion; poetry addressed it self
to the feeling; poetry does is work by moving; poetry act by offering
interesting objects of contemplation to be sensibilities. Many of great
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poems are in narrative; and all good serious there is a true poetry.
But there is radical distinction between the interest felt in the story,
and in the interest is existed by poetry. The interest felt in a story is
derived from accident; the interest existed by poetry, which is from
the representation of feelings.
2. Poetry, which is the delineation of the deeper and more secret
working of human emotion, in interesting only to those to whom is
recalls what they could feel, or what they might have been able to
feel, had their outward circumstance been different.
3. Poetry is truth, and also fiction is also truth; but they are different
truth. The truth of poetry is to paint the human soul truly, and the
truth of fiction is to give a true picture of life.
4. Great’s poets are often ignorant of life. What they know has come by
observation of them; they have found within them one highly
delicate and sensitive specimen of human nature. Other knowledge
of mankind is not indispensable to the poet.
The discussion above shows that poetry is spontaneous overflow of
powerful feeling and expression of happiness and sadness for certain human
being.
2.2.1 Kinds of Poetry
Every expert of poetry has been classified many ways.
Basic types have classified poem. Some other scientists classify the
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poem several types. There are three major of poetry, narrative,
dramatic, and lyric. Aminudin (2002: 135) describe about three kinds
of poetry as follow:
Narrative
A narrative poem tells a story, whether it is simple or
complex, long or short. There are many kinds of narrative poems. The
most important are ballads, epics, and metrical romances.
A ballad to be recite, present a single exiting episode in a simple
narrative. It has had many literary imitations, but in its primary from it
is folk poetry that depends on dialogue simple stanza patterns, and
frequent repetition for its defect.
An epic is a long narrative poem, in an elevated style that
recounts the adventure of figure of heroic proportions.
A metrical romance is a long romantic tale in verse, in
which the chief figure are kings, knights, and act under impulse of
love, religion faith or a search for adventure.
Dramatic
Dramatic poetry is poetry that employs dramatic form or some
elements of dramatic technique as a mean of achieving poetic ends. A
major of dramatic poetry is the dramatic monologue, perfected in the
English poet Robert Browning.
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Lyric
Lyrical is a poetry that has substance the expression of the
individual’s feeling and emotion rather than external events or
attitudes. When we speak of a line of poetry, or a whole poem, as
being lyrical, we mean that it seems to express the personal feeling of
the poet. There are various forms of lyric such as the sonnet and the
rounded. Some of Indonesian poets, which are often using lyrical
poetry, they are: Chairil Anwar, Sapardi Djokodamono, Gunawan
Mohammad, etc.
2.2.2 Components Poetry
Poetry is composition, which concern with the rhythm,
verse, rhyme, and sentences. Although a poem is short, it consists of
many components. Jones (1968: 98) states that there are some
elements of the poetry, as follow:
1. Title, usually the title of a poem gives us an idea of what the poem is
about. It may tell name of person, place or thing. Title helps us in our
understanding of the poem. For example, a New Jerusalem.
2. Theme, each poem is written to serve a particular purpose. It may
entertain by telling story. It may set fourth the poet’s views on a
subject, or it may enforce or teach a spiritual truth. Whatever is
purpose, a poem is built upon emotion. The theme is actually a
combination or synthesis of many ideas.
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3. Rhythm, rhythm is the very basic of poetry. Rhythm is the wave like
pattern of sound. It is the natural rise and fall of language. Most
English words are spoken with stress in certain syllables. For example,
in a word like tomorrow noticing how the more is stressed when we
say the words. Rhythm is repetition of the pattern.
4. Rhyme, rhyme is the repetition of the sound of the last word in two or
more lines of poetry. For example, boat and float, hill and still, driving
and striving, are rhyme words.
5. Sounds, some sound gives us pleasure, some do not. Some we may all
music other noise. For example, most of us heard a peace of chalk
squeak a cross a blackboard. To most of us it not a pleasant sound.
6. Diction, talking about diction we require the stylistic and tonal
qualities of the word. Which are chosen by the poet? Diction is
concerned with vocabulary of the poem.
7. Tone, tone is the writer’s attitude to word the subjects, the mood
created all elements in poetry. Tone in the author’s evident attitude
toward his works, his audience or himself. It is emotional coloring or
the emotional meaning. Therefore it is the important part of the full
meaning of work.
8. Imaginary, all of us experience the world through our senses. An
image is a sense experience, and imaginary is a representation in words
of sense experiences.
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9. Symbol, a symbol is something that means more than what it is fact. A
poet in his effort to heighten our emotion and broaden our experience
often uses symbol.
2.3 Figurative Language
One of the most basic and useful ways to analyze a poem is
figurative language. When we read a novel, we can understand the message
or the purpose directly, the other way we can understand the meaning of
poem after we read the whole of poem and analyze it. Reaske (1966: 33)
stated, “Figurative language that employs various figures of speech. In
general, figurative language is kind of language that depart from language
employed in traditional, literal ways of describing person or object. Using
figurative language is making imaginative description in fresh ways. It is
usually immediately obvious whether a writer is using figurative or literal
language”.
While another explanation has also given by Waluyo (1987: 83)
Bahasa figurative ialah bahasa yang digunakan penyair untuk mengatakan sesuatu denganc ara yang tidak biasa, yakni secara tidak langsing mengungkapkan makna. Kata bahasanya bermakna kias atau makna lambang.(Figurative language is used by the poet to say something in an unusual way, or indirectly conveys meaning. The word or language has a connotative meaning or symbolizing something)
2.3.1 Kinds of Figurative Language
Reaske (1966: 25-39) defines that there are, ten kinds of figurative
language, as follow:
1. Personification
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Personification is to make lifeless thing as if they have an activity,
intention, and passion that living creature has. That personification is the
process of assigning human characteristic to non-human object. As an
example, the phrase
The soul selects her-own society
On the above phrase of Emily Dickinson’ personification poem, the soul is
personified to have the quality of human characteristics. Since the soul is not
human that can do anything like human characters, select her-own society.
2. Metaphor
Metaphor is figurative language that compares something with
other things that have similar characteristic. When the poet uses metaphor he
transfers the qualities and association of one object to another in order to
make the letter more vivid in our mind. As an example like in the phrase
My love is a bird, flying in all direction
The poet is actually making the bird as a metaphor of the poet’s love.
Because he thinks that bird could be implicated as his feeling that has aim to
all direction.
3. Association
The definition of association is like to be in the similar range with
the metaphor, but association usually uses the word like, as if, etc. As an
example is like
She is like the candle in the blazing night
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The poet tries to associate her as the candle that impresses the idea of giving
a light in darkness.
4. Metonymy
Metonymy is figurative language that uses the word-choice of
well-known trademark or a brand that are common to public. Reaske is one
choice again defines metonymy as, the substation of a word closely
associated with another word in place of that other word. For an instance in
phrase:
She puts a Marlboro on his smooth fingers
The phrase shows the common name of cigarette to replace the actual object.
5. Euphemism
Euphemism is ones kind of figurative language that uses politeness
and norm. As Reaske (1966:34) stated that ‘usually euphemism are
employed to make some idea, concept or action more appealing-or as the
case may be, less unappealing-than it would be if stated directly.’ For
example:
She is not the brightest girl in the class
The phrase “no the brightest” is more polite than the phrase ‘stupid girl”.
6. Hyperbole
Hyperbole is the exaggerate comparison word that have more
attractive meaning than the real condition. Reaske (1966:34) also stated that
hyperbole is a figure of speech employed exaggeration. For example:
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For they thee a thousand errors note
The phrase “thousand errors’ has a meaning that there is much badness on
thee.
7. Synecdoche
It explain something partial that actually redefining a whole.
Reaske defines, “So does the poet sometimes choose to present only a small
detail-but an important one- rather than a full description of something in
this entirety.” As an example:
“Galloping hooves is another term of galloping horses”
The phrase galloping hooves is another term of galloping horses.
8. Allusion
Allusion is figurative language that uses idiom, connotation or
another figurative language that commonly used by people to expressive
their idea. “Allusion is the process of referring to another thins and the
particular figure, event, etc, as named in the poem is called allusion” for
example:
Off him goes follow his nose
The common idiom follow his nose is an allusion. Because follow his nose
is one other expression of follow his desire.
9. Litotes
Litotes is mentioning something without any reduction of real
condition in order to humiliate. Abram in Siti Masrifah (2002: 16) stated ‘ is
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litotes which deliberatively represents something as much less in magnitude
or importance that it really is.” For Example:
I’m a stupid girl to love you
Actually she is not a stupid girl, so that phrase does not show the real
condition of the subject.
10. Allegory
Allegory is actually an extension of metaphor, it represents
something and another thing and so on will represent it. It means that is a
continuous metaphor. An allegory is a literary term statement presenting its
meaning in a veiled way; the literal meaning is a metaphor for the ‘real’
meaning. For example:
May God help both of you crossing the ocean that filled with tides,
winds, and storm.
There are several metaphors in above phrase; the phrase crossing the ocean
means the life after marriage that full of obstacles (tide, winds and storm).
2.3.2 Confirming Figurative Language
There seems to be only one kind of this figure of speech that is
available, that is parallelism. It simply repeats a particular word or phrase in
every line in the poem. Reaske (1996:38) said, “it is principle advocating
that ideas of equal importance or significance should be treated at equal
length within a poem.” For example:
The claw of earthThe claw of sky
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The claw of horizonTake a mirror in your handTake a mirror in your heart
The repetition of the word the claw and take the mirror is the parallelism. In
order to equality the poet’s personification ideas, which are important and
significant?
2.3.3 The Satiric Figurative Language
There are at least two sort of satiric figure of speech; they are the
irony and sarcasm.
1. Irony
Irony is used to negate the actual intention with the opposite
expression. Atmazaki (1993:65) said, ‘pengungkapan bahasa secara ironis
memberikan arti yang berbeda dri pada yang diucapkan”. (The ironical way
of saying things in poetry gives a different meaning from the actual one).
For example:
What a decent man, barely unclothed
The expression decant is somehow opposing the word unclothed,
for there cannot be an unclothing decent man.
2. Sarcasm
Sarcasm is the ruder form of irony, in directly opposed object.
Tjahjono (1988:213) defines sarcasm as, “ Sarkasme merupakan gaya
bahasa sindiran yang paling kasar. Kata-kata yang dipakai kadang kala kata-
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kata yang tidak sopan dan kotor”. (Sarcasm is the harshest kind of figurative
speech. It uses the polite words and sometimes the dirty ones). For example:
She is indeed my favorite bitch of my life.
The revealing of the dirty word (pardon) bitch is indeed reflecting
sarcasm. It expresses impoliteness and direct intention.
2.3.4. Contradictory Figurative Language
There are two kinds of figurative language of contradiction, they are:
1. Paradox
Paradox is the result when a poet presents a pair of ideas, words,
images, or attitudes which are, or appear to be, self-contradictory. Paradox is
employed in poetry primary as a device of emphasis, drawing attention to
something. Reaske (1966:38). For example:
With her true weaknesses, she conquers every man.
The phrase is presenting a contradiction, although there is a true possibility.
2. Antithesis
Antithesis is the result when a pair or more of strongly contrasting
terms are presented together. Reaske, (1966: 27). For example:
In doubt to deem him self a God, or Beast.
The words God and Beast are considered antithesis because both of them are
contradiction.
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2.4 Value
Actually value is not in the artwork, only but it is also in every real
object or imagination object. According to David L Sills, value is may
refer to interests, pleasures, likes, preferences, duties, moral obligation,
desires, wants, needs, aversions and attraction, and many other modalities
of selective orientation. David L. Sills (Volume 15: 283)
While Edgar and Marie, stated that, “Value indicated preferences
people share for certain types of outcomes in their lives and for certain
types of conduct”. Edgar and Marie (Volume 4: 2222).
In the work of art, values are the essential one especially in the
poetry. To know more about poetry we should know the value. Ralph
Barton Perry in Siti Masrifah (2002: 19) Stated that:
“Setiap obyek yang ada dalam kenyataan maupun dalam pikiran. Setiap perbuatan yang dilakukan, yang dipikirkan, dapat memperoleh nilai jika pada suatu ketika berhubungan dengan subyek-subyek yang mempunyai kepentingan.” ( Every object is in fact and also in brain, every behavior that was done and also thought, can got value, if when it relate with subjects that have importance).
While Mutmainah Mustopa, devided value into four chatagories, they are:
1. Religius Value
Mangun Jaya in Muthmainah (1977: 49) stated that in the first time
literature is a religious. It means that people used the religious activities
with the work art like song before praying, sholawat song, and others.
While Dojo Santoso said tat “Religious value is value in which connected
with a man and God”. Muthmainah, (1997:49).
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2. Philosophy Value
Philosophy value is concept about relation ship between human
being with life essence. Welek and Warren (1990) stated that, “Philosophy
and thinking add the artistic value of work art.” Muthmainah (1997:50)
3. Ethical Value
Muthmainah, (1997:55) stated that, “Ethical is knowledge in which
team of human being how can wise be about beautiful.” It means that human
being can get the truth of life if they know the ethic of life, that consist of
the ethic relationship, the ethic of culture, the ethic with their God and so on.
About ethical value in work art, Suyitno in Muthamainah, (1997:57)
said that:
“Sastra tidak saja memuat nilai-nilai personal tetapi juga nilai mengenai kehidupan manusia dalam arti keseluruhan. Karya sastra tidak jarang dapat mewakili secara pas kerinduan manusia akan keadilan, kemerdekaan, ptriotisme, semangat pengorbanan, nilai keagungan, kebenaran, dan nilai kemanusiaan yang lain.” (Work art do not write the personal value, but also the human life value in whole meaning. Some time work art can represent about justice, freedom, patriotism, sacrifice, grandeur value, truth, and the others of human values).
4. Esthetical Value
According to Muthmainnah, (1997:57), esthetical value is talk
about beautiful. It is important think in our life, without it our life will lose
happiness. Everything can be said has esthetical value if in it consist of
harmonious and consideration. Amir in Muthmainah (1997:57) stated that:
“Jika seni itu mencapai tujuan akhirnya, maka ia sebenarnya akan brjalan dengan agama dan filsafat. Dan sesuatu itu dikatakan mempunyai nilai estetika bila didalamnya terdapat unsur keselarasan dan keseimbangan.” (If the art achieve the last purpose, actually they
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are in the some way with the religion and philosophy. It has esthetical value if there are harmony element and balance element).
It is mean that esthetical value is support the work art be come
beautiful and interesting one because it have balance element and harmony
element with our life.
2.5 Some Related Study
2.5.1 Robert Burns Poem” (2002), found out the kind of figurative language
and the most figurative language that usually use in Robert Burn’s
poems. She also found out the value that exists on these poems.
The writer has the same analysis with her about kinds of
figurative language that are mostly used by author and the values that
exist on these poems. The difference between the writer and the
previous study is the object of the study. The writer focuses on the Sir
Walter Raleigh poems although the previous study focuses on Robert
Burn’s Poems.
2.5.2 Henyk Indyung W. in her thesis “An analysis on figurative language
used the Collection of poem Under the Tittles “ Aku Tandai Tahi
Lalatmu” Poem by Isbedy Setiawan ZS (2003). She found out the kind
of figurative language and the most figurative language that uses in
Aku Tandai Tahi Lalatmu’s poems by Isbedy Setiawan ZS
The similarity between the writer and the previous study is
they try to find out the kinds of figurative language that uses in the
poems. The differences are; firstly, the writer also finds out the values
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but the previous study does not find out about it. Secondly is the object
of study, the writer focuses on The Sir Walter Raleigh‘s Poem
although the previous study focused on the Isbedy Setiawan ZS’s
poem.
2.6 Biography of The Author
Sir Walter Raleigh or Raleigh was born in a Protestant family in
Devon, the son of Walter Raleigh and Catherine Champernowne. Little is
known for certain of his early life, though he spent some time in Ireland, in
Killua Castle, Clonmellon, County Westmeath, taking part in the
suppression of rebellions and participating in two infamous massacres at
Rathlin Island and Smerwick, later becoming a landlord of lands
confiscated from the Irish. He rose rapidly in Queen Elizabeth It’s favor,
being knighted in 1585, and was involved in the early English colonization
of the New World in Virginia under a royal patent. In 1591 he secretly
married Elizabeth Throckmorton, one of the Queen's ladies-in-waiting,
without requesting the Queen's permission, for which he and his wife were
sent to the Tower of London. After his release, they retired to his estate at
Sherborn, Dorset.
In 1594 Raleigh heard of a "City of Gold" in South America and
sailed to find it, publishing an exaggerated account of his experiences in a
book that contributed to the legend of El Dorado. After Queen Elizabeth
died in 1603, Raleigh was again imprisoned in the Tower, this time for
allegedly being involved in the Main Plot against King James I, who was
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not favorably disposed toward him. In 1616, however, he was released in
order to conduct a second expedition in search of El Dorado. This was
unsuccessful and the Spanish outpost at San Thomé was ransacked by men
under his command. After his return to England he was arrested and, after
a show trial held mainly to appease the Spanish after Raleigh's attack of
San Thomé, he was beheaded at Whitehall.
Raleigh lived with his wife and servans, and wrote his story of the
world (1614). He was realese in 1616 to seach for gold in South America
and he was death on October 29, 1618
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CAPTER III
RESERCH METHOD
Five related discussions from the technique to the expression of final
comment on the prose are includ in this chapter. Basically they deals with how the
writer gathers the data, and has much importance with how she studied the prose.
3.1 Research Design
Here, the researcher uses qualitative research because she tries to
describe and analyze the kinds of figurative languages and values. As Ary et
all in Henyk (2003: 23) stated that descriptive studies are designed to obtain
information concerning the current status of phenomena, and directed
toward determining future present facts or current condition concerning the
nature of group of person, a group of object, a class, etc”
Lexy J. Moloeng (1988: 2), stated that qualitative research is
research which is no count, but shows to natural and quality that contradicts
with quality.
3.2 Object
The object of this analysis is the poems that were selected from
Everyman’s Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh. Here, the researcher analyzes the
kinds of figurative language and values that found in the Everyman’s Poetry
by Sir Walter Raleigh. Because this study just focuses on the analyzing of
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figurative language and values that found in the Everyman’s Poetry by Sir
Walter Raleigh.
3.3 Data Sources
The data of this analysis were taken from poems in Everyman’s
Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh that has correlation and present for this
analysis. There are fifty eight poems in that book, forty one poems are
belonging to Sir Walter Raleigh and the others are from other poets. The
researcher just takes twelve poems to be analyzed.
3.4 Data Collection
To collect the data, the writer carries out some steps. They are;
Reading all of the poems in Everyman’s Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh,
collecting the poems of Sir Walter Raleigh that wants to be analyze, and the
last arranging the poems that are representative for all of the poems as a data
systemically.
3.5 Data Analysis
After the data have been collected, they are analyzed in the
following steps; first off all, the researcher categorizes the data into eight
categories. Data of each category are presented, analyzed, and concluded.
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After presenting, analyzing, concluding data of the whole
categories, the researcher makes tentative conclusion. After that the
researcher makes final conclusion.
3.6 Triangulation
Triangulation is “supposed to support the finding by showing that
independent measure of it agrees with it or, at least, does not contradict it’.
Matthew and Michael Huberman (1994:266). Beside that triangulation is
aimed to make the study of the data investigated become more
comprehensive. Henyk (2003:24)
As Denzim in Mattew and Michael Huberman (1994: 267) stated
that triangulations are divided into four kinds; data sources (which can
church of being inactive and apathetic despite its teachings, and accusing those in
government of favoritism and greed, respecting only those in large numbers.
4.1.10 Farewell the Court
Farewell to the Court
Like truthless dreams, so are my joys expir'd,
And past return are all my dandled days;
My love misled, and fancy quite retir'd
Of all which pass'd the sorrow only stays.
My lost delights, now clean from sight of land,
Have left me all alone in unknown ways;
My mind to woe, my life in fortune's hand
Of all which pass'd the sorrow only stays.
As in a country strange, without companion,
I only wail the wrong of death's delays,
Whose sweet spring spent, whose summer well-nigh done
Of all which pass'd only the sorrow stays.
Whom care forewarns, ere age and winter cold,
To haste me hence to find my fortune's fold.
This poet tells us about piece of literature written by the poet in meter or
verse expressing various emotions which are expressed by the use of variety of
techniques including metaphors, similes and onomatopoeia. The emphasis on the
aesthetics of language and the use of techniques such as repetition, meter and
rhyme are what are commonly used to distinguish Dark poetry from Dark prose.
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Poems often make heavy use of imagery and word association to quickly convey
emotions.
The structural elements might include the line, couplet, strophe and stanza.
Poets and Dark Poetry combine the use of language and a specific structure to
create an imaginative and expressive poem such as Farewell To The Court by Sir
Walter Raleigh.
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4.2. Discussion
After presenting the data, the writer finds five kinds of figurative
languages that exist in these poems that were discussed in the data presentation.
The seventh kinds of figurative languages in the selected poems of "Every Man's
Poetry by Sir Walter Raleigh" are; metaphor, personification, allusion,
parallelism, antithesis, hyperbole and association.
The poems which consist of figurative language are: the first poem, “A
Farewell to False love", there are three kinds of figurative language, and they are;
personification, hyperbole and association. The second is "If Cynthia be A Queen,
a Princes and a Supreme", there are two kinds of figurative languages, they are;
allusion and antithesis. The third poem is "What is Our Live? It is a play of
Passion", there are three kinds of figurative languages, and they are; allusion,
association and personification. The fifth poems "As You Came From The Holy
Land", there are two kinds of figurative language, they are; personification and
metaphor. The sixth poem, under title, " The Advice", there is a kind of figurative
language, it is parallelism. The last is the seventh poem is "Now We Have Present
Made", there is also one kind of figurative language, it is personification. The
dominant figurative language that is used by Sir Walter Ralegh here is
personification.
There is also poem that does not have figurative language, because the
author him self always writes the reality of his environment with a simple
language. These poems are, the fourth poem under title "Ev'n Such is Time, which
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Takes in Trust", and the eighth poem under title "What Else is Hell But Loss of
Blissful Heaven".
The values that are found in these selected poems are Religious value,
ethical value, philosophical value, and esthetical values. Four kinds of values can
be found in the Sir Walter Ralegh because he is a naturalist poet that shows what
happening in his environment. The religious values are found in the poem under
tile; "Ev'n such is Time, which takes in Trust", "What Else is Hell But Loss of
Blissful Heaven". The esthetical value can be found in the poems under title; "If
Cynthia Be A Queen, A Princess, and Supreme", What is Our Life? It is A Play
Of Passion". The ethical Values can be found in the poems under title; "The
Advice" and "Now We Have Present Made". The last is Philosophical values, it
can be found in the poems under title; "A Farewell to False Love", and in the
poem under title; "As You Came From the Holy Land".
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
This chapter presents conclusion and suggestion based on the discussion in
the last chapter as below:
5.1 Conclusion
Based on the data presentation and the discussion in the previous chapter
the following conclusion can be drown that there are eight categories of poems to
be analysis. After discussion these eight poems from "Every Man's Poetry by Sir
Walter Raleigh, the writer can conclude that the kinds of figurative language that
are used in the "Every Man's Poetry by Sir Walter Ralegh" are; Metaphor,
personification, allusion, parallelism, and antithesis, and the dominant figurative
language is personification. Besides that, there is poem that has no figurative
language. Actually in each poem, not all of sentences use figurative language but
just some parts of the poem. Because the author of these poems is a naturalist poet
that always write the actual action and condition that he known in his environment
with simple words.
The kinds of value that can be found are the religious value, ethical value,
esthetical value and the philosophical value. So the four kinds of values exist in
the poems of Sir Walter Ralegh.
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5.2. Suggestion
This study just focuses on the kinds of figurative language and values that
used in "Every Man's Poetry by Sir Walter Ralegh". After knowing that not all of
sentences in the poems use figurative language, it shows that the author of these
poems is a naturalist poet that likes using the simple language to show what he
wants in the written form, it is the poem.
About the all kinds of values that exist in these poems, makes the writer
thinks that the author of these poems can look everything from any sight, such as
religious sight, ethical sight, esthetical sight and also philosophical sight. It also
shows that the author is a survival one.
For that the writer suggests that readers should try to understand more
about the characteristic of the author that likes using a simple word in his poems.
Finally, the writer also suggests to the next researcher that have the same theme
of study, to give more complete data and collection of the poems.
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CURRICULUM VITAE
A. Identity
1. name : Listyani Laras Wulan
2. Place/date of birth : Jakarta, April 14th 1981
3. Address : BTN GEDOG BLOK M 13 BLITAR
4. Sex : Female
5. Religion : Islam
6. Nationality : Indonesian
B. Education
1. Graduate from elementary school, SDN Gedog 1 (1993)
2. Graduate from Junior High Scool, SMPN 2 Blitar (1996)
3. Graduated from Vocational school, SMKN 2 Blitar (1999)
