CHAPTER I

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the Study

“Reduce Carbon Footprint” a giant step towards climate change. It is also a global

campaign encouraging each individual to wisely make use of earth’s resources and

practice the 3R’s (Reduce, Reuse and Recycle) in the consumption of these resources

available on Earth. Production of highlighter cartridge already requires fossil fuels and

energy consumption. Thus, in this research the said campaign and practice are observed

such as to reduce production of highlighter cartridge and reuse empty highlighter

cartridge through refilling the product. According to Bayhon, et.al (2001), they concluded

that the use of indigenous dye as a substitute for commercial ink is feasible because the

experimental ink was able to meet the basic standards of transparency and minimal

smearing.

A highlighter is a type of pen used to draw attention to sections of text by marking

them with a vivid, translucent color.

A highlighter is made up of clearglowing ink that is put in a felt-tip pen. The ink

contains an acid buffer, colorant and a liquid vehicle. The amount of each of the

component that is used varies with the transparency and color desired.

Many highlighters come in bright, often fluorescent colors. Being fluorescent,

highlighter ink glows under black light. The most common color for highlighters is

yellow, but they are also found in pink, blue, green, orange and purple varieties. Yellow

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is the preferred color to use when making a photocopy as it will not produce a shadow on

the copy.

Today, however, the highlighter reigns supreme, and the available kinds are myriad.

“I use yellow for key passages or thoughts in a larger section; green is for cases; blue is

for statutory law, orange is for secondary sources and purple is for EU material”, said by

an unknown law student that uses highlighter.

There is a discipline to highlighting: One is only the key words, phrases, or, in special

circumstances, a whole sentence is highlighted. And to is that enumerates a series of

ideas or points, circle only the initial marker of each item (“first,” “second,” “finally”)

and maybe a word or two in each.

A highlighter is a pen used to outline texts with a glowing color. It is used by many

students to outline their notes so that they can easily understand their discussions and

their lessons. Highlighter pen or in any other pens plays an important part in the defining

the reading experience and comprehension as well as the visual impact of the written

message, to the person reading.

This study aims to find an alternative source of ink that can be use as a highlighter

and at the same time, making it affordable to students, office workers and other

highlighter user. In line with the environmental concerns, it aims to lessen the production

of plastic casing used together with the energy consumed during the process of

production and packaging of highlighter pen.

Marvel of Peru (Mirabilis jalapa) locally known in Baguio as Alas Kwatro or Four-

o’clock flower is a flower with different varieties of colors which have an edible crimson

dye that is sometimes used as food coloring for cakes and jellies. It is this dye that

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interests the researchers to pursue the possibility of transforming it into an alternative

source of highlighter ink. Also, one of the reason why researchers pick this study because

of its abundance, it is an indigenous material meaning it is readily found in here in

Baguio City.

B. Objective of the Study

The study generally aims to determine the effectiveness of the extract of Marvel of

Peru (Mirabilis jalapa) flower as an effective alternative ink refill for highlighter pen.

Specifically, this study seeks to answer the following questions:

1. Is the extract of Mirabilis jalapa an effective alternative source of ink refill for

highlighter pen compared to the commercialized highlighter pen in terms of:

a. Color effectiveness

b. Absorption capability on Paper

c. and Odor produced.

2. Is the extract of Mirabilis jalapa more durable in terms of the length of ink use

compared to the commercial highlighter?

C. Statement of Hypotheses

1. There is no significant difference on

a.the color effectiveness of the extract of Mirabilis jalapa as an alternative source

of ink refill for highlighter pen compared to the commercialized highlighter pen.

b. the absorption capability of the extract of Mirabilis jalapa as an

alternative source of ink refill for highlighter pen compared to the commercialized

highlighter pen.

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c.the odor produced of the extract of Mirabilis jalapa as an alternative source of ink

refill for highlighter pen compared to the commercialized highlighter pen.

2. There is no significant difference on the durability of the extract of Mirabilis jalapa

as an alternative source of ink refill for highlighter pen compared to the

commercialized highlighter pen.

D. Significance of the Study

Highlighters are usually water and alcohol based, but contains chemicals that can

leach into the environment after they are in a landfill. Some contain volatile organic

compounds and xylene. These are often considered toxic because they cause health effect

like irritation on skin and eyes. Their plastic casing is also virtually non-recyclable. So

while highlighters are only a small environmental problem, they still pose a problem.

Environmentally speaking it is to lessen the production of plastic casing used together

with the energy consumption during the process of production and packaging of

highlighter pen. The two of the 3R’s were also observed in the said study namely reduce

and reuse. To reduce consumption of commercialized highlighter pen and reuse, to use

again the casing of the highlighter pen.Since the demand of the product in the market is

high, especially the consumption of the student, this research could be useful for it will

produce an affordable and non-toxic product with the same quality of those commercial

brands.

This project is helpful to the students and office workers because the alternative ink

refill for highlighter pen is readily available in the community and it is easily prepared by

any individual. Its economic benefit is also to be considered because of the materials

availability in the environment. At the same time it could also be used as a source of

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income to whoever plans to produce more to make it available in the market. It is also

important to all of the citizens because it helps reduce the toxics and plastics. The masses

will benefit definitely because it is less expensive and eco-friendlycompared to the

commercial ones.

E. Scope and Limitation

Globally, water and soil pollution are the increasing problem resulting to global

warming and climate change. This is caused by the improper disposal of the chemicals

used in manufacturing different products. One contributing factor are products that uses

chemicals such as manufacture of inks, ballpens, highlighters and different writing

materials. Waste disposal areas dwindle because of the increasing number of companies

that manufacture the said product.

The Marvel of Peru flower (Mirabilis jalapa) is abundantly available in the

Philippines.In Baguio, it is usually found on parks and mostly in barangays like City

Camp, Camp Allen, Military Cut-Off, Pinsao and Irisan and etc. where we gathered our

materials used in the study. The availability of the resources provides us an innovative

idea creating an ink refill for highlighter pen. This study will be conducted to determine

the effectiveness of the Marvel of Peru flower (Mirabilis jalapa) as an alternative source

of ink refill for highlighter pen. It is limited to identify its effectiveness in terms of the

color effectiveness, absorption capability and odor produced and durability of use. This

study is only limited to the production of nontoxic and environmentally friendly ink refill

for highlighter pen.

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The study was conducted at DOST Laboratory 1 of Pines City National High School-

Main, Palma Street, Baguio City during the first quarter of the school year 2013 - 2014.

A questionnaire will be used in the survey to determine the effectiveness and durability of

the ink refill produced from Mirabilis jalapa. Respondents were composed of students

and teachers that were selected randomly.

F. Review of Related Literature

Before the rise of the highlighter, says Dennis Baron, attentive readers relied on “a

combination of underlining and marginal notes.”

Sidney Rosenthal in 1952 was the first to invent felt-tip pen and the device he used

was squat glass bottle filled with ink and wool felt wick and tip. Thus, the "magic

marker" was born, so named for its ability to mark up any surface.

In 1962, the modern fiber-tipped pen that used water-based ink was invented by a

Japanese inventor Yukio Horie. Highlighters are used to take notes in textbooks. The

following year, in 1963, the Massachusetts print-media giant Carter’s Ink developed a

similar water-based marker that emitted an eye-catching translucent ink. They called it

the Hi-Liter.

As with Horie’s invention, capillary action pulled ink through a filter to the paper’s

surface when a writer pressed the highlighter to paper

The highlighter’s appeal has flourished in the digital age. Most word-processing and

e-reader software products have a highlighter function. And the hand-held highlighter

continues to evolve, too.

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Highlighter ink compositions can be prepared which provide improved abilities to

reduce smear during highlighting. Highlighter ink compositions can include an acid

buffer having a pKa from about 2 to about 6, a highlighter colorant, and a liquid vehicle.

Mirabilis Jalapa commonly known as the Four o'clock flower or Marvel of Peru is

the most commonly grown ornamental species of Mirabilis, and is available in a range of

colors. Mirabilis in Latin means wonderful and Jalapa is a not uncommon place name in

Central and North America. Mirabilis Jalapa is said to have been exported from

the Peruvian Andes in 1540 to make the Mirabilis Jalapa grow in numbers.

A curious aspect of this plant is that flowers of different colors can be found

simultaneously on the same plant.

The flowers are used in food coloring. An edible crimson dye is obtained from the

flowers to color cakes and jellies.Powdered, the seed of some varieties is used as a

cosmetic and a dye. The seeds are considered poisonous.

Flower petals have been used as a dye for centuries. Ink can also be made from

flower petals with a few key ingredients that are available in most hardware stores. The

ink can be used to draw with, or it can be used as a pigment for painting on canvas or

wood.

A lot of researchers were focused on making ink from flower. Commonly boiling and

adding a lot of additives. Another way is by drying, they collect flower of the same color

and kind and let them dry for weeks when it is dry they grind the dried flowers using

mortar and pestle until they are fine powder and after that they mixed it with water and

there is ink.

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Several studies were already conducted about ink from various plant sources.

However, on the production of highlighter ink refill was not considered. Indigenous

materials are resources available in the locality. The use of indigenous materials are very

helpful because instead of expending money, it can help lessen our expenses.

Rulona (2008) used Gumamela flower to produce ink. The study revealed that the

ink produced met the desired objective. The color of the highlighter ink produced is dark

red due to the dye use and it dries quickly.

Also, another study from Iligan City, Gonzaga and Mendoza (2011), used Achiote

(Bixa orellana) to produce ink and trial, error was done to arrive at an acceptable

product.The study is to find if there is any significant differences among the sample

produced in terms of color, odor, texture and general acceptability. It was found out that

Achiote powder is a potential source for highlighter ink based on the gathered result and

that there is no significant difference among the samples in terms of color. The ink is

light orange in color. It has a pleasant odor and smooth texture.

Bayhon et. al (2001), discovered that Gumamela which is abundant also in the

locality of Baguio as discovered that Gumamela extract is insoluble with water, the use of

this dye was thus continued. The San Francisco leaves showed the desired characteristics

of an ideal ink.It concluded that the experimental ink was able to achieve the other

characteristics of highlighter inks, such as clarity, minimal smearing, and transparency

and the most efficient process of extracting dye from plants is through boiling, steam

bathing and oven drying. Hot- water bath or steam bath was used in the study because

water is the most suitable solvent since this does not have any effect on the smearing

property of highlighter ink.

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CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

A. Research Design

This study used experimental method of research because it uses a scientific approach

of research in the conduct of the study. It is considered an applied research because it

involves seeking new application of scientific knowledge and practical use of the study.

In the conduct of the study the researcher manipulates variables and control to reveal the

effectiveness of Mirabilis Jalapa extract that was applied on paper. It is a two-group

design of environmental research designed to compare the experimental and control

groups. Thus, the t-test is the statistical tool used to analyze and interpret the data., it is to

acess the significant difference of the effectiveness and durability of the Mirabilis jalapa

extract to that of the commercialized highlighter pen.

B. Materials

To determine the effect of the flower pigment of the Mirabilis jalapa to be used as an

alternative source of ink refill for highlighter pen, the materials that will be used are as

follows, 75 grams of Mirabilis jalapa flower, 50 mL of solvent (water), 1 teaspoon of

acetic acid (vinegar), 1 teaspoon of sodium chloride (salt), cheesecloth, scissors and

paper plates. Laboratory apparatuses were also used in the conduct of the experiment

such as alcohol lamp, denatured alcohol, tripod, wire gauze, beaker, graduated cylinder,

vials, stirring rod and syringe.

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C. Procedure

To determine the effectiveness of the Mirabilis Jalapa pigment as an alternative

source of ink refill for highlighter, the researchers prepared the materials needed in the

conduct of the study. The researchers gathered the Mirabilis jalapa flowers and prepared

sodium chloride (salt), acetic acid (vinegar), solvent (water), cheese cloth, scissors, paper

plates and other laboratory apparatuses mentioned above. In the extraction of the pigment

the researchers cut the Mirabilis jalapa into small pieces to prepare 25 grams of it. A

weighing scale was used to measure accuracy of the material to be used. Second, the

researchers prepared a boiling set-up, 50 mL of tap solvent (water) was measured using a

250 mL of beaker and were put into boiling. Third, the 75 grams of prepared Mirabilis

jalapa was added in the 50 mL of solvent (water) and was put into boiling for 15 minutes.

Fourth, the mixture was removed on fire, letting it cool and was filtered using a cheese

cloth to separate the solute and the solvent. The filtrate was squeezed manually to extract

the remaining liquid and was placed into a beaker. Fifth, the solution was again put into

boiling adding 1 teaspoon of sodium chloride (salt) and 1 teaspoon of acetic acid

(vinegar) with an aid of a measuring spoon. The sodium chloride (salt) was added to

preserve the solution and the acetic acid (vinegar) was also added to retain the color of

the solution. Sixth, continuous stirring in the solution during the boiling was performed

until it produced a viscous appearance. Lastly, allow the solution to cool off, and transfer

in a graduated cylinder for final reading, volume of the solution was recorded.

In the testing of the effectiveness of the ink refill for highlighter pen the following

procedures was carry out. First, a newly bought commercialized refillable highlighter

product was put into test regarding the color produced and absorption capability of the

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commercialized highlighter pen on a book paper. A book paper was used as a testing tool

considering the availability of the material and the number of the similar books to be used

for comparison. Second, the highlighter pen was allowed to be used until it runs out of

ink. Third, the highlighter was closed with its cap for 15 minutes and was again used to

highlight the next pages of the book until it runs out of ink. Fourth, the highlighter was

again closed with its cap for 15 minutes and was used to highlight the next pages of the

book until it runs out of ink. Fifth, the highlighter was refilled with the produced ink refill

from Mirabilis jalapa measuring 3.4 mL. A syringe was used to aid in the transfer of the

solution in the refillable commercialized highlighter pen and was tested on the same kind

of book following the same process conducted above in the use of commercialized

refillable highlighter pen.

To determine if the extract of Mirabilis jalapa would last longer to be used compared

to the commercialized highlighter pen, first, we highlighted all the words on the book.

Second, the number pages of the book highlighted was used to determine the durability of

the extract of Mirabilis jalapa as an ink refill and commercialized highlighter pen. The

results provided an answer on the problem would the experimental highlighter last longer

than the commercialized highlighter.

In the evaluation process of the results, a survey questionnaire form was used to

evaluate the outcome of the use of the commercialized ink highlighter pen and the ink

refill extract of Mirabilis jalapa. Fifteen respondents were randomly selected to answer

the survey questionnaire. The responses were tallied and treated statistically.

D. Statistical Treatment

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T-test is used in the statistical treatment of data to determine the significant

differences on the color effectiveness, absorption capability, and odor produced of the

Mirabilis jalapa extract as an ink refill compared to a commercialized highlighter pen.

Two-group design sample was used for the statistical treatment of the first used of ink

and the run out of ink use, absorption capability and odor. The durability in terms of the

length of use of the Mirabilis jalapa extract as an ink refill compared to a

commercialized highlighter pen was compared based on the number of pages highlighted

by both variables used. Average number of pages highlighted were simply compared in

value and simply treated and interpreted as there is no significant difference if the

numerical values is not of great value in terms of its difference in the number of pages

highlighted.

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CHAPTER III

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

A. Color Effectiveness

RATING SCALE EXPERIMENTAL COMMERCIAL

NUMERICAL DISCRIPTIVE BEFORE AFTER BEFORE AFTER

5 EXCELLENT 5 4 10 1

4 VERY GOOD 9 4 3 6

3 GOOD 1 5 2 5

2 SATISFACTORY 0 1 0 2

1 POOR 0 2 0 1

The table above shows the responses of the respondents in their evaluation on the

color effectiveness of the two highlighters, comparing the experimental highlighter using

the pigment of Mirabilis jalapa to that of the commercial one. 10 among the 15

respondents rated the commercial excellent on the first use, while before the ink runs out

5 among the 15 respondents rated the experimental excellent.

B. Absorption Capability


NUMERICAL

DISCRIPTIVE BEFORE AFTER BEFORE AFTER

5 VERY MUCH ABSORBENT

2 1 5 3

4 VERY 3 2 9 4

13

ABSORBENT

3 MODERATELY ABSORBENT

7 2 1 2

2 SLIGHTLY ABSORBENT

3 4 0 1

1 NOT ABSORBENT

0 6 0 5

This table shows how the paper absorbs the ink of the highlighter comparing the

commercial one to the ink extracted from the pigment of Mirabilis jalapa.

C. Odor Acceptability


NUMERICAL DISCRIPTIVE

5 VERY PLEASANT

2 5

4 PLEASANT 4 4

3 NEITHER PLEASANT

4 4

2 UNPLEASANT 4 0

1 VERY UNPLEASANT

1 2

This table shows the odor of the ink of the Mirabilis jalapa compared to the

commercialized highlighter pen, it also shows who among the two highlighter ink has a

pleasant odor and an unpleasant odor.

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Statistical analysis and interpretation of data

I. The extract of Mirabilis jalapa as an effective alternative source of ink refill for

highlighter pen compared to the commercialized highlighter pen

A. Color Effectiveness of Experimental and Commercial Highlighters

1. Beforet-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Experimental CommercialMean 4.266667 4.533333Variance 0.352381 0.552381Observations 15 15Pooled Variance 0.452381Hypothesized Mean Difference 0df 28t Stat -1.08579P(T<=t) one-tail 0.143415t Critical one-tail 1.701131P(T<=t) two-tail 0.28683t Critical two-tail 2.048407

NOT SIGNIFICANT. DO NOT REJECT NULL HYPOTHESIS

2. Aftert-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances

Experimental CommercialMean 3.6 3.266667Variance 1.4 1.066667Observations 15 15Pooled Variance 1.233333Hypothesized Mean Difference 0df 28t Stat 0.821995P(T<=t) one-tail 0.209012t Critical one-tail 1.701131P(T<=t) two-tail 0.418025t Critical two-tail 2.048407

15


16

B. Absorption Capability of Experimental and Commercial Highlighters

1. Beforet-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances



2. Aftert-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances



17

C. Odor Acceptability of Experimental and Commercial Highlighters

t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Equal Variances



18

II. The extract of Mirabilis jalapa durability in terms of the length of ink use compared to

the commercial highlighter

Number of pages

highlighted

Difference of

pages highlighted

Commercial ExperimentalExperimental -

Commercial

First use 87 pages 95 pages 8 pages

Second use (after 15 minutes) 10 pages 7 pages -3 pages

Third use (after 15 minutes) 6 pages 10 pages 4 pages

TOTAL number of pages highlighted

103 PAGES 112 PAGES9 pages

The table above shows the number of pages highlighted by the commercial

highlighter and the number of pages highlighted by the ink refill extracted from the

Mirabilis jalapa. Test shows that highlighter still has the capability to produce color

after left 15 minutes before it is to be used again. In the first used experimental variable

had a difference of 9 pages highlighted compared to the commercial one. In the second

use it provided a negative value of 3 pages showing that commercial variable was able

to highlight more pages. Thus it could be explained that pages highlighted in the book

are not of the same pages showing different value in the number of words to be

highlighted. In the third use experimental variable showed 4 pages difference to that of

the commercial variable. A total of 9 pages difference of the experimental variable to

that of the commercial variable. Thus with the value presented and the number of times

the experimental variable showed a greater number of difference to that of the

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commercial variable the hypotheses there is no it is significant difference on the

durability of the extract of Mirabilis jalapa as an alternative source of ink refill for

highlighter pen compared to the commercialized highlighter pen is rejected.

Therefore, the extract of Mirabilis jalapa as an alternative source of ink refill for

highlighter pen is more durable compared to the commercial highlighter in terms of the

length of use of the highlighter ink.

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

A. Conclusion

Generally, the Marvel of Peru also known as 4 o’clock flower (Mirabilis jalapa)

could be used as an ink refill for highlighter pens. Based on the study, the researchers

have come up with the following conclusions: In the color effectiveness, Since the t value

of 0.13 does not exceed the critical t value of 2.44 then there is sufficient evidence to

accept the null hypothesis stating that there is no significant difference on the color

effectiveness of the experimental and the commercial highlighter at first use. This implies

that the experimental and commercial highlighters have the same quality when it comes

to the color effectiveness at first use.

In the Absorption capability, since the t values of 1does not exceed the critical t value

of 2.31 then there is sufficient evidence to accept the null hypothesis stating that there is

no significant difference on the absorption acceptability of the experimental and the

commercial highlighter at first use. This implies that the experimental and commercial

highlighters have the same quality when it comes to the absorption acceptability at first

use.

In terms of the odor produced, since the t value of 1 does not exceed the critical t

value of 2.31 then there is sufficient evidence to accept the null hypothesis stating that

there is no significant difference on the odor of the experimental and the commercial

highlighter at first use. This implies that the experimental and commercial highlighters

have the same quality when it comes to the odor at first use.

21

The study also shows that the produced extract of (Mirabilis jalapa) that was

used as an ink refill for highlighter pen is more durable in terms of the length of use

shown in the number of pages highlighted in the conduct of the experiment, compared to

that of the commercial ink highlighter. Data showed that a difference of 9 pages was

exceedingly highlighted by the experimental variable and that twice that the experimental

variable highlighted more copies compared to the commercial variable used in the study.

B. Recommendation

1. The study is recommended to be introduced or presented to students in school to

provide them an idea of the use of resources readily available in their community.

2. Further research is encouraged to make the Marvel of Peru (Mirabilis jalapa)

flowers extracts color brighter as an ink refill for highlighter pen.

3. The use of different variety of is encouraged to provide other alternative colors of

the highlighter ink.

4. Conduct a further study on the marketability of the ink refill for highlighter making

use of the different varieties of Mirabilis Jalapa.

22

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Mirabilis, Urtica und Lunaria. ZIAV 1, 291–329 (1909) Easy Fun School: Pioneer Craft: Homemade Ink from Berries Eleanor Jewell and Demand Media (2007): How to Make Ink from Plants http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/22/magazine/the-hand-held-highlighter.html http://crafts.creativebug.com/make-ink-plants-1568.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highlighter http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink http://www.legalyankee.com/2012/02/history-of-highlighter.html http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirabilis_jalapa http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ink#Pigments "h2g2 - Four O'Clocks - Night Blooming Beauties". Bbc.co.uk. 2002-08-20.

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Miko, I. Non-nuclear genes and their inheritance. Nature Education 1(1), (2008) Nova Teachers: The Viking Deception Pierce, B. Genetics: A Conceptual Approach, 2nd ed. (New York, Freeman, 2005) Sircar, D.C. (1996).Indian epigraphy. MotilalBanarsidass. ISBN 81-208-1166-6. Simmons, Trevor; Hashim, D; Vajtai, R; Ajayan, PM (2007), "Large Area-Aligned

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07-31 WO 2005042654, Schmid, Christian; John L. Stoffel& Bill Sperry, "Ink compositions

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Calligraphiejaponaise, 2003, éd. Fleurus, Paris

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http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/teachers/activities/3205_vinland.html

APPENDIX

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