Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
CHAPTER – III
Baseline Environmental Conditions
3.1 Land Environment :
3.1.1 Background :Syngenta India Ltd., Santa Monica Works, is located at village Corlim about
15km from Panaji along Panaji-Belgaum NH4A. It is at an elevation of 28m
above MSL & has 81 Ha of plain terrain land (200 Acres). The site is in land
classified as industrial zone. The manufacturing activity is spread over
approximately 24 Ha (60 acres) of land. There is a housing colony for Senior
Managers located within the complex at distance of about 500m from the
manufacturing area.
On the East of the site, there is a chemical manufacturing plant of Ciba
Speciality Chemicals Limited adjacent to this factory and village Dhulapi lies
beyond it.
To the West is some open land with residential colonies and Corlim Industrial
Zone beyond it. This industrial estate houses small scale units manufacturing
furniture, plastic molded items, stationary items etc.
Cumbarzua Canal is adjacent to North boundary and has a small island
(Cumbarzua) opposite Syngenta site. National Highway (NH 4A) from Panaji to
Karnataka is to South and village Ilhas / Karmali beyond it.
Arabian Sea is about 20 kms away to the west of site. There are no National
Parks or any reserve forests within 7 km periphery of the site. Dr. Salim Ali Bird
Sanctuary encompasses an area of 1.78 sq.km & is located at Chorrao islands
about 7.5 km to the North West. Kundeim Hills are 3 km away on east of the
site. Old Goa Church is a notified archaeological monument 3 km to west of the
site.
The Kundeim Industrial Estate 3 km away on the east is situated on Kundeim
Hills and Corlim Industrial Estate 1 km away is on the north west of the site.
Karmali Station on Konkan Railway is 2 km away on south west of the site.
There are paddy fields, mango trees, cashew nut plantations, coconut
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plantations mainly to east, north and south of the site within 10 km periphery.
3.1.2 Study Area :
Study area for REIA is restricted to about 10 km radius from site as per
Guidelines of Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India. Plate I presents
map showing geographical / topographical features within the study area.
Syngenta is located adjacent to Cumbharzua Canal. Cumbharzua canal is an
important water way connecting Zuari and Mandovi rivers. It is about 15 km long
forming the eastern boundary of the largest island in Goa that is delimited by
Mandovi in the north, Zuari in the South and Arabian Sea in the East.
Cumbharzua canal and Zuari confluence in the southern most boundary of the
present study area. The Northern extent of the study area is the rocky plateau
North of Mayem lake. The Western boundary extends almost up to NH4A Panaji
and Agassaim between Mandovi and Zuari Rivers. Mapusa river, north of
Mandovi forms the North-West boundary. The eastern boundary goes little
beyond Usgao-Bicholim road in the east. Mandovi forms the lifeline of this area
with several big and small riverine islands such as Chorao, Diwar, Cumbarzua,
Jua (St. Esteevem area) etc. forming part of this system.
3.1.3 Land Use Pattern
Land use pattern for the study area was ascertained from Topo Sheet (Plate I) & from Satelllite Imagery Photograph in the form of False Colour Composite
(LISS III) presented in Plate II. The topo sheet and the LISS III image shows
several distinct features in study area. Important land forms are cultivated fields
which are generally barren in the summer, mud flats often inundated with water,
Khazan lands (reclaimed areas for paddy cultivation), lakes, mangroves,
hillocks covered with vegetation (scrubs, dense scrubs, mixed jungles with
cashew), settlements and mines. The hillocks form undulating terrain with a
maximum altitude of 374 m occurring at Kundeim hills. Some of the important
water bodies seen are the lakes at Karmali and Pilar and the water reservoir at
Syngenta (within the industry premises).
Varied topographical features influence the land use pattern in the study area.
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Physiography of the study area can be broadly divided into drainage, undulating
rocky hillocks and plains. These three major features show different land use
patterns. The drainage is predominantly by Mandovi river along with its
tributaries, Cumbharzua canal and Zuari river.
Hillocks : Undulating rocky hillocks are spread throughout the study area. At
places, these hillocks also have plateaus as in the case of Kadamba plateau,
Kundaim plateau, Chimbel-Bambolim plateau etc. Most of these plateaus are
earmarked for various purposes such as Military establishment in Chimbel-
Bambolim area, Industrial estate in Kundaim area and real estate on Kadamba
plateau. The Usgao-Bicholim belt is predominantly hard rocky belt. These rocky
areas are either sparsely vegetated (with shrubs) or show occasional cashew
plantation. Extensive mining is seen in this belt.
The hillocks and rocky area east of Cumbharzua canal and west of Mandovi is a
thickly vegetated area though strictly not falling in the realm of natural
vegetation due to plantation of Cashew & Pineapple (on hillocks) & Coconut &
Arecaunt (within valleys) within these vegetation areas. Most of the vegetation
seen here is along hill slopes. Similar hillocks are seen North of Mandovi along
the Mayem belt, but the proportion of cashew to the natural vegetation is high.
However, in few areas, the hard rocks are mostly covered with shrubs and
cashew is hardly seen. Another major area of vegetation is slopes of Kadamba
plateau, Chimbel, Kurka, Santan and the area between Neura and Old Goa.
Cashew is grown in this area, though elements of natural vegetation are seen to
dominate here. Small hillocks with similar features could be seen in Chorao too.
Plains : Vast fields that are mostly cultivated during monsoons are seen in
Chorao, between Chorao and Mayem, Divar, Near Merces, St. Esteevem,
Cumbharzua, between Cumbharzua canal and the road that connects Pilar and
Old Goa. In continuation with these fields are the areas that are flooded during
high tide that form either mud flats or inhabited by stunted mangroves mainly
Avicennia, Sonneratia, Acanthus or Cyperaceae members. Khazan lands, are
lands inundated by water during high tides but paddy is cultivated by managing
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the water. Such Khazaan lands are common in the study area. Apart from
these, pure mangrove strands are also seen in smaller or bigger patches along
the river banks or river islands as in Chorao, Divar etc. The settlements are
either occupying large areas as in the case of Goa Velha to Agassaim or they
are in a linear passion along the foot hills as in Santan or the area between
Banastari and Kundaim. The inter-mingling of each of these land uses makes it
difficult to estimate the area accurately for each land use pattern. The land use
estimate for the study area is as follows:
Table 3.1
Land Use Pattern Sr. No.
Land use / feature Extent (%)
1 Vegetation (excluding mangroves and that in settlements)
36
2 Fields (including Khazans lands) 12
3 Mud-flats including Mangroves 17
4 Settlements 9
5 Industrial area 2
6 Drainage 6
7 Mining 4
8 Hard rocks (vegetation or with scant vegetation) 7
9 Water Bodies 7
3.1.4 Geology & Soil Cover :
Generally lateritic soil is seen in the study area. The area on the foothills has
higher soil cover & hence shows human settlements. The soil is highly fertile &
used for agriculture purposes & commercial plantation Table 3.2 presents soil
quality in villages surrounding the manufacturing site.
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Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
Table 3.2
Soil Analysis Report
Parameter Unit Soil samples Paddy Fields at Village
Physico Chemical Cumbharzua Dhulapi Karmali Corlim
pH of 20 % Solution -- 4.17 5.13 4.25 5.73
Conductivity mhos 330.00 2400.00 370.00 32.00
Moisture % 16.00 14.96 13.38 10.21
Water Holding Capacity % 80.40 58.94 54.47 50.38
Particle size
Clay % 50.098 9.06 8.76 30.43
Silt % 16.92 14.10 13.95 28.33
Fine Sand % 16.83 26.51 37.97 20.23
Coarse Sand % 15.27 50.33 39.32 21.01
Textural class -- Sandy clay loam Clay loam Sandy loam Sandy loam
Total Organic Carbon % 3.75 3.30 3.75 2.70
Available Phosphorous % 0.0003 0.0003 0.0003 0.002
Chlorides % 0.03 0.28 0.02 0.02
Sulphates % 0.05 0.13 0.03 0.006
Nitrogen % 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01
From the Table it can be seen that Soils are generally acidic, of sandy loam
type & have moderate nutrient value. The soil has high water holding capacity.
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3.1.5 Hazardous Waste Disposal :
The solid / hazardous waste identified as per Hazardous Waste Rules, 2003 &
requiring land disposal include :
ETP Neutralisation Sludge
Lava from Incinerator
Ash from Solid Waste Incinerator
Calcium Phosphate Sludge
Analysis of the wastes (Table 2.7 / 2.8 /2.9) indicates that the waste do not
have any hazardous constituents exceeding criteria set under Schedule 2 of
the HW Rules, 2003. Comparison with CPCB Waste Disposal Criteria
indicates that the wastes are suitable for direct landfill (without pre-treatment).
As per previous practice, the wastes were tested to confirm their non-
hazardous nature & then disposed off in abandoned quarry under intimation to
GSPCB. Presently, the waste is being stored on-site in concrete lined pits.
3.1.5.1 Impacts Due to On-site Storage :
It was observed that ETP Neutralisation sludges & lava/ash are stored on-site
in concrete lined pits. Non-hazardous wastes like Boiler soot / ETP biomass
etc are stored separately in designated pits. To assess whether any soil
contamination has occurred due to Hazardous Waste Storage (within site), soil
samples were collected near the storage area & analysed for heavy metal /
pesticide content. Results of analysis are presented in Table 3.3.
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Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
Table 3.3Analysis of soil sample near Hazardous Waste Storage Site within the
manufacturing Plant
From the values it is seen that no contamination has occurred in the soil near
Hazardous Waste storage area.
3.1.5.2 Assessment of Previous Disposal Area :
In order to assess, whether previous disposal has led to any soil / water
contamination, following studies were carried out :
Sub-surface geological studies
Assessment of Water Environment Features
Assessment of Soil / Water Quality
Analysis of various wastes disposed off at the quarry has been presented in
Table 2.7, Table 2.8 & Table 2.9 of Chapter 2.0, which indicates their non-
hazardous nature.
3.1.5.3 Sub-Surface Geological Studies :
a) Physiography:
The area is located south of Usgaon as marked on the location map (Fig. 3.1)
& is denoted as stony waste on the map. The ground rises to the southern
face of the quarry. The quarry area is bordered on the north by a watercourse
which has a deep cut channel. This watercourse joins the major water course
situated immediately on the western side of the quarry. Thus, the quarry area
is bounded by two watercourses respectively on the north and western side.
The western watercourse is perennial, and the northern smaller one is
seasonal having small stagnant water pools during summer.
REIA Studies 60 Syngenta India Ltd., Santa Monica Works, Goa.
Parameter Unit Soil Sample Near HW Storage Site with in premisesPhysico Chemical
pH of 20 % Solution -- 6.44
Total Organic Carbon % 2.70
Available Phosphorous % 0.002
Nitrogen % 0.02
Chlorides % 0.02
Sulphates % 0.03
Metals
Zinc as Zn ppm BDL
Nickel as Ni ppm BDL
Cadmium as Cd ppm BDL
Chromium as Cr ppm 0.01
Lead as Pb ppm BDL
Pesticides
Pretilacholor ppm BDL
Thiamethoxam ppm BDL
MCP ppm BDL
Phospomidon ppm BDL
DDVP ppm BDL
Profenophos ppm BDL
Cuman ppm BDL
Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
b) Geology :
The surface is covered by extensively developed laterite masking the lower
rock units. The laterite is young in age. Rocks occurring below the laterite
profile belong to the Bicholi Group of the Dharwar Super Group, which
constitute phyllites, granite gneiss, hornblend gneiss, quartize, etc. In this
area, mainly phyllites, weathered phyllites and phyllitic clays are seen
depending on the weathering profile.
c) Findings of ERT study:
The ERT studies revealed that subsurface lithology in the quarry area is highly
heterogeneous. The surface is covered extensively by laterite, young in age.
This is followed by rocks belonging to Bicholim group or Dharwar Super Group
comprising phyllites, weathered phyllites & phyllitic clays. Resistivity studies
have also revealed hard compact and fractured rocks underlying the phyllites.
However, the second layer below the duricrust is of low resistivity and during
monsoon months, a phreatic zone develops in this layer. The deep seated
aquifer will be recharged during every monsoon from the phreatic zone. The
studies also show that the, subsurface water will move in the direction of
northern water course which is located at much lower elevation than the
quarry area. The resistivity data do not indicate ground gradient directly
towards the major water course on the west. The lateritic clays fall in the
category of silt of intermediate compressibility having porosity about 40% and
permeability of 10-6 to 10-8 cm/sec. The clays have specific retention of about
15% and specific yield around 25% by volume.
3.1.5.4 Impact of Hazardous Waste Disposal on Soil Quality / Water Environment :
a) Soil Quality : In order to ascertain the impact of Hazardous Waste
disposal on soil quality in the area, soil samples were collected at two
locations in immediate vicinity. The results of analysis are presented in
Table 3.4.
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b) Impact on Water Quality : There are no wells within 1 km of the quarry.
The nallah to the north had flow of water. Samples of nallah water were
collected to test for contaminants (heavy metals & pesticides). Results of
analysis are presented in Table 3.5
Table 3.5Nallah Water Quality – near HW Disposal Site
Parameter Nallah Water Method of analysisUp stream Down Stream
Physico chemicalColour < 5.00 < 5.00Odour None NoneTurbidity 9.69 4.48
REIA Studies 62 Syngenta India Ltd., Santa Monica Works, Goa.
Table 3.4
Analysis of soil sample near HW Disposal Site
Parameter UnitSample 1 Sample II
Physico Chemical
pH of 20 % Solution -- 6.71 6.31
Total Organic Carbon % 3.10 2.70
Available Phosphorous % 0.034 0.031
Chlorides % 0.56 0.61
Sulphates % 0.92 0.71MetalsZinc as Zn ppm BDL 0.1Nickel as Ni ppm BDL BDLCadmium as Cd ppm BDL BDLChromium as Cr ppm BDL BDLLead as Pb ppm BDL BDLPesticides
Preilachlor ppm BDL BDLThiamethoxam ppm BDL BDLMCP ppm BDL BDLPhosphomidon ppm BDL BDLDDVP ppm BDL BDLProfenophos ppm BDL BDLCuman ppm BDL BDL
Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
IS 3025Part 1 ~ 40 as Applicable to
Respective Parameter
APHAStandard Methods
pH 5.85 5.80Total hardness (as CaCO3) 14.00 12.00Calcium as Ca++ 0.64 7.12Magnesium as Mg++ 3.03 5.24Dissolved Solids 43.00 32.00Suspended Solids 6.5 14Total Iron 0.22 0.38Manganese as Mn 0.18 0.53Nitrate as NO3 3.20 7.14Sulphate as SO4 8.07 3.49Chlorides 8.30 10.91Bromides 0.005 0.006Fluorides BDL BDLPhosphates 7.8 2.4Alkalinity 6.00 4.00Dissolved Oxygen 5.8 6.2PesticidesPretilachlor BDL BDLThiamethoxam BDL BDLProfenophos BDL BDLZiram BDL BDLC.O.D 1.96 2.1B.O.D. (3 days at 27oC) 0.9 1.61Zinc Nil NilBDL : Below Detection Limit
As can be seen, the nallah water does not show any signs of contamination.
3.2 Air Environment :
3.2.1 Reconnaissance Survey :
Syngenta India Ltd is located at village Corlim in Tiswadi Taluka, North Goa
District. The facility for manufacture of Crop Protection Chemicals, Drugs &
range of speciality chemicals was started by Hindustan Ciba Geigy in the early
1960’s. The Agrochemicals manufacturing facility (manufacturing both
technical grade pesticides & formulation) is now operated by Syngenta (I) Ltd.
Ciba Specialities Ltd, a spin-off from the old manufacturing activity has its
manufacturing plant (for manufacture of speciality chemicals) adjacent to East
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boundary of Syngenta.
Reconnaissance survey for air environment shows that the area has very few
industries having air polluting potential. The nearest industrial estate is Corlim
located to the west about 1 km away from Syngenta. It has about half a dozen
units manufacturing stationery items (Fabre Castle), plastic moulding units & a
lone pharmaceutical formulation unit (VICCO Laboratories). The Kundeim
industrial estate is located to the west on Kundeim plateau at an elevation of
about 110 m above sea level. This has a wide variety of units manufacturing
pharmaceutical formulations, engineering goods. Nine plants having induction
melting furnaces & one rolling mill are the main units with highest air pollution
potential. The NH4A carrying passenger & goods traffic from Panaji to
Belgaum virtually bi-sects the study area into half. It has a peak traffic density
of about 1000 PCU’s per hour.
3.2.2 Ambient Air Monitoring Survey :A look at air emission sources from Syngenta indicate that major air pollution
sources are those connected to fuel burning viz. boiler, thermic fluid heater &
incinerators. Two process vents (connected to scrubbers in Profenofos /
Thiamethoxam plants) are also seen.
Based on the reconnaissance study & nature of manufacturing activities
carried out at Syngenta, SPM, RPM, SO2, NOX, CO were identified as
primary air pollutants.
A screening air dispersion modeling study was carried out which indicated that
the air pollution impact from existing facilities are marginal & the maximum
impact zone lies within 3-4 km of the site. After studying MoEF Guidelines for
locating AAQM stations, 12 sampling locations were selected in/around the
factory. The station details of the monitoring stations are presented in Table 3.6 & the station locations are shown in Plate IV.
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Table 3.6
Air Quality Monitoring Stations - Location Details
Sr. No.
Location Direction and distance with respect to Syngenta
Remarks
1 Tivarem Village Towards East at a distance of about 3 km.
Village situated at a foothills of Kundaim hillock.
2 Navelim (Diwar Island) At a distance of about 5 km from Syngenta towards NW
Village Activity
3 Marcel (Near College) At a distance of about 4 Km. toward North.
Traffic from Ponda & Panjim toward Amona, Sanquelim, Bicholim passes through Marcel.
4 Cumbharzua (near football ground)
At a distance of about 1~1.5 Km towards north
Village activity
5 Karmali village At a distance of about 3.5 km. towards SW
Village activity
6 Juvem At a distance of about 7 Km towards north
Village activity (control station)
7 Banastarim (Near Banstarim old bridge)
At a distance of 1.5 Km. towards East
Traffic from Ponda & Panjim toward Amona, Sanquelim, Bicholim passes through Banastrim.
8 Dulape (Nr. Suprasad Bar)
At a distance of 0.75~1.0 Km towards east
Situated on (Panaji – Ponda) highway. Heavy vehicular traffic observed.
9 Ilhas (Near Samson Industry)
At a distance of 1.0 Km towards south.
Village activity
10 Syngenta Hsg Colony Within factory premises
11 Corlim (Nr. Lakshdeep Plastic)
At a distance of 0.5~1.0 Km towards west
Industrial Estate
12 Old Goa (near Grampanchayat office)
At a distance of about 3 km. toward west.
Situated on (Panaji – Ponda) highway. Heavy vehicular traffic observed.
The samples were analysed as per Standard Methods prescribed by ISI / APHA
& results of analysis are presented in Tables 3.7 to 3.10.
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Table 3.7
Statistical Analysis of AAQM Data – SPM ( 24 hourly average value )
24 hourly values Summer 2005
Sr.No. Location
Suspended Particulate Matter (μg/m3)Maximum Minimum Average 98 Percentile
Residential – Rural & Other Areas1 Tivre 130.09 51.59 104.88 126.49
2 Navelim 92.13 37.37 74.48 88.06
3 Marcel 121.26 46.43 72.68 115.79
4 Cumbharzua 123.35 47.24 71.85 121.24
5 Karmali 138.96 52.66 109.95 134.13
6 Juvem 83.99 21.16 48.61 80.97
7 Banastrim 144.71 61.80 120.61 140.76
8 Dulape 158.69 66.91 123.24 152.31
9 Ilhas 143.46 59.24 102.29 140.27
10 Old Goa 104.9 62.10 79.14 93.33
Industrial11 Syngenta 156.91 53.47 107.63 149.16
12 Corlim 147.37 61.58 108.24 141.29
NAAQ Standard for SPM (24 hourly Average value)
Area/Land use Standard (μg/m3)
Industrial Area 500Residential, Rural & other Area 200
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Table 3.8
Statistical Analysis of AAQM Data – RPM (24 hourly average value )
24 hourly values Summer 2005
Sr.No. Location
Respirable Particulate Matter (μg/m3)Maximum Minimum Average 98 Percentile
Residential – Rural & Other Areas1 Tivre 76.17 23.45 59.47 69.24
2 Navelim 50.62 29.47 50.24 46.45
3 Marcel 67.26 21.45 45.45 65.24
4 Cumbharzua 69.47 28.12 42.12 68.21
5 Karmali 71.45 24.78 52.24 70.29
6 Juvem 47.27 14.17 22.26 46.87
7 Banastrim 74.65 31.45 59.21 72.49
8 Dulape 87.64 35.99 69.42 81.45
9 Ilhas 74.7 32.54 61.24 71.54
10 Old Goa 67.2 30.45 54.12 64.32
Industrial11 Syngenta 84.17 26.46 57.45 83.42
12 Corlim 72.45 27.45 57.45 69.57
NAAQ Standard for RPM (24 hourly Average value)
Area/Land use Standard (μg/m3)
Industrial Area 150Residential, Rural & other Area 100
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Table 3.9
Statistical Analysis of AAQM Data – SO2 ( 24 hourly average value )
24 hourly values Summer 2005
Sr.No. Location
Sulphur Di Oxide (μg/m3)Maximum Minimum Average 98 Percentile
Residential - Rural & Other Areas1 Tivre 8.93 BDL 6.21 8.66
2 Navelim 5.91 BDL 3.91 5.24
3 Marcel 9.32 BDL 6.09 8.81
4 Cumbharzua 9.73 BDL 7.09 9.17
5 Karmali 10.15 BDL 7.54 9.50
6 Juvem 5.57 BDL 3.45 5.02
7 Banastrim 10.21 BDL 5.71 9.82
8 Dulape 8.21 BDL 5.78 7.59
9 Ilhas 9.97 BDL 6.54 8.92
10 Old Goa 9.21 BDL 5.48 9.09
Industrial11 Syngenta 10.25 BDL 7.61 8.59
12 Corlim 9.13 BDL 6.69 8.89 BDL : Below Detection Limit
NAAQ Standard for SO2 (24 hourly Average value)
Area/Land use Standard (μg/m3)
Industrial Area 120Residential, Rural & other Area 80
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Table 3.10
Statistical Analysis of AAQM Data - NOx ( 24 hourly average value )
24 hourly values Summer 2005
Sr.No. Location
Oxides of Nitrogen (μg/m3)Maximum Minimum Average 98 Percentile
Residential - Rural & Other Areas1 Tivre 11.06 BDL 7.36 10.87
2 Navelim 6.55 BDL 4.62 6.26
3 Marcel 10.74 BDL 6.53 8.88
4 Cumbharzua 10.40 BDL 7.1 9.69
5 Karmali 12.97 BDL 7.51 12.42
6 Juvem 7.25 BDL 4.66 7.10
7 Banastrim 15.65 BDL 9.73 14.06
8 Dulape 13.17 BDL 8.98 12.51
9 Ilhas 14.96 BDL 10.1 14.21
10 Old Goa 12.56 BDL 6.61 12.03
Industrial11 Syngenta 13.93 BDL 6.21 13.03
12 Corlim 12.77 BDL 6.57 12.11 BDL : Below Detection Limit
NAAQ Standard for NOx (24 hourly Average value)
Area/Land use Standard (μg/m3)
Industrial Area 120Residential, Rural & other Area 80
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3.2.3 Findings of AAQM Survey :
Results of AAQM survey indicates that the air quality in respect of primary air
pollutants viz. SPM / RPM / SO2 / NOx & CO meets the standards presented for
Residential areas at all the Monitoring sites. The stations at Juvem & Navelim
can be looked upon as background Air quality stations as these stations are far
removed from the other areas.
Levels of Sulfur di oxide & Nitrogen Oxides are seen to be much lower than the
norms set under NAAQS.
Carbon monoxide levels are very low (mostly below detection limits) with some
stray readings observed at stations near NH4A.
3.2.4 Micrometeorology :
The Company has a micro-meteorological station located within premises to
monitor wind speed, wind direction temperature, humidity and rainfall. The most
dominant topographical features which affects the micro-meteorology of the
area is the presence of Arabian Sea on the western and south-western side at
about 20 km from the site. The Table 3.11 presents the annual climate data for
the Syngenta site, for the year 2004.
As can be seen the site has a hot and humid climate the temperatures seem to
be tempered by the presence of sea and other water bodies. The highest
temperatures are reached in May (maximum day time temperature 35-370 C),
while coolest months are November-December (minimum day time temperature
15-170 C). The rainfall is high about 3,500 to 4,000mm/year, generally centered
around the four monsoon months.
Winds exhibit a diurnal shift, shore directional sea breezes from the west-north
west during day time and night time drainage winds from north and north east
direction. The westerly winds are found to dominate during summer season
(Wind Rose for summer Fig 3.2) because of higher day time temperatures.
Therefore in summer, the area East-North east of the plant have been selected
for critical evaluation of air quality.
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Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
Table 3.11
Meteorological data from January 2004 to December 2004
Parameter Jan-04 Feb-04 Mar-04 Apr-04 May-04 Jun-04 Jul-04 Aug-04 Sep-04 Oct-04 Nov-04 Dec-04Temp. ( º C)Maximum 35.70 36.7 37.2 35.5 37.5 33.5 30.8 29.4 31.9 36.5 36.9 37Minimum 16.90 17 21 22.4 23.7 22.5 22.2 22.7 22 21.5 18.3 16.5RH ( %)Maximum 97.00 95.9 95.9 92.8 96 99 99 99 99 99 92 90Minimum 62.3 49.6 69.1 72.9 71.8 70 74 81 78.9 62.8 59.8 61.8Rainfall (mm)Total 0 0 0 0 92.5 554.5 589 623 162.5 120.5 0 0
Fig 3.2 Wind Rose (Summer ’05)
3.2.5 Noise Level :
Noise Level Sources within the factory were identified as operation of various
pumps, compressors & other rotating machineries. Noise level readings inside
Syngenta premises are presented in Table 3.12. These values are taken inside
various manufacturing plants & utility rooms. These indicate that values are
matching the standards specified in Factories Act.
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Table 3.12
Noise Level Within Premises
Sr.No. Description of Location Noise level
dB(A)
1. Main Security Gate 63.02. Admn Building 74.53. ETP 58.54. Boiler Room 81.05. Thermopac 85.06. TMX plant 85.07. Generator room 80.58. PFF Plant 72.0
Standard : ( As per Factories Act 1948)90 dB (A) For 8 hrs duration
Noise level sources in the buffer zone were identified as traffic along NH4A
(Panaji – Belgaum Highway), human settlements & industries. Noise level
readings taken at different locations in the study zone are presented in Table 3.13. These indicate that generally equivalent noise level recorded were within
the standards prescribed under the Environment Protection Act, 1986.
Table 3.13
Noise Levels in Buffer Zone
Sr.No. Description of
Location
Zone / Land use Classification
Equivalent Noise level Leq [dB (A) ]
Day Time Night Time1. Marcel Residential 54.3 49.02. Cumbharzua Residential 48.5 44.13. Juvem Residential 46.7 44.74. Tivarem Residential 47.1 44.05. Banastarim Residential 52.8 48.36. Dhulape Residential 54.2 47.47. Ilhas Residential 57.1 45.48. Syngenta (Colony) Industrial 53.9 48.0
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9. Karmali Residential 46.7 45.410. Old Goa Residential 49.3 44.511. Navelim Residential 46.8 45.412. Corlim Residential 52.6 48.1
Noise: (Ambient Standards)
Area Code Category of Area Limit in dB (A) Leq Day Time Night Time
A Industrial Area 75 70B Commercial Area 65 55C Residential Area 55 45D Silence Area 50 40
Note: 1) Day Time is reckoned in between 6 a.m. and 9 p.m.2) Night Time is reckoned in between 9 p.m. and 6 a.m.
3.3 Water Environment :
3.3.1 Introduction:
The State of Goa can be classified into three categories. The hilly region
towards East, the intermediate undulating tracts & pene planes and low lying
land along the coast. The territory is traversed by three main rivers viz.
Chapora, Mandovi & Zuari along with a network of number of seasonal
tributaries. These three rivers are perennially navigable within the territory of
Goa, which give the State one of the best waterways network in the country.
The Syngenta manufacturing complex lies about 15-20 km in land from Arabian
Sea. The Mandovi - Zuari rivers flow from the hilly areas on the east into the
Arabian Sea on the West, about 4 km North and 13 km South of Syngenta site
respectively.
The two rivers are connected by a canal called Cumbharzua canal about 14 km
and 11 km away from the mouths of the Mandovi and Zuari estuaries
respectively. The canal is about 17 km in length and about 0.5 km in width. It is
narrow and shallow at the Mandovi end while it is appreciably wider and deeper
at the Zuari end. The northern side of the canal has two narrow channels, which
merge together before meeting the Mandovi estuary. The Cumbharzua canal is
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an interesting example of two rivers interacting dynamically through a common
channel within the estuarine region. During monsoon season, the Cumbharzua
canal becomes the only waterway for all the barge and boat traffic to Marmugao
through the Zuari river. The fresh water flows out from Mandovi to Zuari through
Cumbharzua canal during the monsoon period. Tidal influx flows in the opposite
direction in the Cumbharzua canal.
3.3.2 Reconnaissance Studies:
The study area of the site (10 km radius) thus comprises of hillocks located to
the East and comparative plains on the West. The area being located in Konkan
region receives copious amount of rainfall and the rain water flows over the hilly
undulating tracts unchecked and meets the Zuari/Mandovi Rivers. Thus, surface
water scenario in the area is dominated by the presence of Mandovi/Zuari river
estuaries and Cumbarzua canal.
During high tide, water accumulates on mud-flats located to the South of the site
thus inundating these lands. Low-lying areas within the factory site and at
Karmali (1 km of site) have accumulated rain water & resulted in formation of
water reservoirs/lakes. The water reservoir within the factory is being used as
source of water to partially meet the Company’s requirement during dry
seasons.
The ground water table in the study area is of two types, shallow aquifer in the
hard laterite strata and deep-seated aquifer in the lower basaltic strata. Ground
water is tapped extensively in the study region for use as drinking water. Both
open dug wells and tube wells are observed in the study area.
Cumbarzua canal being estuarine in nature, shows high salinity levels.
Syngenta has been discharging its effluents in the canal through a diffuser
designed by National Institute of Oceanography.
3.3.3 Nature of Studies carried out :
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As part of baseline environmental monitoring studies, ground water quality
was monitored in villages in/around the site in the buffer zone. The objective
was to determine water quality with respect to drinking water quality
parameters as specified in IS 10,500 & to check water for possible
contamination by pesticides/heavy metals.
Water quality was also monitored in the reservoir within the factory and in
Karmali lake to find out baseline water quality.
Ecological assessment of Cumbarzua canal was carried out to gauge impact
of continued discharge of pollutants on aquatic ecosystem in Cumbarzua
canal. Various studies carried out were to find out :
- Physico-chemical characteristics of sediments
- Water quality in terms of physicochemical, nutrient and organic/inorganic
parameters, heavy metals etc
- Biological quality of the aquatic ecosystem, characteristics of benthic flora
& fauna, diversity of species
Studies were carried out in Cumbarzua Canal in order to develop dispersion
modeling conditions in the canal. These included :
- Hydrological studies – Tide levels, current & flow direction were
monitored every hour over one tidal cycle at 8 identified locations. In
addition Dye Dispersion studies were undertaken to establish dispersion
coefficients in the canal.
- Field Monitoring Studies – Samples were collected every hour over one
complete tidal cycle for pH / DO/Temperature. Samples were also
collected at every 3 hourly interval on Spring / Neap Tide days for
analyzing other pollutional parameters like NO3 / BOD/PO4/Br etc
- Findings of dispersion Modelling Studies are presented separately.
Surface water contamination due to disposal of solid hazardous waste on
land (Already covered under item 3.1.6.4 (b)).
Details of studies carried out & findings are presented below :
3.3.4 Ground Water Monitoring Studies :
Ground water monitoring was carried out at eleven location in/around the site.
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Location details of ground water monitoring stations are indicated in Table 3.14.
Table 3.14
Ground Water Quality Monitoring - Location Details
Sr.No.
Location Directions/Bearing wrt site Use of Water
1 Well Water – Cumbharzua Village (Jharkatarwada)
Towards North of Syngenta at a distance of about 2 km
Water is used for Sundry purpose (vehicle washing etc)
2 Well Water – Near Cham’s Factory (Marcel - Goa)
Towards North east of Syngenta at a distance of 2 kms
Water is used for drinking & other domestic purposes
3 Well Water – Colony Surface Well
Within factory premises Presently water is not used for drinking purpose
4 Well Water – Plant Surface Well.
Within factory premises Presently water is not used for drinking purpose
5 Well Water – Dhulapi Village (Hiru Dhulapker).
Towards east of the plant at a distance of about 1 Km
Water is used for Sundry purpose (vehicle washing etc)
6 Well Water – Dhulapi Village (Ratnaker M. Naik)
Towards east of the plant at a distanc e of about 1 Km
Water is used for drinking & other domestic purposes
7 Well Water – Dhulapi Village (Surya Naik – Near Dr. Dhulapker)
Towards east of the plant at a distance of about 1 Km
Water is used for drinking & other domestic purposes
8 Well Water – Ilhas Village (H. B. D’Souza)
Towards south of plant at a distance of about 1 km
Water is used for drinking & other domestic purposes
9 Well Water – Karmali Village (Near Kamlavati Ravalnath Temple)
Towards south west of plant at a distance of about 3.2 km
Water is used for drinking & other domestic purposes
10 Well Water – Corlim Village (Near Ravalnath Temple)
Towards west of plant at a distance of about 0.5 km
Water is used for drinking & other domestic purposes
11 Well Water – Corlim Village (Barve’s Well)
Towards west of plant at a distance of about 0.5 km
Water is used for drinking & other domestic purposes
Analysis results for ground water quality are presented in Table 3.15.
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Table 3.15
Ground Water Quality Monitoring
Parameter1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Permissible limits Method of analysis
Physico chemical
Colour < 5.00 < 5.00 < 5.00 < 5.00 < 5.00 < 5.00 < 5.00 < 5.00 < 5.00 < 5.00 < 5.00 < 5.00
IS 3025Part 1 ~ 40 as Applicable to
Respective Parameter
APHA Standard Methods
Odour None
Taste Agreeable
Turbidity 1.08 1.6 3.56 1.36 2 1.26 0.94 1.06 1.48 2.08 3.5 5
pH 6.32 5.90 6.81 6.7 7.41 6.72 6.97 6.28 6.19 6.18 6.75 6.5-8.5
Total hardness(as CaCO3) 227.5 23.5 385 75.5 245 135 94.5 15.75 37.5 48.25 26.25 300
Calcium as Ca++ 6.73 1.44 6.13 3.97 7.53 4.57 2.72 0.84 1.12 1.2 1.2 75
Magnesium as Mg++ 51.40 4.85 90.19 16 55.18 30.15 21.39 3.33 8.46 11.04 5.67 30
Dissolved Solids 1096.5 54 1477.5 253.5 915 486 210 65 97 146 59 500
Total Iron 0.04 0.51 0.37 0.37 0.17 0.1 0.03 0.17 0.18 0.25 0.1 0.3
Manganese as Mn 0.075 0.09 0.08 0.03 0.065 0.065 0.055 0.09 0.05 0.13 0.35 0.1
Nitrate as NO3 0.17 0.22 0.25 0.055 1.20 1.81 0.075 0.15 0.73 0.61 0.28 45
Sulphate as SO4 32.69 1.79 62 21.73 52.44 43.84 14.41 1.92 2.05 10.22 1.11 200
Chlorides 349.53 10.12 484.53 46.76 256.7 114.5 47.24 13.01 14.1 24.83 7.23 250
Bromides 0.47 0.001 0.07 0.05 0.035 0.006 0.002 BDL 0.42 0.001 BDL
Fluorides 0.36 0.25 0.28 0.43 0.29 0.42 0.40 0.21 0.38 0.33 0.35 1
Alkalinity 13 15.5 47 27.5 29 29.5 26.5 6 16.5 13 11.5 200
Heavy Metals
Zinc as Zn 0.1 BDL 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 BDL BDL BDL 0.1 BDL 15
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Nickel as Ni BDL BDL 0.02 BDL BDL 0.02 BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL -
Cadmium as Cd BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.01
Chromium as Cr BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.02 BDL 0.05
Lead as Pb BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.05
Pesticides
Pretilachlor BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001
Thiamethoxam BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001
MCP BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001
Phosphamidon BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001
DDVP BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001
Profenophos BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001
Cuman BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL BDL 0.001
BacteriologicalMost Probable No. of Coliform (MPN) organisms/ 100ml.
>2400 >2400 >2400 >2400 >2400 >2400 >2400 >2400 >2400 >2400 >2400 10
IS 1622-1981
Presumptive Test for E. Coli Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Negative
Confirmatory Test for E. Coli Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Negative
Completed Test for E. Coli Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Negative
Indole Test for E. Coli.: Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Positive Negative
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Ground water quality at Cumbarzua (well no. 1), Plant surface well (well no. 3) &
Dhulape village (well no. 5) indicate high levels of dissolved solids probably
because areas are in low lying lands and due to saline intrusion during high tide
from Cumbarzua canal. Ground water quality for all other wells meets
physicochemical standards for drinking water quality (IS 10,500).
Zinc was detected in some of the samples but had concentrations much lower
than limits prescribed under IS 10,500 (Drinking Water Quality). Pesticides were
not detected in any of the well samples during the survey.
All wells however fail to meet norms for bacteriological water quality and
indicate need for disinfection before use.
3.3.5 Surface Water Monitoring – Lakes/Reservoirs :
As described above, there are is a water reservoir within the factory premises
and a natural lake exists at Karmali 1 km South of the factory. The water from
Syngenta reservoir is used for manufacturing activities in case of shortfall in
water supply from PWD (particularly during summer season).
The reservoir being close to the site, the water quality was analysed for various
physico – chemical parameters & checked for contamination due to heavy
metals / pesticides.
Location details of the lakes/water reservoirs are presented in Table 3.16 &
Results of Analysis of water sample are presented in Table 3.17.
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Table 3.16
Location of Lakes/Reservoirs
1 Syngenta reservoir Within factory premises
2 Karmali Lake Water. Towards south west of the plant at a distance of about 3.2 Km.
Table 3.17Surface Water Quality Monitoring
From the data presented, it is seen that the Syngenta reservoir shows higher
TDS/chloride levels. This is probably because it is connected through two
channels to the Cumbarzua canal and during high tide, water from the Canal
enters the lake. Both the water bodies above do not show any contamination
due to heavy metals/pesticides.
Analysis result for sediment samples are presented in Table 3.18. These
samples also do not indicate presence of heavy metals in significant quantities.
No pesticides were detected in the samples analysed.
REIA Studies 81 Syngenta India Ltd., Santa Monica Works, Goa.
ParameterSyngenta main lake
Karmali Lake Water
Method of analysis
Physico chemicalColour < 5.00 < 5.00
IS 3025Part 1 ~ 40 as Applicable to
Respective Parameter
APHA Standard Methods
Odour None NoneTurbidity 4.38 24.5pH 7.18 7.32Total hardness(as CaCO3) 2370 273Calcium as Ca++ 69.37 4.73Magnesium as Mg++ 535.83 63.72Dissolved Solids 20149 1649Suspended Solids 28 46B.O.D. 10.1 13.1D.O. 4.6 5.1Total Iron 0.64 3.18Manganese as Mn 0.09 0.17Nitrate as NO3 0.09 0.13Sulphate as SO4 843.2 14.20Chlorides 12149.42 460.18Bromides 32.75 0.14Fluorides 0.97 0.58Phosphates 0.007 0.007Alkalinity 34.5 30Heavy MetalsZinc as Zn 0.1 BDLNickel as Ni BDL BDLCadmium as Cd BDL BDLChromium as Cr BDL BDLLead as Pb BDL BDLPesticidesPretilachlor BDL BDLThiamethoxam BDL BDLMCP BDL BDLPhosphomidon BDL BDLDDVP BDL BDLProfenophos BDL BDLCuman BDL BDL
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Table 3.18
Analysis of Sediment Samples
Parameter Unit Sediment SampleMain Syngenta
ReservoirPhysico ChemicalpH of 20% Solution -- 6.75Total Organic Carbon
% 3.60
Available Phosphorous
% 0.005
Chlorides % 1.14Sulphates % 1.19Nitrogen % 0.2MetalsZinc as Zn mg/kg BDLNickel as Ni mg/kg 0.01Cadmium as Cd mg/kg BDLChromium as Cr mg/kg 0.01Lead as Pb mg/kg BDLPesticidesPretilachlor ppm BDLThiomoethoxam ppm BDLMCP ppm BDLPhosphomidon ppm BDLDDVP ppm BDLProfenophos ppm BDLCuman ppm BDL
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3.4 Assessment of Aquatic Ecosystem : (conducted through Department of Marine Sciences, Goa University)
3.4.1 Scope of the study :
The Cumbharzua Canal, is a unique water body connecting River Mandovi in
the North and River Zuari in the South. Both the ends of the canal connect
close to the river mouths, consequently, tidal influence is seen in the canal.
The detailed scope of study was as under:
Collection of surface & subsurface water samples from Cumbharzua
canal during Spring and Neap tides. Analyse water samples for physico-
chemical characteristics, nutrients and heavy metals (Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb,
Cd) & organic parameter viz. DO/BOD/NH4A & pesticide content to
gauge impact of existing effluent discharge on the canal water quality.
Collect sediment samples from Cumbarzua canal during spring & neap
tide. Analyse the samples for physicochemical characteristics such as
grain size, pH, organic carbon and heavy metals like Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb,
Cd & pesticide content to ascertain sediment composition at the site & to
ascertain the impact of existing effluent discharge on sediment quality.
Collect sediments and analyze for meiobenthic fauna (density and
diversity), macrobenthic fauna (density and diversity) and benthic fish
fauna.
Analyse surface & sub-surface water samples for microbiological activity
and primary productivity, plankton distribution (phyto and zoo planktons
and density of flora and fauna in marine environment including shell fish,
algae). From existing and past record of commercial fishing, comment on
fisheries status and presence of fish spawning grounds etc.
Identify existence of endangered species, if any
APPROACH STRATEGY
To fulfill the scope of the study, four sets of collection was undertaken,
representing High Tide and Low Tide of Spring Tide and High Tide and Low
Tide of Neap Tide. Various parameters analysed are grouped under
geological, chemical and biological studies to understand various aspects of
REIA Studies 83 Syngenta India Ltd., Santa Monica Works, Goa.
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aquatic environment under study.
The results of various parameters studied for geological, geochemical and
biological aspects of the study area are presented below, under three
separate heads namely Geological Study, Hydrochemical Study and Biological
Study.
3.4.2 Geological Study:
Sediments are one of the important components of aquatic ecosystem.
Sediment type and its characteristics play a major role in defining the limits of
benthic fauna and its density and diversity. The sediment also acts as sink
and source for chemical elements and nutrients.
3.4.2.1 Sedimentological Parameters:
Sediment composition and type of sediment
The data obtained on sediment composition and type of sediment for spring
and neap tides are presented in Table 3.19 and 3.20 respectively.
The gravel percentage in sediments, for the spring tide varies from 7.79%
(Station 3) to 17.17% (Station 4) during high tide and 7.40% (Station 5) to
57.17% (Station 2) during low tide. For the neap tide, the gravel percentage in
sediments varies from 0.25% (Station 1) to 1.60% (Station 7) and 21.71%
(Station 4) to 28.72% (Station 5) during low tide. The sediment contains higher
gravel percentage during low tides of both spring and neap tides.
For the spring tide, the sand percentage in sediments varies from 16.83%
(Station 5) to 92.56% (Station 1) during high tide and 3.68% (Station 3) to
86.77% (Station 1) during low tide. For the neap tide, the sand percentage in
sediments varies from 6.38% (Station 4) to 82.42% (Station 1) during high tide
and 7.50% (Station 2) to 90.97% (Station 1) during low tide. Highest
percentage of sand has been recorded at station 8 during all the collections.
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Table 3.19Sediment Composition and Type of Sediments (Spring Tide)
Stations Gravel (%) Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Sediment Type1HT - 92.56 01.97 05.47 Sandy2HT - 57.65 16.20 26.15 Muddy Sand3HT 07.79 56.16 14.15 21.90 Gravelly Muddy Sand4HT 17.17 42.87 22.54 17.42 Gravelly Muddy Sand5HT 09.15 16.83 33.97 40.05 Gravelly Mud6HT - 39.99 25.38 34.63 Sandy Mud7HT 09.77 72.31 06.15 11.77 Gravelly Muddy Sand8HT - 68.50 13.50 18.00 Muddy Sand
1LT - 86.77 06.70 06.53 Muddy Sand2LT 57.17 31.04 05.17 06.62 Muddy Sandy Gravel3LT - 03.68 56.93 39.39 Mud4LT 40.15 28.73 15.39 15.73 Muddy Gravel5LT 07.40 06.17 35.72 50.71 Gravelly Mud6LT - 50.50 21.69 27.81 Muddy Sand 7LT - 12.64 36.45 50.91 Sandy Mud8LT - 28.96 33.83 37.21 Sandy Mud
HT = High Tide LT = Low Tide
Table 3.20Sediment Composition and Type of Sediments (Neap Tide)
Stations Gravel (%) Sand (%) Silt (%) Clay (%) Sediment Type1HT 00.25 82.42 07.44 09.89 Slightly Gravelly Muddy
Sand2HT - 39.25 29.44 31.31 Sandy Mud3HT - 77.72 10.29 11.99 Muddy Sand4HT - 06.38 36.84 56.78 Mud5HT - 46.55 30.74 22.71 Sandy Mud6HT - 55.42 07.99 36.59 Clayey Sand7HT 01.60 64.77 12.39 21.24 Slightly Gravelly Muddy
Sand8HT - 22.43 42.15 35.42 Sandy Mud
1LT - 90.97 03.66 05.37 Sand2LT - 07.50 52.55 39.95 Mud3LT - 80.54 06.99 12.47 Muddy Sand4LT 21.71 58.14 07.00 13.15 Gravelly Muddy Sand5LT 28.72 48.30 10.74 12.24 Gravelly Muddy Sand6LT - 46.60 16.88 36.52 Sandy Clay 7LT 25.46 59.40 05.01 10.04 Gravelly Muddy Sand8LT - 65.56 14.22 20.22 Muddy Sand
HT = High Tide LT = Low Tide
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For the spring tide, the silt percentage in sediments varies from 1.97%
(Station 1) to 33.97% (Station 5) during high tide and 5.17% (Station 2) to
56.93% (Station 3) during low tide. For the neap tide, the silt percentage in
sediments varies from 7.44% (Station 1) to 42.15% (Station 8) during high
tide and 3.66%( Station 1) to 52.55% (Station 2) during low tide.
For the spring tide, the clay percentage in sediments varies from 5.47%
(Station 1) to 40.05% (Station 5) during high tide and 6.53% (Station 1) to
50.91%(Station 7) during low tide. For the neap tide, the clay percentage in
sediments varies from 9.89% (Station 1) to 56.78% (Station 4) during high tide
and 5.37% (Station 1) to 39.95% (Station 2) during low tide.
Both silt and clay are less at station 1, closer to Mandovi river and high at
different stations inside the canal indicating that the study area is quiet
environment & thus deposition of finer sediments occurs.
Grain size parameters
The data computed on grain size parameters for sediments during spring and
neap tides are presented in Table 3.21 and 3.22 respectively.
The mean size (ø) of sediments, for the spring tide varies from 1.34 (Station 7)
to 4.84 (Station 5) during high tide and from –1.17 (Station 2) to 6.85 (Station
7) during low tide. For the neap tide, mean size (ø) varies from 2.15 (Station 1)
to 7.04 (Station 4) during high tide and from 0.9 (Station 5) to 6.65 (Station 2)
during low tide.
The standard deviation (σI) of sediments, for spring tide varies from 0.54
(Station 1) to 4.04 (Station 5) during high tide and from 1.10 (Station 1) to 4.68
(Station 4) during low tide. For the neap tide, the standard deviation (σI) of
sediments varies from 1.10 (Station 3) to 3.26 (Station 2) during high tide and
from 0.96 (Station 1) to 3.60 (Station 6) during low tide.
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Table 3.21Grain size Parameters of Sediments (Spring Tide)
Stations Mean (Mz) Standard Deviation (σI) Skewness (Ski) Kurtosis (KG)1HT 1.96 Medium Grade Sand 0.54 Moderately Well
Sorted0.61 Very Positively Skewed 2.12 Very Leptokurtic
2HT 3.01 Very Fine Grade Sand
2.73 Very Poorly Sorted 0.68 Very Positively Skewed 094 Mesokurtic
3HT 2.33 Fine Grade Sand 2.68 Very Poorly Sorted 0.18 Positively Skewed 1.22 Leptokurtic4HT 2.47 Fine Grade Sand 3.61 Very Poorly Sorted 0.33 Very Positively Skewed 0.93 Mesokurtic5HT 4.84 Coarse Grade Silt 4.04 Extremely Poorly
Sorted-0.18 Negatively Skewed 0.77 Platykurtic
6HT 4.78 Coarse Grade Silt 2.97 Very Poorly Sorted 0.28 Positively Skewed 0.70 Platykurtic7HT 1.34 Medium Grade Sand 2.03 Very Poorly Sorted 0.12 Positively Skewed 2.23 Very Leptokurtic8HT 2.42 Fine Grade Sand 1.99 Poorly Sorted 0.33 Very Positively Skewed 1.95 Very Leptokurtic
1LT 2.21 Fine Grade Silt 1.10 Poorly Sorted 0.29 Positively Skewed 1.85 Very Leptokurtic2LT -1.17 Granule 2.82 Very Poorly Sorted 0.36 Very Positively Skewed 1.23 Leptokurtic3LT 6.56 Fine Grade Silt 2.21 Very Poorly Sorted 0.15 Positively Skewed 0.72 Leptokurtic4LT 1.43 Medium Grade Silt 4.68 Extremely Poorly
Sorted0.15 Negatively Skewed 0.83 Leptokurtic
5LT 5.90 Medium Grade Sand 3.82 Very Poorly Sorted -0.29 Negatively Skewed 1.31 Platykurtic6LT 4.82 Coarse Grade Silt 2.41 Very Poorly Sorted 0.65 Very Positively Skewed 1.34 Platykurtic7LT 6.85 Fine Grade Sand 2.61 Very Poorly Sorted -0.23 Negatively Skewed 0.98 Mesokurtic8LT 6.25 Fine Grade Sand 2.16 Poorly Sorted 0.35 Very Positively Skewed 0.75 Platykurtic
HT = High Tide LT = Low Tide
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Table 3.22Grainsize Parameters of Sediments (NeapTide)
Stations Mean (Mz) Standard Deviation (σI) Skewness (Ski) Kurtosis (KG)1HT 2.15 Fine Grade Sand 1.70 Poorly Sorted 0.49 Very Positively Skewed 2.00 Very Leptokurtic2HT 4.84 Coarse Grade Silt 3.26 Very Poorly Sorted -0.12 Negatively Skewed 0.69 Platykurtic3HT 3.09 Very Fine Grade
Sand1.10 Poorly Sorted 0.50 Very Positively Skewed 1.95 Very Leptokurtic
4HT 7.04 Very Fine Grade Sand
2.29 Very Poorly Sorted -0.02 Symmetrically Skewed 0.63 Very Platykurtic
5HT 4.53 Coarse Grade Silt 2.59 Very Poorly Sorted 0.51 Very Positively Skewed 1.29 Leptokurtic6HT 3.82 Very Fine Grade
Sand3.11 Very Poorly Sorted 0.75 Very Positively Skewed 1.13 Leptokurtic
7HT 2.33 Fine Grade Sand 2.20 Very Poorly Sorted 0.67 Very Positively Skewed 1.59 Very Leptokurtic8HT 6.18 Fine Grade Sand 2.46 Very Poorly Sorted 0.24 Positively Skewed 0.68 Platykurtic
1LT 1.99 Medium Grade Silt 0.96 Moderately Sorted 0.45 Very Positively Skewed 2.01 Very Leptokurtic2LT 6.65 Fine Grade Silt 2.32 Very Poorly Sorted 0.40 Very Positively Skewed 0.78 Platykurtic3LT 2.91 Fine Grade Silt 1.15 Poorly Sorted 0.31 Very Positively Skewed 2.23 Very Leptokurtic4LT 0.97 Coarse Grade Silt 2.76 Very Poorly Sorted 0.11 Positively Skewed 1.92 Very Leptokurtic5LT 0.90 Coarse Grade Silt 2.99 Very Poorly Sorted 0.25 Positively Skewed 0.98 Mesokurtic6LT 4.23 Coarse Grade Silt 3.60 Very Poorly Sorted 0.38 Very Positively Skewed 0.63 Very Platykurtic7LT 0.47 Coarse Grade Silt 2.85 Very Poorly Sorted -0.24 Negatively Skewed 1.13 Leptokurtic8LT 3.61 Very Fine Grade
Sand2.11 Very Poorly Sorted 0.55 Very Positively Skewed 2.49 Very Leptokurtic
HT = High Tide LT = Low Tide
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Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
The skewness (Ski) values of sediments, for spring tide varies from –0.18
(Station 5) to 0.68 (Station 2) during high tide and –0.29 (Station 5) to 0.65
(Station 6) during low tide. For the neap tide, the skewness (Ski) values of
sediments varies and from –0.12 (Station 2) to 0.75 (Station 6) during high
tide and from –0.24 (Station 7) to 0.55 (Station 8) during low tide.
The kurtosis (KG) values of sediments, for the spring tide varies from 0.70
(Station 6) to 2.23 (Station 7) during high tide and from 0.72 (Station 3) to 1.85
(Station 1) during low tide. For the neap tide, kurtosis (KG) values of
sediments vary from 0.63 (Station 4) to 2.00 (Station 1) during high tide and
from 0.63 (Station 6) to 2.49 (Station 8) during low tide.
3.4.2.2 Physico-chemical Parameters:pH
The data obtained on sediment pH for spring and neap tides are presented in
Table 3.23 and 3.24 respectively. pH, for spring tide varies from 7.62
(Station 1) to 7.88 (Station 7) during high tide and from 7.62 (Station 2) to
8.10 (Station 8) during low tide. For neap tide, pH varies from 7.44 (Station 2)
to 8.01(Station 1) during high tide and from 7.31 (Station 6) to 7.82 (Station 5)
during low tide.’
The pH values for sediment samples vary in a narrow range of 7.31 to 8.10 in
the study area. Lowest value has been recorded during neap low tide.
Eh The data obtained on sediment Eh for spring and neap tides are presented in
Table 3.23 and 3.24 respectively. For spring tide, Eh varies from 202.1mV
(Station 1) to 223.6mV (Station 6) during high tide and from 192.2mV (Station
2) to 217.9 mV (Station 5) during low tide. Eh, for neap tide varies from
222.5mV (Station 3) to 258.9 mV (Station 6) during high tide and from
145.1mV (Station 3) to 230.8 mV (Station 1) during low tide.
Eh values for sediment, in the study area vary in the range of 145.1 to 258.9
mV. The lowest value has been recorded during neap low tide.
REIA Studies 89 Syngenta India Ltd., Santa Monica Works, Goa.
Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
Organic Carbon (OC)
During spring tide, the organic carbon in sediments varies from 0.2531%
(Station 1) to 1.5633 % (Station 5) during high tide and from 0.4752% (Station
1) to 2.6139% (Station 7) during low tide Table 3.23. The organic carbon
content, for neap tide varies from 0.4197% (Station 1) to 2.2163% (Station 4)
during high tide and from 0.1205% (Station 1) to 2.0787 % (Station 2) during
low tide Table 3.24.
Nitrogen (N)
The nitrogen concentration in sediments, for the spring tide varies from
16.67mg/g (Station 8) to 42.67 mg/g (Station 2) during high tide and from
9.32mg/g (Station 7) to 42.94mg/g (Station 5) during low tide Table 3.23. For
the neap tide, nitrogen concentration in sediments varies from 5.88mg/g
(Station 3) to 26.73 mg/g (Station 5) during high tide and from 7.27mg/g
(Station 7) to 26.00mg/g (Station 2) during the low tide. Higher nitrogen values
have been recorded during high and low tide of spring tide Table 3.24.
Phosphorus (P)
For the spring tide, phosphorus concentration in sediments varies from
377.13µg/g (Station 1) to 2664.23 µg/g (Station 5) during high tide and from
218.98µg/g (Station 2) to 3576.64µg/g (Station 5) during low tide Table 3.23.
The phosphorus concentration in sediments, for the neap tide varies from
243.31µg/g (Station 5) to 644.77µg/g (Station 6) during high tide and from
145.99µg/g (Station 3) to 2579.80µg/g (Station 7) during low tide. Highest
values of phosphorus are recorded during low tides of spring and neap tide
Table 3.24.
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Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
Table 3.23
Table 3.24
3.4.2.3 Transparency of the water column:
The data on total suspended matter and transparency depth for spring and
neap tide are presented in Table 3.25 and 3.26 respectively. For spring tide,
the transparency depth of water varies from 0.4m (Station 3) to 0.7m (Station
5) during high tide and from 0.2m (Station 4 and 3) to 0.5m (Station 1) during
low tide. For neap tide, the transparency depth of water varies from 0.5m
(Station 8, 7 and 5) to 1m (Station 1) during high tide and from 0.5m (Station 8
and 7) to 0.8m (Station 3) during low tide (Tables 3.25 and 3.26).
Total Suspended Matter (TSM):
For spring tide, the surface TSM varies from 14.2mg/l (Station 4) to 61.6mg/l
(Station 3) during high tide and from 24.7mg/l (Station 1) to 99 mg/l (Station 5)
during low tide. The bottom TSM, for spring tide varies from 31.7mg/l (Station
5) to 153.3mg/l (Station 7) during high tide and from 42.7mg/l (Station 7) to
REIA Studies 91 Syngenta India Ltd., Santa Monica Works, Goa.
Physico Chemical Analysis of (Spring Tide)
Stations OC (%) N (mg/g) P (µg/g) pH Eh (mV)1HT 0.2531 23.75 0377.13 7.62 202.12HT 1.1166 42.67 1289.54 7.86 208.93HT 1.0273 25.40 1265.21 7.83 203.14HT 1.1762 19.25 0571.78 7.83 209.45HT 1.5633 33.80 2664.23 7.78 210.96HT 1.3846 36.85 2420.92 7.76 223.67HT 0.4318 31.69 2007.30 7.88 221.108HT 0.9677 16.67 0583.94 7.85 204.7
1LT 0.4752 24.41 0620.44 7.71 197.42LT 0.7129 37.44 0218.98 7.62 192.3LT 1.2772 22.88 0559.61 7.78 216.84LT 2.0792 42.94 3576.64 7.63 217.95LT 1.1287 16.87 0754.26 7.75 200.56LT 2.0792 42.94 3576.64 7.63 217.97LT 2.6139 09.32 0462.29 7.74 211.08LT 1.7822 40.02 1374.70 8.10 211.7
HT = High Tide LT = Low Tide
Physico Chemical Analysis of ( Neap Tide)
Stations OC (%) N (mg/g) P (µg/g) pH Eh (mV)1HT 0.4197 09.65 535.28 8.01 226.82HT 1.1998 14.82 571.78 7.44 239.93HT 0.5097 05.88 462.29 7.54 239.94HT 2.2163 15.87 535.28 7.67 255.45HT 1.1698 26.73 243.31 7.62 247.86HT 1.0192 20.11 644.77 7.77 258.97HT 0.8397 20.04 559.61 7.68 237.68HT 1.9793 26.29 462.29 7.83 255.7
1LT 0.1205 19.25 0669.10 7.51 230.82LT 2.0787 26.00 2165.45 7.59 166.13LT 0.4519 14.55 0145.99 7.52 145.14LT 0.4824 19.98 0632.60 7.67 152.25LT 0.5120 19.30 0924.57 7.82 155.86LT 1.2056 25.47 1119.22 7.31 159.77LT 0.4221 07.27 2579.08 7.67 170.08LT 0.8738 16.61 0656.93 7.53 156.2
HT = High Tide LT = Low Tide
Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
90.7mg/l (Station 5) during low tide (Table 3.25).
For neap tide, the surface TSM varies from 9.6mg/l (Station 1) to 21.2mg/l
(Station 3) during high tide and from 5.1mg/l (Station 1) to 32.8mg/l (Station 8)
during low tide. The bottom TSM, for neap tide varies from 12.9mg/l (Station
1) to 35.9mg/l (Station 5) during high tide and from 19.3mg/l (Station 7) to
118.3mg/l (Station 1) during low tide (Table 3.26).
In the surface as well as bottom waters, TSM was found to be higher during
the low tides of both the spring and neap tide. It is also noted that bottom
waters have higher TSM values than the respective surface waters.
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Table 3.25
Transparency Depth and TSM (Spring Tide)
Table 3.26
Transparency Depth and TSM (Neap Tide)
REIA Studies 93 Syngenta India Ltd., Santa Monica Works, Goa.
Stations Transparency (m) TSM (mg/I)Surface Bottom
1HT 0.6 42.7 32.12HT 0.5 50.3 -3HT 0.4 61.6 82.14HT 0.6 14.2 33.45HT 0.7 25.9 31.76HT 0.6 31.1 -7HT 0.5 30.3 153.38HT 0.5 31.9 84.91LT 0.5 24.7 -2 LT - 37.1 -3 LT 0.2 43.6 47.44 LT 0.2 26.1 87.15 LT 0.4 99.0 90.76 LT - 39.3 -7 LT 0.3 59.4 42.78 LT 0.4 55.0 64.5
HT : High Tide , LT : Low Tide
Stations Transparency (m) TSM (mg/I)Surface Bottom
1HT 1 09.6 12.92HT - 16.43HT 0.8 21.2 20.04HT 0.6 18.15HT 0.5 18.1 35.96HT - 18.17HT 0.5 18.6 33.28HT 0.5 17.9 31.11LT 0.7 05.1 118.32LT - 17.03LT 0.8 12.04LT 0.6 19.8 22.65LT 0.7 22.4 23.36LT - 23.17LT 0.5 26.0 19.38LT 0.5 32.8
HT : High Tide, LT : Low Tide
Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
3.4.2.4 Metals in Sediments
Distribution and abundance of elements viz. Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb in
sediments in the study area within Cumbharzua Canal are presented in the
Table 3.27 and Table 3.28.
Iron
Iron (%) in Cumbharzua Canal at spring tide varied from 6.57 to 13.00 (9.22)
during high tide with a highest value at Station 5 and a lowest value at Station
1. Whereas, during low tide it varied from 6.24 to 12.61 (9.59) with a highest
value at Station 8 and lowest value at Station 1 (Table 3.27). However, during
neap tide the concentration of iron varied from 6.98 to 15.11 (11.15) at high
tide with a highest value at Station 2 and lowest value at Station 8. Whereas
during low tide it varied from 6.05 to 15.06 (11.26) with a maximum value
observed at Station 5 and minimum value at Station 1(Table 3.28). Iron
concentrations during both spring and neap tides did not show much variation
along the study area, though the values are slightly higher during low tide at
spring and neap tide collection. In general, iron showed relatively high
concentrations during neap tide than spring tide collection.
Manganese
Manganese (µg/g) concentration in sediments in the Cumbharzua Canal at
spring tide varied from 988.17 to 5991.67 (2828.48) and 853.67 to 9133.33
(3725.75) during high tide and low tide respectively. The maximum value was
recorded at Station 4 and minimum value was recorded at Station 8 during
high tide. Whereas during low tide, high concentration was recorded at station
4 and low at station 7 (Table 3.27). However, during neap tide the
concentration of manganese varied from 710.17 to 5883.33 (3587.73) during
high tide while during low tide it varied from 1708.33 to 5508.33 (3360.42)
(Table 3.28). The highest value was recorded at station 4 and lowest value
was recorded at station 7 during high tide. It is interesting to note that at
station 4 manganese showed highest concentrations both at spring tide and
neap tide collections except during low tide of neap tide. Manganese showed
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Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
highest concentrations at station 5 during low tide of neap tide. In general,
manganese showed relatively high concentrations during neap tide collection
than during spring tide collection, This distribution is similar to the pattern of
distribution of iron.
Zinc
Zinc (µg/g) content in the study area of Cumbharzua Canal at spring tide
varied from 74.50 to 150.00 (109.58) during high tide with a maximum value at
station 6 and minimum value station 7. Whereas, during low tide zinc content
varied from 103.83 to 220.83 (134.37) with a maximum value at station 3 and
a minimum at station 6. The concentration of zinc is found to be higher during
low tide than high tide during spring tide (Table 3.27). Zinc in the Cumbharzua
canal at neap tide varied from 76.50 to131.50 (106.71) during high tide with a
maximum value at station 4 and minimum value at station 1. Whereas, during
low tide it varied from 78.83 to 126.83 (94.33) with a maximum value at station
8 and minimum at station 1 (Table 3.28). In case of neap tide the
concentration of zinc is found to be higher during high tide as compared to low
tide at most of the stations. In general, zinc showed relatively higher
concentrations during spring tide collection as compared to neap tide
collection unlike iron and manganese.
Cadmium
Cadmium (µg/g ) content in the Cumbharzua Canal at spring tide varied from
5.00 to 8.00 (6.21) during high tide with a maximum value at station 2 and a
minimum value at station 8. Whereas, during low tide it varied from 3.67 to
10.33 (6.21). The maximum value was recorded at station 6 and a minimum at
station 7. Cadmium does not show much variation at high tide and low tide
during the spring tide (Table 3.27). However, at neap tide the cadmium
concentration varied from 5.00 to 7.67 (6.21) during high tide with a maximum
value at station 7 and a minimum at station 3. Whereas, during low tide it
varied from 7.00 to 9.33 (7.96) with a maximum value at station 8 and 5 and a
minimum value at station 3 (Table 3.28). Cadmium recorded relatively higher
concentrations during low tide compared to high tide at neap tide collection of
samples. It is interesting to note that cadmium showed almost uniform
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concentrations both at spring and neap tide collection of samples except
during low tide at neap tide collection. During low tide at neap tide collection,
cadmium showed relatively high concentrations during the study period.
Copper
Copper concentration (µg/g) in the Cumbharzua Canal at spring tide varied
from 45.83 to 70.17 (57.31) during high tide with a maximum value at station 5
and a minimum value at station 8. Whereas, during low tide it varied from
52.50 to 85.50 (71.25) with a maximum value at station 7 and a minimum at
station 1 (Table 3.27). It is evident from the above that copper showed
relatively higher concentrations during low tide than high tide collection. At
neap tide copper in the Cumbharzua canal varied from 48.83 to 84.33 (62.02)
during high tide with a maximum value at station 4 and a minimum value at
station 1. Whereas, during low tide copper content varied from 49.67 to 86.33
(63.08) with a maximum value at station 2 and minimum at station 1 (Table 3.28). It is evident from the above that copper did not show much variation
during neap tide collection of samples.
Lead
Lead content (µg/g) in the Cumbarzua Canal at spring tide varied from 29.00
to 53.50 (38.82) with a maximum value at station 4 and a minimum value at
station 1 . Whereas, during low tide it varied from 25.00 to 48.00 (40.85) with a
maximum value at station 3 and a minimum value at station 1(Table 3.27). It is
evident from the above that during low tide, lead showed relatively higher
values compared to high tide. At neap tide lead in the canal varied from 36.00
to 57.50 (42.29) at high tide with a maximum value at station 4 and a minimum
value at station 1 and during low tide, it varied from 45.05 to 103.50 (77.90)
with a maximum value at station 5 and a minimum value at station 3 (Table 3.28). Comparatively higher values of lead are obtained during low tide than
high tide. In general, lead showed relatively higher concentrations during neap
tide than spring tide collection like that of iron and manganese during the
study region.
Table 3.27
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Table 3.28
3.4.3 Hydro-chemical Study:Marine organisms, which grow in the waters of the sea, derive their
requirements from the surrounding seawater. The growth and productivity of
various organisms in general, are controlled by the environmental factors such
as temperature, salinity, irradiance, nutrient availability under underwater
movements. Marked seasonal fluctuations in nutrient availability (particularly
nitrogen) in the coastal waters affect the growth rate of organisms. Hence it is
of importance to consider the chemical composition of seawater along with the
other physico-chemical parameters.
3.4.3.1 Physico-chemical characteristics:The physico-chemical characteristics of coastal waters in turn, are largely
controlled by the incident solar radiation, atmospheric processes and regional
climatic conditions. Further, they are prone to changes in hydrographic
characteristics due to the influence of local phenomenon like upwelling, river
discharges, urban runoff and anthropogenic inputs. In order to understand the
REIA Studies 97 Syngenta India Ltd., Santa Monica Works, Goa.
Elemental Concentration of Bed load Sediments (Spring Tide)High TideStations Fe (%) Mn Zn Cd (µg/g) Cu Pb
1 6.57 1081.33 100.33 6.67 46.17 29.002 9.43 4000.00 102.83 8.00 61.67 36.333 8.42 1297.00 86.33 6.00 48.17 36.174 10.41 5991.67 139.67 5.67 66.33 53.505 13.00 4900.00 141.00 7.00 70.17 51.336 10.43 3300.00 150.00 5.67 68.83 34.837 8.03 1069.67 74.50 5.67 51.33 35.178 7.46 988.17 82.00 5.00 45.83 34.22
Low TideStations Fe (%) Mn Zn Cd (µg/g) Cu Pb
1 6.24 2558.33 104.00 5.67 52.50 25.002 10.75 3175.00 119.83 5.33 62.17 42.173 9.95 4975.00 220.83 6.00 73.17 48.004 12.49 9133.33 137.17 8.33 72.50 46.335 10.02 5216.67 124.00 6.33 75.33 48.006 7.74 1127.33 103.83 10.33 68.00 37.837 6.88 853.67 130.67 3.67 85.50 32.508 12.61 2766.67 134.67 4.00 80.83 47.00
Elemental Concentration of Bed load Sediments (Neap Tide)High Tide
Stations Fe (%) Mn Zn Cd (µg/g) Cu Pb1 7.48 2108.33 76.50 6.67 48.83 36.002 15.11 5783.33 98.50 7.00 71.33 38.833 15.05 3150.00 108.33 5.00 51.83 36.334 11.54 5883.33 131.50 5.33 84.33 57.505 15.06 4850.00 121.50 7.33 60.00 43.006 9.00 2591.67 114.83 5.33 58.67 41.677 9.00 710.17 84.67 7.67 50.67 42.008 6.98 3625.00 117.83 5.33 70.50 43.00
Low TideStations Fe (%) Mn Zn Cd (µg/g) Cu Pb
1 6.05 1858.33 88.17 8.00 49.67 80.172 11.45 3983.33 111.00 8.00 86.33 92.833 11.97 3025.00 93.00 7.00 62.33 45.054 13.61 4033.33 88.83 7.33 64.67 100.175 15.06 5508.33 88.50 9.33 60.00 103.506 12.59 3458.33 78.83 7.33 61.00 92.507 9.26 1708.33 79.50 7.33 55.00 57.678 10.09 3308.33 126.83 9.33 65.67 51.33
Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
effects of these parameters, a detailed investigation of the hydro chemical
parameters in the study region has been undertaken and the results are
presented in the following pages. The samples were analyzed in triplicate and
the values in parenthesis indicate the averages. The data on the various
physicochemical parameters observed in the Cumbharzua canal during the
spring tide and neap tide are presented in Tables 3.29 and 3.30 respectively.
Temperature
Temperature (ºC) in the Cumbharzua canal ranged from 30.78 to 33.49 in the
surface waters and 30.76 to 33.00 in the bottom waters during the high tide,
Whereas at low tide, it ranged from 31.03 to 32.80 in the surface waters and
from 30.80 to 32.20 in the bottom waters at spring tide (Table 3.29). However,
at neap tide, temperature ranged from 32.50 to 33.86 in surface waters and
from 32.83 to 33.92 in the bottom waters during high tide. Whereas, during
low tide, temperature ranged from 33.34 to 33.90 in the surface waters and
from 33.33 to 33.72 in the bottom waters (Table 3.30). In general, surface
waters registered relatively higher values when compared to bottom waters
due to solar heating of surface waters.
Salinity
Salinity (‰) ranged from 27.2 to 30.42 (29.04) in surface waters and from
30.06 to 28.29 (29.19) in bottom waters during high tide, whereas at low tide
salinity varied from 24.72 to 28.99 (27.57) in surface waters and from 26.52 to
29.36 (27.58) in bottom waters at the spring tide (Table 3.29). However at
neap tide, salinity varied from 26.01 to 30.76 (28.62) in surface waters,
whereas in bottom waters it varied from 27.21 to 31.47 (29.6) during the high
tide, and it varied from 26.01 to 29.35 (26.9) in surface waters and from 26.52
to 28.29 (27.4) in bottom waters during low tide (Table 3.30). It is evident from
the above that both surface and bottom waters did not show much variation
with respect to salinity. However, salinity registered relatively higher values at
spring tide as compared to neap tide during the study period.
pH
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pH varied from 7.71 to 7.89 (7.84) in surface waters and from 7.77 to 7.91
(7.86) in bottom waters during high tide, whereas at low tide pH varied from
7.72 to 7.85 (7.76) in surface waters and from 7.75 to 7.88 (7.8) in bottom
waters at the spring tide (Table 3.29) thus showing lower surface and higher
bottom values. However, at neap tide, pH varied from 7.31 to 7.74 (7.61) in
surface waters, whereas in bottom waters it varied from 7.46 to 7.8 (7.60)
during the high tide, and it varied from 7.35 to 7.85 (7.64) in surface waters
and from 7.17 to 7.76 (7.5) in bottom waters during low tide (Table 3.30). It is
evident from the above that both surface and bottom waters did not show
much variation of pH during neap tide unlike spring tide during the study
period. In general, spring tide waters registered relatively higher values of pH
compared to waters of neap tide during the study period.
Alkalinity
Alkalinity (m.eq.l-1) varied from 1.89 to 2.5 (2.07) in surface waters and from
1.97 to 2.11 (2.04) in bottom waters during high tide, whereas at low tide
alkalinity varied from 1.81 to 1.96 (1.87) in surface waters and from 1.83 to
2.06 (1.91) in bottom waters at the spring tide (Table 3.29) However, at neap
tide, alkalinity varied from 1.62 to 2.08 (1.87) in surface waters, whereas in
bottom waters it varied from 1.66 to 2.08 (1.87) during the high tide, and it
varied from 1.54 to 1.91 (1.69) in surface waters and from 1.51 to 1.77 (1.64)
in bottom waters during low tide (Table 3.30). Like pH, alkalinity did not show
much variation in both surface and bottom waters during spring and neap
tides. However, spring tide values were relatively higher than neap tide values
during the study period.
Dissolved Oxygen
D.O (ml.l-1) varied from 2.46 to 2.9 (2.62) in surface waters and from 1.58 to
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Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
2.8 (2.41) in bottom waters during high tide, whereas, at low tide D.O varied
from 1.47 to 3.25 (2.56) in surface waters and from 2.6 to 3.43 (2.99) in
bottom waters at the spring tide (Table 3.29). However, at neap tide, D.O
varied from 2.4 to 2.86 (2.65) in surface waters, whereas in bottom waters it
varied from 2.36 to 2.72 (2.55) during the high tide, and it varied from 2.37 to
2.83 (2.55) in surface waters and from 2.22 to2.87 (2.56) in bottom waters
during low tide (Table 3.30). It is evident from the above that D.O did not show
much variation in concentration in both surface and bottom waters during
spring and neap tides. However, water collections made during spring tide
registered relatively higher concentrations of D.O as compared to neap tide
collection of waters during the study period.
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Table 3.29Hydrochemical Parameters and Nutrients (Spring Tide)
High TideStations Phosp
hateNitrite Silicat
eAmmon
iaNitrat
eTem
p.Salinit
ypH Alkalin
ityD.O. (ml/l)
(μmol.dm-3) (oC) (*10-3) (meq.l-1) (ml.l-
1)1S 0.61 0.80 28.87 - 4.345 30.78 28.29 7.87 1.97 2.701B 0.66 0.86 34.65 0.059 2.896 30.76 29.00 7.87 1.97 2.802S 0.76 0.75 25.98 - 2.494 32.57 27.22 7.88 1.92 2.903S 0.57 0.86 23.09 0.118 0.402 33.22 27.93 7.88 1.89 2.533B 0.76 0.71 23.09 0.415 0.483 33.00 29.36 7.88 1.99 2.504S 0.71 0.44 37.05 - 1.850 - 29.36 7.89 2.01 2.464B 0.76 0.59 37.53 0.059 2.172 - 29.72 7.91 2.03 2.605S 0.71 0.42 33.68 0.059 1.046 32.23 29.72 7.81 2.06 2.835B 0.38 0.42 46.68 0.178 1.166 - 28.65 7.84 2.06 2.466S 0.71 0.46 22.14 0.237 3.138 33.49 30.06 7.89 2.11 2.097S 0.94 0.42 25.02 - 4.385 33.29 29.29 7.84 2.08 2.637B 1.04 0.99 44.27 0.118 2.534 32.07 28.29 7.89 2.09 1.588S 0.89 0.69 20.21 0.178 2.937 33.49 30.42 7.71 2.50 2.808B 1.09 1.36 32.72 0.059 3.057 31.35 30.06 7.77 2.11 2.54
Low Tide
Stations Phosphate
Nitrite Silicate
Ammonia
Nitrate
Temp.
Salinity
pH Alkalinity
D.O. (ml/l)
(μmol.dm-3) (oC) (*10-3) (meq.l-1) (ml.l-
1)1S 0.76 0.76 16.84 0.059 3.621 32.05 29.36 7.85 1.93 3.112S 1.56 0.63 24.54 - 5.310 32.80 24.73 7.75 1.81 3.253S 0.66 0.84 25.98 - 4.224 - 27.92 7.83 1.83 2.503B 0.66 0.76 17.32 0.059 8.086 - 25.79 7.88 1.86 2.494S 0.71 0.52 19.25 - 3.701 32.20 27.22 7.80 1.88 3.204B 0.80 0.94 17.80 - 3.540 32.20 26.52 7.82 1.91 3.435S 0.80 0.88 18.77 - 7.603 31.85 27.92 7.80 1.86 1.475B 0.94 0.78 16.36 0.178 8.166 31.21 28.99 7.80 1.91 3.436S 0.99 0.65 17.80 - 7.684 - 27.22 7.60 1.86 1.477S 0.85 0.67 12.99 - 3.500 31.48 27.22 7.77 1.82 2.707B 1.23 0.86 19.25 - 5.310 31.02 28.29 7.75 1.83 3.038S 0.76 1.01 17.32 0.296 3.862 31.03 28.99 7.72 1.96 2.808B 2.03 0.92 16.36 0.118 3.500 30.80 28.29 7.76 2.06 2.60
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Table 3.30Hydrochemical Parameters and Nutrients (Neap Tide)
High Tide
Stations PO4 NO2-N Silicate
NH3-N NO3-N Temp.
Salinity
pH Alkalinity
D.O. (ml/l)
(μmol.dm-3) (oC) (*10-3) (meq.l-1) (ml.l-
1)1S 0.52 0.78 37.05 - 4.350 33.56 26.01 7.73 1.62 2.721B 0.52 0.67 38.98 - 4.950 33.80 27.21 7.68 1.66 2.692S 0.76 0.61 34.17 2.194 5.030 - 26.88 7.68 1.88 2.693S 0.61 0.69 33.20 - 3.500 33.20 27.22 7.62 1.79 2.493B 0.47 0.76 27.91 0.593 4.300 33.20 27.92 7.49 1.74 2.584S 0.66 0.67 30.32 - 6.760 33.90 28.99 7.73 1.74 2.755S 0.61 0.71 33.68 - 3.540 33.60 29.35 7.31 1.86 2.865B 0.57 0.69 41.86 - 4.020 33.75 30.76 7.46 1.92 2.366S 0.47 0.78 22.14 0.178 3.782 33.86 29.35 7.57 1.93 2.587S 0.66 0.73 18.29 0.415 4.506 32.83 30.42 7.74 2.08 2.407B 0.80 0.80 39.94 0.118 4.465 33.92 31.47 7.80 1.97 2.408S 0.66 0.52 14.92 0.178 1.850 32.50 30.7 7.55 2.06 2.698B 0.76 0.69 25.02 0.178 2.494 32.83 30.85 7.59 2.08 2.72
Low Tide
Stations PO4 NO2-N Silicate
NH3-N NO3-N Temp.
Salinity
pH Alkalinity
D.O. (ml/l)
(μmol.dm-3) (oC) (*10-3) (meq.l-1) (ml.l-
1)1S 1.09 0.15 26.95 1.838 10.98 33.80 25.79 7.35 1.54 2.501B 1.09 0.34 37.05 - 8.81 33.33 26.52 7.38 1.51 2.452S 0.52 0.16 27.43 0.949 1.85 - 26.01 7.84 1.61 2.383S 1.23 0.16 24.06 - 6.92 33.80 27.58 7.43 1.54 2.554S 1.51 0.29 19.73 0.059 4.75 33.90 26.88 7.69 1.68 2.794B 1.18 0.27 23.10 - 5.71 33.72 27.58 7.67 1.58 2.685S 1.37 0.19 13.95 - 3.94 - 26.01 7.59 1.70 2.835B 1.51 0.21 17.80 0.059 5.63 - 27.22 7.17 1.77 2.876S 1.46 0.21 20.21 - 3.06 33.41 26.01 7.83 1.69 2.407S 1.56 0.23 18.28 - 5.43 33.86 27.22 7.50 1.81 2.377B 1.32 0.21 10.11 0.889 9.33 33.40 28.29 7.76 1.69 2.228S 1.60 0.25 16.84 3.083 4.31 33.34 29.35 7.85 1.91 2.55
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3.4.3.2 Nutrient Elements :
Nutrients are essential for the growth of aquatic organisms. The relative
contribution of nutrients from air, land run-off and wastewater sources can
vary significantly from one ecosystem to another. Nitrogen, phosphorus and
silicon are the most essential nutrients that control the productivity in the
aquatic systems. The incorporation of these nutrients into cells, tissues and
extra cellular structures of living organisms and regeneration of these
elements in solution will impose additional mechanisms of addition, removal
and transport on the geophysical and geochemical processes.
Phosphate
Phosphate (µmol.dm-3) in the Cumbharzua canal varied from 0.57 to 0.89
(0.74) in surface waters and from 0.38 to 1.09 (0.78) in bottom waters during
high tide, whereas at low tide phosphate varied from 0.66 to 1.56 (0.83) in
surface waters and from 0.66 to 2.03 (1.13) in bottom waters at the spring tide
(Table 3.29). However, at neap tide, phosphate varied from 0.47 to 0.76
(0.62) in surface waters, and in bottom waters it varied from 0.47 to 0.8 (0.62)
during the high tide, whereas it varied from 0.52 to 1.6 (1.29) in surface waters
and from 1.09 to 1.51 (1.28) in bottom waters during low tide (Table 3.30). It is
evident from the above that phosphate concentration was high in the bottom
waters than the surface waters during the spring tide there was not much
variation in the phosphate concentration between the surface and bottom
waters during neap tide. However phosphate registered higher concentrations
during the spring high tide when compared to neap low tide.
Nitrite
Nitrite (µmol.dm-3) in the Cumbharzua canal varied from 0.42 to 0.86 (0.61) in
surface waters and from 0.42 to 0.86 (0.82) in bottom waters during high tide,
whereas at low tide phosphate varied from 0.52 to 1.01 (0.75) in surface
waters and from 0.76 to 0.94 (0.85) in bottom waters at the spring tide (Table 3.29) However, at neap tide, nitrite varied from 0.52 to 0.78 (0.69) in surface
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waters, and in bottom waters it varied from 0.67 to 0.8 (0.72) during the high
tide, whereas it varied from 0.15 to 0.29 (0.21) in surface waters and from
0.21 to 0.34 (0.26) in bottom waters during low tide (Table 3.30). It is evident
from the above that nitrite on average, was high in bottom waters during both,
spring tide and neap tide compared to surface waters. On the other hand,
nitrite showed high concentrations during high tide as compared to the low
tide. However, nitrite registered relative high concentrations in waters
collected at spring tide than neap tide during the study period.
Nitrate
Nitrate (µmol.dm-3) varied from 0.402 to 4.385 (2.57) in surface waters and
from 0.483 to 3.057 (2.05) in bottom waters during high tide, whereas at low
tide nitrate varied from 3.5 to 7.684 (4.94) in surface waters and from 3.5 to
8.17 (5.72) in bottom waters at the spring tide (Table 3.29) However, at neap
tide, nitrate varied from 1.85 to 6.76 (4.16) in surface waters, and in bottom
waters it varied from 2.49 to 4.95 (4.05) during the high tide, whereas it varied
from 1.85 to 10.98 (5.16) in surface waters and from 5.63 to 9.33 (7.50) in
bottom waters during low tide (Table 3.30). It is interesting to note that surface
waters registered relatively high average concentrations of nitrate compared
to bottom waters during high tide in both spring tide and neap tide. Whereas,
bottom waters registered relative high concentrations during low tide in both
spring and neap tides during the study period. However, it registered relative
high concentrations during spring tide collection than neap tide.
Ammonia
Ammonia (µmol.dm-3) varied from 0.6 to 0.24 (0.15) in surface waters and
from 0.06 to 0.42 (0.29) in bottom waters during high tide, whereas at low tide
ammonia varied from 0.06 to 0.29 (0.18) in surface waters and from 0.06 to
0.18 (0.12) in bottom waters at the spring tide (Table 3.29) However, at neap
tide, ammonia varied from 0.18 to 2.19 (0.74) in surface waters, and in bottom
waters it varied from 0.12 to 0.59 (0.29) during the high tide, whereas it varied
from 0.06 to 3.08 (1.48) in surface waters and from 0.06 to 0.89 (0.47) in
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bottom waters during low tide (Table 3.30). It is evident from the above that
ammonia registered average high concentrations in surface waters compared
to bottom waters during spring and neap tide collection. However, it registered
relative high concentrations during neap tide collection as compared to spring
tide collection unlike nitrate and nitrite during the study period.
Silicate
Silicate (µmol.dm-3) varied from 20.21 to 37.05 (27.0) in surface waters and
from 23.09 to 46.68 (36.49) in bottom waters during high tide, whereas at low
tide silicate varied from 12.99 to 25.98 (19.19) in surface waters and from
16.36 to 19.25 (17.42) in bottom waters at the spring tide (Table 3.29) However, at neap tide, silicate varied from 14.92 to 37.05 (27.97) in surface
waters, and in bottom waters it varied from 25.02 to 41.86 (34.74) during the
high tide, whereas silicate varied from 13.95 to 27.43 (20.9) in surface waters
and from 10.11 to 37.05 (22.0) in bottom waters during low tide (Table 3.30). It is evident from the above that bottom waters in general, registered relative
high concentrations as compared to surface waters (except during low tide at
spring tide collection) during spring and neap tides. Whereas, during spring
tide collection silicate registered average high surface values compared to
bottom waters during low tide. However, water collections made during spring
tide recorded relative high concentrations of silicate as compared to neap tide
unlike ammonia, and like nitrate, nitrite during the study period.
3.4.3.3 Metals in Water
Distribution of metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Cu, Pb) in Cumbharzua canal in waters
are presented in Tables 3.31 and 3.32.
Iron
Iron (µg/l) in the Cumbharzua canal varied from 43.05 to 89.10 (61.56) in
surface waters and from 35.90 to 89.85 (63.89) in bottom waters during high
tide, whereas at low tide iron varied from 69.55 to 87.05 (76.28) in surface
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waters and from 63.75 to 153.90 (115.89) in bottom waters at the spring tide
(Table 3.31). However, at neap tide iron varied from 61.20 to102.35 (83.60) in
surface waters, and in bottom waters it varied from 68.65 to 107.55 (88.55)
during the high tide. On the other hand, it varied from 25.15 to 49.90 (39.19) in
surface waters and from 31.00 to 34.95 (32.25) in bottom waters during low
tide (Table 3.32). It is evident from the above that iron showed higher average
concentrations in the bottom waters except during neap low tide. Also, iron
concentrations were higher during the low tide as compared to the high tide
during spring tide. Whereas, iron showed higher concentrations during the
high tide as compared to the low tide at the neap tide.
Manganese
Manganese (µg/l) in the Cumbharzua canal varied from 1.4 to 2.0 (1.60) in
surface waters and from 1.1 to 2.2 (1.70) in bottom waters during high tide,
whereas at low tide manganese varied from 0.6 to 4.15 (2.09) in surface
waters and from 0.73 to 8.25 (2.66) in bottom waters at the spring tide (Table 3.31). At neap tide manganese varied from 1.0 to 2.2 (1.53) in surface waters
and, in bottom waters it varied from 1.1 to 2.5 (1.95) during the high tide, on
the other hand, it varied from 1.05 to 6.25 (2.37) in surface waters and from
0.85 to 2.55 (1.79) in bottom waters during low tide (Table 3.32). It is evident
from the above that manganese concentration was high in bottom waters
during both, spring and neap tide except during neap low tide. Whereas at
neap tide, manganese showed higher concentrations during low tide during
the study period.
Zinc
Zinc (µg/l) in the Cumbharzua canal varied from 14.85 to 56.25 (35.04) in
surface waters and from 15.3 to 33.45 (25.88) in bottom waters during high
tide, whereas, at low tide zinc varied from 19.7 to 43.1 (30.51) in surface
waters and from 19.65 to 53.25 (34.25) in bottom waters at the spring tide
(Table 3.31). However, at neap tide zinc varied from 11.65 to 24.35 (19.09) in
surface waters, and in bottom waters it varied from 13.5 to 20.35 (18.20)
during the high tide, on the other hand, it varied from 13.4 to 38.55 (26.04) in
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surface waters and from 17.00 to 24.25 (21.60) in bottom waters during low
tide (Table 3.32). It is evident from the above that surface waters showed
higher concentrations of zinc during both spring tide and neap tide. In general,
zinc showed higher concentrations during spring tide as compared to neap
tide.
Cadmium
Cadmium (µg/l) in the Cumbharzua canal varied from 1.10 to 1.9 (1.49) in
surface waters and from 1.00 to 2.35 (1.40) in bottom waters during high tide,
whereas at low tide cadmium varied from 0.6 to 2.9 (1.20) in surface waters
and from 0.7 to 1.15 (1.00) in bottom waters at the spring tide (Table 3.31). However, at neap tide cadmium varied from 0.55 to 1.9 (1.05) in surface
waters, and in bottom waters it varied from 0.55 to 1.05 (0.84) during the high
tide. On the other hand, it varied from 0.85 to 1.15 (0.97) in surface waters
and from 0.6 to 0.85 (0.71) in bottom waters during low tide (Table 3.32). It is
evident from the above that cadmium concentrations are higher in the surface
waters during both the spring tide and neap tide. In general, cadmium showed
higher concentrations during the spring tide than the neap tide during the
study region.
Copper
Copper (µg/l) in the Cumbharzua canal varied from 7.45 to 13.9 (9.47) in
surface waters and from 5.6 to 11.95 (7.97) in bottom waters during high tide,
whereas at low tide copper varied from 6.7 to 10.35 (8.36) in surface waters
and from 7.45 to 10.55 (8.80) in bottom waters at the spring tide (Table 3.31). However, at neap tide copper varied from 5.5 to 8.05 (7.06) in surface waters,
and in bottom waters it varied from 5.6 to 7.85 (6.99) during the high tide. On
the other hand, it varied from 5.0 to 11.15 (7.42) in surface waters and from
6.6 to 7.95 (7.33) in bottom waters during low tide (Table 3.32). It is evident
from the above that the concentration of copper was higher during the spring
tide as compared to the neap tide. It is interesting to note that copper showed
relatively higher concentrations in surface waters during both spring tide and
neap tide except during spring low tide. At spring tide copper showed
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relatively higher concentrations in bottom waters compared to surface waters
during low tide.
Lead
Lead (µg/l) in the Cumbharzua canal varied from 13.85 to 21.05 (16.87) in
surface waters and from 13.3 to 20.35 (16.59) in bottom waters during high
tide, whereas at low tide lead varied from 14.45 to 17.4 (15.66) in surface
waters and from 14.45 to 21.00 (16.45) in bottom waters at the spring tide
(Table 3.31). However, at neap tide lead varied from 5.3 to 16.8 (14.15) in
surface waters and in bottom waters it varied from 12.4 to 16.7 (15.32) during
the high tide. On the other hand, it varied from 15.20 to 16.8. (15.73) in
surface waters and from 13.6 to 15.75 (14.98) in bottom waters during low tide
(Table 3.32). It is interesting to note that lead showed relatively higher
concentrations in surface waters during both spring and neap tide collection of
water except during neap high tide.
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Table 3.31
Elemental Concentration in Water (Spring Tide)
High TideStations Fe Mn Zn Cd Cu Pb
(µg/l) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom1 74.55 71.95 1.45 1.80 23.40 32.35 1.10 1.00 8.30 11.95 13.85 13.302 61.20 - 1.60 - 14.85 - 1.25 - 6.25 - 15.30 -3 62.35 86.45 1.60 2.20 27.50 15.30 1.75 1.05 7.50 7.15 16.50 16.654 89.10 59.80 1.55 1.75 27.45 20.55 1.20 1.20 7.45 5.60 17.20 16.305 58.65 89.85 1.60 2.10 56.25 33.45 1.40 1.50 13.90 8.95 18.05 16.656 55.05 - 1.40 - 38.25 - 1.70 - 12.45 - 15.85 -7 48.50 39.40 1.60 1.10 45.30 28.80 1.90 1.30 11.10 7.00 17.15 16.308 43.05 35.90 2.00 1.25 47.30 24.85 1.65 2.35 8.80 7.15 21.05 20.35
Low Tide
Stations Fe Mn Zn Cd Cu Pb
(µg/l) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom1 81.15 - 2.50 - 43.10 - 0.85 1.00 9.30 9.30 14.45 14.852 87.05 - 3.05 - 40.85 - 1.15 - 9.25 - 15.30 -3 72.45 153.30 4.15 0.73 39.50 53.25 0.90 1.00 7.15 9.25 15.85 18.004 76.30 153.90 3.25 8.25 35.80 43.40 1.15 0.70 6.75 10.55 16.50 21.005 72.75 144.65 1.30 1.65 20.35 19.65 0.90 1.10 7.90 8.80 15.25 14.456 74.75 - 0.95 - 19.70 - 0.60 - 6.70 - 14.85 -7 69.55 63.75 0.60 1.35 22.95 19.70 1.15 1.15 9.45 7.45 15.70 14.508 76.25 63.85 0.90 1.30 21.80 21.25 2.90 1.05 10.35 7.45 17.40 15.90
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Table 3.32
Elemental Concentration in Water (Neap Tide)
High Tide
Stations
Fe
Mn
Zn
Cd
Cu
Pb
(µ
g/l) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom1 61.20 68.65 1.05 1.55 18.05 18.00 1.05 0.85 6.90 5.60 15.70 16.702 63.55 - 2.20 - 11.65 - 1.00 - 5.50 - 15.75 -3 90.50 107.55 1.35 1.10 24.35 19.00 1.90 1.05 7.40 7.45 16.25 15.354 102.35 - 1.70 - 16.10 - 1.25 - 7.50 - 14.60 -5 89.85 93.45 1.05 2.20 19.95 13.50 0.70 0.95 7.85 7.85 13.15 12.406 82.90 - 1.85 - 23.75 - 1.15 - 7.80 - 5.30 -7 96.85 86.45 2.00 2.40 19.85 20.35 0.80 0.80 8.05 6.60 16.80 16.508 81.60 86.65 1.00 2.50 19.00 20.15 0.55 0.55 5.50 7.45 15.65 15.65
Low Tide
Stations Fe
Mn
Zn
Cd
Cu
Pb
(µg/l) Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom Surface Bottom1 35.25 31.45 1.25 1.30 29.80 23.60 0.85 0.70 6.40 6.75 15.65 15.752 36.45 - 1.75 - 22.05 - 0.95 - 5.30 - 15.50 -3 37.75 - 1.05 - 18.80 - 0.90 - 5.65 - 15.45 -4 49.90 31.00 6.25 0.85 31.90 17.00 1.05 0.70 8.20 7.95 16.80 15.305 41.05 34.95 1.90 2.55 29.70 21.55 1.15 0.60 7.85 8.00 15.30 13.606 25.15 - 2.65 - 13.40 0.95 5.00 - 15.20 -7 45.45 31.60 2.50 2.45 38.55 24.25 1.00 0.85 11.15 6.60 16.20 15.258 42.55 - 1.60 - 24.10 - 0.90 - 9.80 - 15.70 -
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3.4.4 BIOLOGICAL STUDY
Several ecological processes determine the distribution, abundance and
production of benthic organisms. Analysis of complex interrelationships among
the benthic organisms of estuarine waters has focused on identification of
species and their distributions within waters. Here, we have examined the
characteristics of the diversity of benthic fauna and flora that inhabit at the
study site. In the study area, there is hectic activity of barge and boat traffic to
Marmugoa harbour through the Zuari river especially during the monsoon
months due to the formation of shoals in the entrance of Aguada Bay within
the Mandovi estuary. Such activities might cause measurable quantity of
spillage of various pollutants, there by altering the water quality and
complexity of habitat of the study area.
3.4.4.1 Chlorophyll a, b, c and plant carotenoids
The data obtained on chlorophyll a, b, c and plant carotenoids for spring and
neap tide are presented in Tables 3.33 and 3.34.
Chlorophyll a
Chlorophyll a (mg/m3) in the Cumbharzua canal at spring tide varies from 1.19
to 2.84 (2.126) in surface waters and from 0.76 to 2.48 (1.23) in bottom waters
during high tide. Whereas during low tide, it varied from 2.64 to 6.21 (4.43) in
surface waters and from 2.15 to 6.26(2.31) in bottom waters (Tables 3.33). On
the other hand, at neap tide it varied from 1.891 to 6.846 (4.54) in surface
waters and from 2.234 to 5.671 (2.66) in bottom waters during high tide.
Whereas, it varied from 0.564 to 2.027(4.535) in surface waters and from
0.414 to 2.153(2.663) in bottom waters during low tide (Tables 3.34). It is
evident from the above that the chlorophyll a concentration is higher in the
surface waters when compared with the bottom waters. Chlorophyll a
recorded high average concentration during neap than during spring tide.
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Chlorophyll b
Chlorophyll b (mg/m3) in the Cumbharzua canal at spring tide varies from 0.35
to 1.79 (0.844) in surface waters and from 0.004 to 1.19 (0.175) in bottom
waters during high tide. Whereas, during low tide, it varied from 0.1 to 2.18
(0.513) in surface waters and from 0.16 to 0.95 (0.227) in bottom waters
(Table 3.33). On the other hand, at neap tide, it varied from 0.753 to 1.483
(1.028) in surface waters and from 0.829 to 4.232 (0.66) in bottom waters
during high tide. Whereas, during low tide, it varied from 0.015 to 0.221
(0.0890) in surface waters and from 0.040 to 0.352 (0.66) in bottom waters
(Table 3.34). It is evident from the above that the chlorophyll b concentration
is higher in the surface waters except during neap low tide. Whereas, during
low tide at neap tide collection of water, bottom waters registered higher
values compared to surface waters. Chlorophyll b showed high concentration
during neap high and low except at surface waters during low tide.
Chlorophyll c
Chlorophyll c (mg/m3) in the Cumbharzua canal at spring tide varies from 0.38
to 4.78 (1.797) in surface waters and from 0.18 to 1.92 (0.143) in bottom
waters during high tide. Whereas, during low tide, it varied from 0.68 to 3.48
(1.457) in surface waters and from 1.04 to 1.44 (0.641) in bottom waters
(Table 3.33). On the other hand at neap tide it varied from 1.028 to 2.148
(1.715) in surface waters and from 1.376 to 5.052 (0.174) in bottom waters
during high tide. Whereas, during low tide it varied from 0.157 to 0.398
(0.276) in surface waters and from 0.125 to 0.689 (0.174) in bottom waters
(Table 3.34). It is evident from the above that the chlorophyll c concentration
is higher in the surface waters compared to bottom waters during spring and
neap tide collections. Chlorophyll c showed high concentration during spring
high tide and neap low tide when compared to neap high tide and spring low
tide respectively.
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Plant carotenoids
Plant carotenoids (mg/m3) in the Cumbharzua canal at spring tide varies from
0.05 to 0.21 (0.143) in surface waters and from 0.06 to 0.35 (0.124) in bottom
waters during high tide. Whereas during low tide it varied from 0.03 to 0.57
(0.310) in surface waters and from 0.04 to 0.57 (0.174) in bottom waters
(Table 3.33). On the other hand, at neap tide it varied from 1.076 to 4.207
(2.772) in surface waters and from 0.569 to 3.784 (1.304) in bottom waters
during high tide. Whereas during low tide it varied from 0.448 to 1.405 (1.061)
in surface waters and it varied from 0.325 to 1.772 (0.596) in bottom waters
(Table 3.34). It is interesting to note that samples collected at neap tide
showed relative high concentration of plant carotenoids as compared to spring
tide. In general, surface values are registered as high average values
compared to bottom waters.
Table 3.33 Chlorophyll and Plant Carotenoids (Spring Tide)
High TideStations Levels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Chlorophyll-aSurface 2.152 2.05 2.75 2.805 1.365 2.84 1.194 1.859Bottom 2.476 - 2.453 1.692 1.311 - 1.1361 0.756
Chlorophyll-bSurface 0.634 0.46 0.402 1.659 0.348 1.068 0.4 1.786Bottom 0.002 - 1.194 0.0269 - 0.066 0.102 0.009
Chlorophyll-cSurface 1.238 1.045 1.092 2.538 1.423 1.89 0.376 4.779Bottom 0.592 - 1.923 0.498 0.201 - 0.386 0.176
Plant Carotenoides Surface 0.121 0.147 0.197 0.0465 0.21 0.171 0.067 0.191 Bottom 0.248 - 0.056 0.352 0.163 - 0.106 0.071
Low TideStations Levels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Chlorophyll-a Surface 2.967 4.741 2.64 5.389 5.484 6.206 2.824 5.191 Bottom - - 6.261 - 5.349 - 4.742 2.148Chlorophyll-b Surface 0.121 0.301 0.104 0.347 0.109 0.0044 0.942 2.18 Bottom - - 0.162 - 0.514 - 0.195 0.946Chlorophyll-c Surface 0.695 1.251 0.682 1.44 1.176 1.309 1.62 3.483 Bottom - - 1.278 - 1.375 - 1.036 1.442Plant Carotenoids Surface 0.299 0.334 0.191 0.395 0.479 0.568 0.19 0.026
Bottom - - 0.572 - 0.375 - 0.406 0.042
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Table 3.34
Chlorophyll and Plant Carotenoids (Neap Tide) High Tide
Stations Levels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Chlorophyll-a Surface 1.891 5.200 3.119 4.584 4.304 6.025 4.314 6.846 Bottom - - 4.195 4.344 5.671 - 2.234 4.868Chlorophyll-b Surface 0.753 0.821 1.256 0.853 1.483 1.012 0.953 1.098 Bottom - - 0.829 0.883 4.232 - 1.001 2.465Chlorophyll-c Surface 1.028 1.574 1.725 1.561 2.148 1.910 1.656 2.120 Bottom - - 1.411 1.498 5.052 - 1.376 3.655Plant Carotenoids Surface 1.076 3.293 1.451 3.206 2.201 3.946 2.803 4.207 Bottom - - 2.504 2.579 0.569 - 0.996 3.784Low Tide
Stations Levels 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Chlorophyll-a Surface 0.618 1.987 0.564 1.863 1.444 1.444 1.445 2.027 Bottom 0.414 - - 2.153 2.149 - 1.434 -Chlorophyll-b Surface 0.221 0.015 0.080 0.140 0.078 0.078 0.086 0.016 Bottom 0.063 - - 0.352 0.040 - 0.074 -Chlorophyll-c Surface 0.316 0.262 0.157 0.398 0.271 0.271 0.267 0.271 Bottom 0.125 - - 0.689 0.325 - 0.260 -Plant Carotenoids Surface 0.448 1.405 0.484 1.393 1.155 1.155 1.137 1.312 Bottom 0.325 - - 1.533 1.772 - 1.144 -
3.4.4.2 Phytoplankton Density
The data obtained on phytoplankton density for spring and neap tide are
presented in Tables 3.35 and 3.36. During spring tide, phytoplankton
population represented about six species, which included Volvox sp.,
Coscinodiscus sp., Tintinopsis sp., Bidulphia sp., Hemidiscus sp., and
Rhizosolenia sp. During high tide, the surface and bottom samples showed
the abundance of Coscinodiscus sp. (18000 and 29333) respectively. During
low tide the surface and bottom samples showed same abundance (34666) of
Coscinodiscus sp. (Table 3.35). However, during neap tide, phytoplankton
population represented about seven species, which included Volvox sp.,
Coscinodiscus sp., Tintinopsis sp., Bidulphia sp., Hemidiscus sp., Dytilum sp.
and Rhizosolenia sp. During high tide, the surface and bottom samples
showed the abundance of Coscinodiscus sp. (36000 and 24000) respectively.
During low tide the surface and bottom samples showed the abundance of
Coscinodiscus sp. (29333 and 12000) respectively (Table 3.36). It is evident
from the above data that Coscinodiscus sp. is more abundant in the study
region.
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Table 3.35
Phytoplankton Density (Spring Tide)density= no. / litreHigh Tide
Phytoplankton Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Volvox sp. Surface 5333 2666 3333 3333 6666 7333 4000 13333
Bottom 2666 - 14000 - 9333 - 10666 5333
Coscinodiscus sp. Surface 12666 5333 12000 9333 14000 1333 14000 18000
Bottom 6666 - 26666 - 29333 - 22666 15333
Tintinopsis sp. Surface - 1333 1333 - 666 666 1333 2666
Bottom 2666 - 5333 - 2000 - 5333 -
Bidulphia sp. Surface - 666 - - - - 666 -
Bottom - - - - - - - 666
Hemidiscus sp. Surface - - - - - - - -
Bottom - - - - 666 - 666 -
Rhizosolenia sp. Surface 666 - - - - - -
Bottom - - - - - - - 2000
Low Tide
Phytoplankton Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Volvox sp. Surface 1333 - 2666 2666 7333 5333 10666 5333
Bottom 5333 - - 4000 4000 - 6000 -
Coscinodiscus sp. Surface 5333 - 6666 21333 26666 34666 28000 24000
Bottom 21333 - - 30666 34666 - 14000 -
Tintinopsis sp. Surface 666 - 666 666 1333 - 666 666
Bottom 1333 - - 1333 2000 - 2000 -
Bidulphia sp. Surface - - 666 - 666 - - -
Bottom - - - - - - - -
Hemidiscus sp. Surface - - - - 666 1333 - -
Bottom - - - - - - 666 -
Rhizosolenia sp. Surface - - - - - - - 666
Bottom - - - - - - - -
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Table 3.36
Phytoplankton Density (Neap Tide)density= no. / litreHigh Tide
Phytoplankton Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Volvox sp. Surface 10666 - 5333 - 4666 8000 4666 2000
Bottom 12000 14000 2666 4000 - 2000 3333 3333
Coscinodiscus sp. Surface 36000 - - - 7333 24000 5333 6000
Bottom 16000 24000 10666 10000 - 10000 2666 866
Tintinopsis sp. Surface 1333 - - - 666 - - 1333
Bottom 5333 1333 1333 3333 - 2000 - -
Bidulphia sp. Surface - - - - - - - -
Bottom 666 - - - - - - -
Hemidiscus sp. Surface - - 4666 - - - - -
Bottom - - - - - - 4666 2666
Rhizosolenia sp. Surface 1333 - - - 1333 1333 - -
Bottom - - 3333 - - - - -
Dytilum sp. Surface - - - - - 666 - -
Bottom - - - - - - - -
Low Tide
Phytoplankton Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Volvox sp. Surface 666 3333 5333 4666 9333 7333 533 6000
Bottom - - 10000 12000 4666 - - 12000
Coscinodiscus sp. Surface 17333 14666 3333 14666 29333 16000 10666 7333
Bottom - - 10666 3333 12000 - 7333 3333
Tintinopsis sp. Surface 666 1333 - 1333 2000 666 1333 2000
Bottom - - 1333 - 1333 - - 2000
Bidulphia sp. Surface - - - - - - - -
Bottom - - - - - - - -
Hemidiscus sp. Surface - - - - 666 - - -
Bottom - - - - - - - -
Rhizosolenia sp. Surface 5333 - - - - - - -
Bottom - - - - - - - 666
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Phytoplankton Diversity
The data obtained on phytoplankton diversity for spring and neap tide are
presented in Tables 3.37 and 3.38. During spring tide the surface samples
showed variation from 0.63 to 0.79 and bottom samples showed variation from
0.65 to 0.78 for the high tide collections. Whereas, during low tide the surface
samples showed variations from 0.43 to 0.73 and bottom samples showed
variations from 0.60 to 0.71 (Table 3.37). On the other hand, during neap tide
the surface samples showed variation from 0.75 to 1.15 and bottom samples
showed variation from 0.01 to 1.23 for the high tide collections. Whereas,
during the low tide collections the surface samples showed variations from
0.57 to 1.19 and bottom samples showed variations from 0.82 to 1.06 (Table 3.38). It is evident from the above that spring tide and neap tide showed
diversity of phytoplankton.
Table 3.37
Phytoplankton Diversity (Spring Tide)
Shannon- weaver index=-sum(pi)*log(pi)pi=density/total count
High Tide Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Shannon-Weaver Index Surface 0.629 - 0.792 - 0.767 0.644 0.722 0.688Shannon - Weaver Index Bottom 0.774 0.653 0.777 0.723 - 0.646 0.766 0.651
Low Tide Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Shannon-Weaver Index Surface 0.434 0.604 0.577 0.607 0.645 0.615 0.673 0.729Shannon - Weaver Index Bottom - - 0.68 0.665 0.654 - 0.598 0.713
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Table 3.38
Phytoplankton Diversity (Neap Tide)
High Tide Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Shannon-Weaver Index Surface 0.865 - 1.1473 - 1.093 0.8655 0.75302 1.075914Shannon - Weaver Index Bottom 0.9481 0.0114 1.065 1.146 - 1.0019 1.23192 1.120412
Low Tide Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Shannon-Weaver Index Surface 0.5675 0.907 1.095 0.914 0.848 0.8362 0.85239 1.191067Shannon-Weaver Index Bottom 0.8968 - 1.0595 1.039 0.818 - - 1.00798
3.4.4.3 Particulate organic carbon
The data obtained on Particulate organic carbon for spring and neap tide are
presented in Tables 3.39 and 3.40. Particulate organic carbon (mg/lit) in the
Cumbharzua canal at spring tide varies from 0.60 to 1.14 (0.755) in surface
waters and from 0.37 to 0.88 (0.595) in bottom waters during high tide.
Whereas, during low tide, it varied from 0.13 to 0.43 (0.247) in surface waters
and from 0.101 to 0.35(0.190) in bottom waters (Table 3.39). On the other
hand, at neap tide it varied from 0.57 to 1.12 (0.715) in surface waters and
from 0.35 to 0.85 (0.576) in bottom waters during high tide. Whereas, it varied
from 0.10 to 0.43 (0.232) in surface waters and from 0.06 to 0.40 (0.177) in
bottom waters during low tide (Table 3.40). It is evident from the above that
particulate organic carbon concentration is higher in the surface waters when
compared with the bottom waters. However, the samples collected at spring
tide show relatively higher values than samples collected at neap tide.
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Table 3.39
Particulate Organic Carbon - (Spring Tide)
High Tide (mg/lit)Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Surface 0.6 0.62 0.63 0.65 0.66 0.73 1.01 1.14Bottom 0.37 - 0.46 0.51 0.54 - 0.81 0.88
Low Tide (mg/lit)Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Surface 0.15 0.13 0.15 0.18 0.21 0.33 0.4 0.43Bottom - - 0.101 0.11 0.15 - 0.24 0.35
Table 3.40Particulate Organic Carbon - (Neap Tide)
High Tide (mg/lit)Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Surface 0.58 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.57 0.61 1.01 1.12Bottom 0.35 - 0.43 0.5 0.54 - 0.79 0.85
Low Tide (mg/lit)Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Surface 0.1 0.11 0.13 0.16 0.19 0.33 0.43 0.41Bottom 0.06 - - 0.1 0.15 - 0.4 -
3.4.4.4 Zooplankton Biomass
The wet weight data obtained on zooplankton biomass for spring and neap
tide are presented in Tables 3.41 and 3.42. At spring tide, it showed variations
from 1.9 to 2.65 during high tide and low tide collections showed variations
from 1.8 to 2.08 (Table 3.41). Where as, at neap tide the collection showed
variations from 1.81 to 1.97 during high tide and low tide collections showed
variations from 1.82 to 2.13 (Table 3.42). It is evident from the above that
samples collected during Spring tide and neap tide did not show much
variation.
Table 3.41
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Zooplankton Biomass (Spring Tide)
using wet weight method in gms
High TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Zooplankton Biomass - - - 1.9 2.6468 - - 1.912
Low TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Zooplankton Biomass 1.84 - 1.834 2.079 - - 1.9132 1.8
Table 3.42Zooplankton Biomass (Neap Tide)
using wet weight method in gms
High TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Zooplankton Biomass - 1.94 1.85 - 1.91 1.86 1.81 1.97
Low TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Zooplankton Biomass1. 87 - 2.13 1.89 1.82 - 2.03 2.03
Zooplankton Density
The data obtained on zooplankton density for spring and neap tide are
presented in Tables 3.43 and 3.44. During spring tide, zooplankton population
represented about fourteen species, which included Brachyuran larvae,
Nauplii, Psuedodiaptomus sp., Zoea, Decapoda larvae, Copepoda, Lucifer
sp., Acartia sp., Euphausids Oikopleura sp., Palaemon pacificus, Mysis,
Labidocera and Chaetognatha. During high tide, samples showed the
abundance of Brachyuran larva and Copepod. (55 and 15 respectively),
whereas during low tide the samples showed the abundance of Brachyuran
larvae and Euphausids (30 and 25 respectively) (Table 3.43). Zooplankton
species identified during Neap tide were similar to the ones identified during
Spring tide. During high tide, samples showed the abundance of Copepoda
(20) where as, during low tide the samples showed the abundance of
Copepoda and Euphausids (15 and 25 respectively). Along with these, few
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others which are abundant are Nauplii and Lucifer sp (Table 3.44). It is
evident from the above data that Copepoda is more abundant in the study
region.
Table 3.43
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Major Groups and Density of Zooplankton (Spring Tide)
density = no. /litre
High TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Brachyuran larvae - - - - 55 - 5 15Nauplii - - - - - - - 5Psuedodiaptomus sp. - - - - - - 15 -Zoea - - - - 5 - - -Decapoda larvae - - - - - - - -Copepoda - - - - 15 - 10 10Lucifer sp. - - - - 5 - - -Acartia sp. - - - - - - - 5Euphausids - - - 15 5 - - -Oikopleura sp. - - - - 10 - 5 -Palaemon pacificus - - - - - - - -Mysis - - - - 5 - - 5Labidocera - - - - - - - -Chaetognatha - - - - 5 - - -
Low TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Brachyuran larvae - - - - - - 30 5Nauplii - - - - 5 - 15 -Psuedodiaptomus sp. - - - - - - - -Zoea - - - - - - - -Decapoda larvae 5 - - - - - - 5Copepoda 10 - 5 10 - - 15 15Lucifer sp. 5 - 5 - 5 - 15 10Acartia sp. 5 - - 5 - - - -Euphausids 20 - 5 - - - 25 -Oikopleura sp. - - 5 - - - 10 -Palaemon pacificus - - 10 - - - - -Mysis - - - - - - - -Labidocera - - - - - - - -Chaetognatha - - 5 - - - - 5
Terra Firma Env. Con. Pvt. Ltd. Chapter – IIIBaseline Environmental Conditions
Table 3.44
Major Groups and Density of Zooplankton (Neap Tide)
density= no. / litre
High TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Brachyuran larvae - 15 5 - 5 5 - -Nauplii - 15 - - - - - 10Psuedodiaptomus sp. - 10 - - 5 - - 5Zoea - 5 - - - 5 - -Decapoda larvae - - - - 5 - - -Copepoda - 20 5 - - 5 -Lucifer sp. - - - 5 - 15 -Acartia sp. - 5 10 - 5 - -Euphausids - 10 5 - 5 - -Oikopleura sp. - 10 5 - 5 - 5 -Palaemon pacificus - - - - 5 - - -Mysis - 5 - - - - - -Labidocera - - - - 5 - - -Chaetognatha - - - - - - - -
Low TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Brachyuran larvae - - - - - - 30 5Nauplii - - - - 5 - 15 -Psuedodiaptomus sp. - - - - - - - -Zoea - - - - - - - -Decapoda larvae 5 - - - - - - 5Copepoda 10 - 5 10 - - 15 15Lucifer sp. 5 - 5 - 5 - 15 10Acartia sp. 5 - - 5 - - - -Euphausids 20 - 5 - - - 25 -Oikopleura sp. - - 5 - - - 10 -Palaemon pacificus - - 10 - - - - -Mysis - - - - - - - -Labidocera - - - - - - - -Chaetognatha - - 5 - - - - 5
Zooplankton Diversity
The data obtained on zooplankton diversity for spring and neap tide are
presented in Tables 3.45 and 3.46. During spring tide the samples showed
variation from 0.31 to 0.7 for high tide and 0.35 to 0.78 for low tide (Table 3.45). However, during neap tide the samples showed variation from 0.84 to
2.21 for the high tide and 0.67to 1.25 for low tide (Table 3.46). It is interesting
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to note that samples collected during neap tide showed more diversity than
spring tide.
Table 3.45
Zooplankton Diversity (Spring Tide)
Shannon- Weaver Index=-sum(pi)*log(pi)pi=density/total count
High TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Shanon-Weaver Index - - - 0.3055 0.4511 - - 0.7
Low TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Shanon-Weaver Index 0.71 - 0.6553 0.3524 - - 0.5863 0.78
Table 3.46
Zooplankton Diversity (Neap Tide)
Shanon - Weaver Index=-sum(pi)*log(pi)pi=density/total count
High TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Shanon-Weaver Index - 1.3847 1.6566 - 2.2095 0.8368 0.9031 0.853899
Low TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Shanon-Weaver Index 0.6689 - 0.6814 0.7895 0.9031 - 1.2548 1.191389
3.4.4.5 Benthic Fauna
Macrobenthic composition and density
The data obtained on macrobenthic composition and density for spring and
neap tide are presented in Tables 3.47 and 3.48. During spring tide (Tables 3.47), macrobenthic population represented about eight groups, which
included Gastropods, Bivalves, Polycheates, Isopod, Copepod, Crab, Shrimp
and Foraminifera. During high tide and low tide, samples showed the
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abundance of Gastropods (41 and 7 respectively). Similar eight species were
seen during neap tide, however, (Table 3.48) the most predominant species
during high tide and low tide are the Gastropods (196 and 84 respectively). It
is evident from the above that Gastropods are more abundant in both spring
and neap tide.
Table 3.47
Macrobenthic Composition and Density (Spring Tide)
High TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mollusca Gastropods 8 25 16 1 - 41 1 30Bivalves 2 2 - - - - 1 4
AnnelidsPolychaete worms
4 2 - 6 - - 3 2
CrustaceansIsopod - - - 4 - - - 1Copepod - - - 2 - - - 1Crab - - - - - - - 1Shrimp - - - 2 - - - -Foraminifera 1 - - - - - - -
Low TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mollusca Gastropods 2 2 4 - - - 2 7Bivalves 4 - - - - - - 6
AnnelidsPolychaete worms
1 1 1 4 - - 5 3
CrustaceansIsopod - 1 - - - - - 2Copepod 1 - 1 - - - 1 1Shrimp 1 - - 5 - - - 2
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Table 3.48
Macrobenthic Composition and Density (Neap Tide)
High TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mollusca Gastropods 123 - 8 4 36 196 - 4Bivalves 9 - 2 1 3 4 - 1
AnnelidsPolychaete worms
12 5 - 6 - 2 15 1
CrustaceansIsopod - - - 3 - - - -Copepod - - - 2 - - - 1Crab - - - - - - - 1
Low Tide
Stations1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Mollusca Gastropods 84 - 51 2 4 18 2 20Bivalves 16 1 8 - 4 30 1 18
AnnelidsPolychaete worms
25 12 7 7 9 2 - -
CrustaceansIsopod - - - - 7 - - -Copepod - - - 10 2 - - 1Shrimp - - - - 3 - 1 1
Meiobenthic composition and density
The data obtained on meiobenthic composition and density for spring and
neap tide are presented in Tables 3.49 and 3.50. During spring tide (Table 3.49), meiobenthic population represented about thirteen groups, which
included Nematodes, Polycheates, Oligocheates, kinorhyncha, Isopode,
Copepode, Amphipode, Cumacea, Ostracoda, Tardegarda, Turbullaria,
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Foraminifera and fish egg. During high tide and low tide of spring tide,
samples showed the abundance of Nematodes (528 and 640 respectively).
Similar thirteen groups were seen during Neap tide (Table 3.50), as also
Neatools were observed to be most in abundance.
Table - 3.49
Meiobenthic Composition and Density (Spring Tide)
High Tide
Stations1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Nematode 20 101 71 528 264 41 172 20Polycheate - - 61 325 101 20 122 71Oligocheate - - - 61 - - 20 -Kinorhyncha - - - 71 - - - -Isopode - - 71 61 - - - -Copepode - - - - - - 10 -Amphipode - - - 101 10 - - -Cumacea - - - 10 - - - -Ostracoda - 51 - 41 - - 10 20Tardegarde - - - - 30 - 20 -Turbullaria - - - 112 20 - 20 20Foraminifera - 41 - 183 41 51 345 20Fish egg - - - - - - 10 -
Low TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Nematode 101 173 244 640 - 71 274 71Polycheate - - 61 325 101 20 122 71Oligocheate 10 - 20 112 - - 51 -Kinorhyncha - - - 51 - - 51 -Isopode 61 51 30 20 - - - -Copepode 51 61 20 30 - - 10 -Amphipode 20 30 10 10 - - 10 -Cumacea 10 10 30 - - - - -Ostracoda 20 51 41 20 - - - -Tardegarde 10 30 - 41 - - - -Turbullaria - - - 51 - - - -Foraminifera 30 71 30 - - 10 101 41Fish egg - - 30 20 - - 20 -
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Table 3.50
Meiobenthic Composition and Density (Neap Tide)
High TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Nematode 41 105 - 20 152 51 51 71Polycheate 81 81 - 20 101 30 41 41Oligocheate - - - - 41 30 - 10Kinorhyncha - - - - - - - -Isopode 10 20 - - 10 - - -Copepode 10 20 - - - 20 - -Amphipode 10 20 - - - - - -Cumacea - - - - - - - -Ostracoda 10 10 - 20 - - - 10Tardegarde 20 10 - - - - - -Turbullaria 20 10 - - - - - -Foraminifera 41 30 - 10 10 41 30 20Fish egg 10 10 - - 10 30 - -
Low TideStations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Nematode 10 81 20 254 51 12 41 41Polycheate 20 51 40 193 51 71 213 91Oligocheate - 10 - 10 - 10 30 10Kinorhyncha - - - 10 - - - -Isopode 30 30 10 - - - 10 -Copepode - 10 10 - 10 - - -Amphipode 10 20 10 10 10 - 10 20Cumacea - - - - - 10 - -Ostracoda 30 61 41 - - - 10 -Tardegarde - - - - - - 10 -Turbullaria - - - 20 - - - -Foraminifera 41 51 41 71 132 91 41 10Fish egg 10 30 - 20 - 10 - 10
Composition and density of Benthic fish fauna
The data obtained on composition and density of Benthic fish fauna for spring
and neap tide are presented in Tables 3.51 and 3.52. During spring tide, the
fish population represented about ten groups, which includes Green-Black
Mullet, White-spotted Spine foot, Banded Etroplus, Commerson’s Glassy
Perchlet, Spotted Butter fish, Estuarine Blow fish, Short-Nose Gizard Shad,
Blue-Backed Silver-Biddy, Black Sweetlip and Prawn. Among these the most
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abundant was White-spotted Spine foot (Siganus oramin or Amphacanthus
gultatus) whose density was 21 (Table 3.51). Whereas, during neap tide, the
fish population represented about fourteen groups, which included Green-
Black Mullet, White-spotted Spine foot, Banded Etroplus, Commerson’s
Glassy Perchlet, Short-Nose Gizard Shad, Black Sweetlip, Indian Shad, Lady
fish, Short-Nosed pony fish, Bony jew fish, River cat-fish, Lophodiodon sp.,
Crab, and Prawn. Among these the most abundant was Prawn (Metapenus
sp.), whose density was 183 (Table 3.52). It is evident from the above that in
spring tide collections White-spotted Spine foot (Siganus oramin or
Amphacanthus gultatus) is abundant. The Prawn, Metapenus sp. is dominant
during neap tide collection.
Table - 3.51
Composition and Density of Benthic fish fauna (Spring Tide)
GroupDensity
Green-Black Mullet (Liza tade or Mugil tade) 7
White-spotted Spine foot (Siganus oramin or Amphacanthus gultatus) 21
Banded Etroplus (Etroplus suritensis or Chaetodon suritensis) 1
Commerson’s Glassy Perchlet (Ambassis commersoni) 1
Spotted Butter fish (Scatophagus argus or Chaetodon argus) 8
Estuarine Blow fish (Chelonodon fluviatilis or Tetrodon fluviatilis) 2
Short-Nose Gizard Shad (Anodontostoma chacunda or Clupanodon chacunda) 1
Blue-Backed Silver-Biddy (Gerres abbreviatus) 4
Black Sweetlip (Pseudopristipoma nigra or Pristipoma nigrum) 1
Prawn (Metapenus sp.) 3
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Table – 3.52
Composition and Density of Benthic fauna (Neap Tide)
Group DensityGreen-Black Mullet (Liza tade or Mugil tade) 10
White-spotted Spine foot (Siganus oramin or Amphacanthus gultatus) 2
Commerson’s Glassy Perchlet (Ambassis commersoni) 6
Short-Nose Gizard Shad (Anodontostoma chacunda or Clupanodon chacunda) 20
Black Sweet lip (Pseudopristipoma nigra or Pristipoma nigrum) 1
Indian Shad (Euplatygaster indica or Plalygaster indicum swainson) 6
Lady fish (Albula valpus linnaeus) 2
Short-Nosed pony fish (Leiognathus brevirostris orEquvla breviristris) 16
Bony jew fish (Johnius osseus or Seiaena osseus) 5
River cat-fish (Pseudaris jatius or Pimelodus jatius) 7
Lophodiodon sp.1
Crab (Scylla serrata) 2
Crab (Dorippe astute) 2
Prawn (Metapenus sp.) 183
3.4.4.6 Bacterial Population
The data obtained on Bacterial composition for neap tide is presented in
Table 3.53. The study was carried out only for neap tide. The total viable
count for the high tide varied from 55 x 106 to 287 x 106 whereas, for low tide it
varied from 15 x 106 to 73 x 106 for water samples. The total viable count for
the high tide varied from 32 x 107 to 143 x 107 whereas, for low tide it varied
from 62 x 107 to 289 x 107 for sediments samples. It is evident from the above
that during high tide the total viable count in the water samples is higher than
low tide samples. However, incase of sediment samples total viable count is
higher during low tide.
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Table - 3.53
3.4.4.7 Validatory Sampling-Summer 2007
Validatory sampling for Summer 2007 was conducted by engaging
Department of Marine Sciences, Goa University, with following objectives :
a) Objectives of the Study :
To evaluate ecological status of Cumbarjua Canal
To find whether continued effluent discharge from Syngenta has
adversely affected aquatic ecology of Canal
To find out changes in the last two years as a confirmation to the
studies carried out in 2005
b) SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The detailed scope of study is given below:
Collection of water samples from cambharjua canal during spring and
Neap tides.
Analyse sediment samples for physicochemical characteristics such as
grain size, pH, organic carbon and heavy metals like Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu,
Pb, Cd to ascertain sediment composition at the site.
Analyse surface and subsurface water samples for physics-chemical
characteristics, nutrients and heavy metals.( Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd)
Collect sediments and analyze for meiobenthic fauna (density and
diversity), macro benthic fauna (density and diversity) and benthic fish
fauna.
Analyse for microbiological activity and primary productivity, planktons
distribution (phyto and zoo planktons and density of flora and fauna in
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Bacterial Population (Neap Tide)
Total viable count for Water = no.of colonies*106/ mlTotal viable count for Sediment = no. of colonies*107 / 1gm wet weight
High Tide Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Total Viable Count Water 287 60 84 55 98 210 93 94 Sediment 140 32 62 63 143 43 33 15
Low Tide Stations 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8Total Viable Count Water 65 44 32 42 73 60 42 37 Sediment 118 286 62 107 289 63 98 121
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marine environment including shell fish, algae). From existing and
past record of commercial fishing, comment on fisheries status and
presence of fish spawning grounds etc.
Identify existence of endangered species, if any
c) Approach strategy :
To fulfill the scope of the study, four sets of collection was undertaken,
representing High Tide and Low Tide of Spring Tide and High Tide and Low
Tide of Neap Tide. Various parameters analysed are grouped under
geological, chemical and biological studies to understand various aspects of
aquatic environment under study.
d) Observations and Conclusions Summer 2007 study :
The physico-chemical parameters and metal concentration in water,
sedimentological and geo-chemical parameters of sediments and ecological
parameters of biological components studied for high and low tide
representing both spring and neap tide during Summer 2007 largely similar to
those studied during Summer 2005. This indicates that over last two years
there is not much change in any of these parameters and health of the
estuary. Further based on the range of values obtained for the various
parameters studied representing water, sediment and associated biota during
spring-high and low and also neap high and low it is stated that the study
stretch of Cumbarjua canal maintains ecologically healthier condition.
3.5 Biological Environment (Terrestrial) : (Study conducted by department of Botany, Goa University)
3.5.1 Introduction
Industrial development is an important parameter in ascertaining the growth of
a country. However, the industrial growth also comes with certain undesirable
effects on the ecology of the area. Degradation of habitats and disappearance
of vegetation are two of these visible effects. Hence, it becomes mandatory to
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analyse the flora and fauna of these habitats to monitor the effect of
industries. In the present study, a rapid one time assessment of flora in 10 km
radius around Cumbharzua canal has been undertaken with the following
objectives:
3.5.2 Objectives:
1 To list the species present in the study area.
2 To find out the vegetation types.
3 To find out the canopy cover density.
4 To compile the list of avifauna in the study area based on secondary
sources and to supplement with our observations.
3.5.3 Reconnaissance :
The toposheet shows several distinct features in the study area. Important
land forms are cultivated fields which are generally barren in summer, mud
flats often inundated with water, Kazhan lands (reclaimed areas for paddy
cultivation), lakes, mangroves, hillocks covered with vegetation (scrubs, dense
scrubs, mixed jungles with cashew), settlements and mines. The hillocks form
undulating terrain with a maximum altitude of 374 m. Some of the important
lakes with avifauna diversity are Karmali, Pilar and Syngenta (within the
industry premises).
3.5.4 METHODOLOGY
The toposheet was studied to acquaint with various features of the area. A
reconnaissance survey was conducted to evaluate the ground situation and to
channelise the resources. Subsequently study trips were carried out covering
the entire area systematically. Map of the study area and False Color
Composite (LISS III image) were used to mark the habitat and vegetation
type.
Every identified habitat / vegetation type was surveyed by taking traverses
and the plants were identified in the field and noted down. The plants that
could not be identified in the field were brought to laboratory and identified
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with the help of local flora (Rao 1985-86) and by comparing with herbarium
specimens. Even the major plants grown in the settlements were noted down.
In all these cases emphasis was laid on tree and shrub species. The
economic uses gathered in the field were supplemented with information from
secondary sources. The endemic plants were identified based on Ahmedullah
and Nayar (1986) and Nayar (1996).
The canopy cover density was carried out wherever tree strands were
available. Though it was decided to work out canopy cover density only for the
natural forest strands due to absence of virgin forests it has been extended to
tree strands that are degraded or planted with cashew or any other plant.
However, coconut and arecanut plantations were not covered for working out
the density. The traverses for canopy cover density was made along the
slopes of Kadamba plateau, Curca, Keri hills, Cuncoliem and Kundaim
plateau. Digital photographs of the canopy were shot from the forest floor
using wide angle lens, converted the images into 1 bit bitmap images and print
out of these images were used for calculating the canopy cover density. Grids
printed on OHP transparency sheets were used for calculating the canopy
cover density by counting the grids for presence or absence of canopy.
Canopy cover density is expressed in percentage.
List of avifauna of the study area was prepared based on personal chance
sightings during the field study or compiled from secondary sources.
3.5.5 OBSERVATIONS:
The study area contains several landscape elements such as rivers and
canals, lakes, swamps with stunted mangroves or without significant
vegetation, salt pans, mud flats, Kazhan lands, fields, mangroves, islands
(with one or more landscape elements within them), coconut groves, mining
areas, hillocks with various recognisable elements such as hard lateritic
barren areas, scrub vegetation, mixed forests, cashew plantations, etc. within
them. The landscape elements based on vegetation type is very difficult to
classify due to various reasons. The important reasons are: 1) the landscape
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is heterogeneous showing continuous variability in its physiognomy, 2) the
natural vegetation is not existing any more except in mangroves, 3) cashew is
planted in most of these vegetated areas, 4) the proportion of cashew or any
other cultivated plant (teak, bamboo, pineapple, coconut etc.) in these forest
areas are also uneven and 5) degradation of vegetation with mixed
plantations. However, the vegetation can be generally classified into five
types. They are: a) Mangroves, b) Scrub, c) Mixed forests (of moist deciduous
type), 4) vegetation around and within settlements and 5) Plantations.
Mangroves: The mangroves are distributed along the Mandovi, the Zuari,
Kumbharjua canal and Mapusa river. Mangroves in Chorao forms probably
the largest patch in Goa with good tree strand. This area has been declared
as Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary by the Government of Goa. Mangroves form small
to large patches throughout the water course of the study area and a lot of
variation with regard to their composition and physiognomy has been
observed. Generally mangroves are stunted and mostly composed of
Avicennia species, Acanthus ilicifolius and at times Sonneratia species if the
area is flat but experiencing tidal effects . These patches are seen along the
NH4A (on both sides a little away from the road), along the Kumbharjua canal
next to Kazhan lands, Diwar islands, Chorao etc. On the eastern side of
Mandovi river near Mayni village a pure and large strand of Sonneratia
acicularis has been observed. Presence of mangroves along the river bank as
a thin strip is a common sight in the study area. Names of plants observed in
mangroves are provided in Annexure I.
Scrub: The scrub vegetation is usually seen in the areas where generally
hard lateritic rocks were seen. A lot of variation is seen even within these
scrubs depending upon the extent of lateritic rocks and soil. In some areas
such as peaks of the Kundaim area, Kadamba plateau, Bambolim / Chimbel
area, from Marcela to Savoiverem area, Eastern side of Mandovi river along
Amona, Navelim, Mayne etc. this is very common. The important plants of
scrub vegetation are: Holarrhena pubsecens, Grewia nervosa, Memecyon
umbellatum, Ziziphus rugosa, Capparis zeylanica, Ziziphus oenoplia, Carissa
congesta etc. Where the scrub is very thick as in Western slopes of Kundaim
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hillocks towards Marcela and Banastari Acacia catechu, Mimosa intsia, Acacia
pennata are also seen. These thick scrubs are difficult to penetrate. In some
of these scrub vegetation occassional tree elements are also seen. They are
Ziziphus mauritiana, Strychnos nuxvomica, Lannea coromandelica, Caryota
urens, Bombax ceiba, Zanthoxylum rhetsa, Sterculia urens, Carallia brachiata
etc. In these situations, cashew is commonly grown and hence it is hard to
see natural thick scrub vegetation. If the hard laterite forms the substrate of
these scrubs than Cashew plantations are not common. Most of these scrub
areas have apparently disappeared in mining belt of Usgao-Bicholim though
occasional small patches are still left out. It is observed that most of these
scrubs have been degraded due to various reasons that include Cashew
cultivation, mining, industry, fire wood etc. The exhaustive list of plants
observed in scrub vegetation is given in Annexure II.
Mixed forests: This is the vegetation which is normally seen along the hill
slopes throughout and on hillocks especially between Cumbharzua canal and
Mandovi river in the Cuncoliem-Priol-Keri-Savoiverem belt. This type is moist
deciduous forest type and in toposheet this is mentioned as open mixed
jungle or dense mixed jungle. Our field studies show that there is not a single
patch which shows natural strand. They have been degraded to various
degrees. Only common thing is the presence of Cashew in every patch though
the proportion varies. Apart from Cashew, in some areas especially in Mardol-
Priol-Cuncoliem belt, pine apple is extensively grown after clearing the
undergrowth. In these patches, though tall and mature trees are present there
are no young trees or saplings, i.e. in the event of a mature tree dying there
are no young plants to fill the gap. However, these forests appear dense.
Mixed forests are mostly seen along the hill slopes and the settlements along
the periphery of these hillocks. Hence, invariably these patches have been
subjected to human interference. Heterogeneity is very high in this type of
forest in the study area due to different degrees of biotic interference and
variations in the habitat. Some settlements such as Marcel are situated on
rocky areas. The list of plants from this vegetation is given in Annexure III.
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Vegetation around settlements: The settlements appear green due to
abundant tree growth in and around settlements. In satellite imagery,
settlements give 'salt and pepper' appearance due to mixed signals of
buildings and vegetation. The tree growth in the settlements are basically
economic and ornamental plants. The important among them are: coconut,
mango, jackfruit, kokum, Spondias pinnata, teak, bamboo etc. As some
settlements are linear along the foothills the vegetation of these settlements
almost merge with the vegetation from the hillocks. However, Coconut is the
dominant plant especially in the settlements close to NH4A. The list of plants
are provided in Annexure IV.
Plantations: The word plantation has to be applied in a broader sense in the
study area. The pure plantations of coconut, cashew, mango, teak, Acacia etc.
if are seen only in small patches. Otherwise the plantations are part of the
forests or scrub jungles depending upon the type. Pure Coconut plantations
are seen especially in the settlements along the NH4A and the Mandovi banks
in interior areas. In the valleys between hillocks it is basically Arecanut and
Coconut plantations (Kulagar). In the areas around Cuncoliem the pineapple
plantations (as undergrowth of forest) is extensively seen. However, the
dominant one throughout the area is Cashew. It occupies right from leteritic
rocky hillocks to well vegetated hill slopes. Between Chorao and Mayem it
almost gives the appearance of pure plantation though it mixes with the scrub
vegetation of the rocky areas. Near Keri and in mining belts small patches of
Acacia plantations are also seen.
On the North eastern part of the study area mining industry is found
dominating. The rocky plateaus and slopes are with sparse scrub vegetation
or cashew plantations, though extensive barren rocky outcrops are also very
common. Especially in the valleys between the hillocks and mining areas
'Kulagar' system is observed.
Vegetation: The major vegetation types and landscape elements are shown
in Plate III (under Item 3.1 – Land Environment). However, small parcels that
cannot be depicted at this scale are left out.
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Several other landscape elements are also recorded from the study area that
includes lakes, salt pans, hard lateritic plateaus etc.
Endemic plants: Endemic plants are limited in number in the study area.
However, earlier studies show that most of the endemic plants in this region
are herbs and they appear only during monsoons, hence they do not appear
in the present list that is based on studies in summer. The endemic plants
recorded are:
1 Aerides maculosum Lindl.
2 Dalbergia horrida (Dennst.)
3 Ervatamia alternifolia (L.) Almeida
4 Garcinia indica Choicy
5 Holigarna arnottiana Hook. f.
6 Hydnocarpus pentandra (Buch.-Ham.) Oken
7 Ixora brachiata Roxb.
8 Jasminum malabaricum Wt.
9 Litsea ghatica Saldhana
10 Mackenziea integrifolia (Dalz.) Bremk.
Canopy cover density: The canopy cover density of forest observed in the
study is provided in Table 3.54.
Table 3.54
Canopy cover density of vegetation in study area
Sr. No.
Place Canopy cover
Density (Average)
Canopy Cover
Density (Range)
Comments
1 Slopes of Kadamba Plateau
81.25% 65-90% Thick vegetation in few small patches; remaining areas degraded.
2 Eastern slopes 58.2% 40-75% Extensive vegetation, but Cashew is
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Sr. No.
Place Canopy cover
Density (Average)
Canopy Cover
Density (Range)
Comments
of Kundaim plateau
grown
3 Cuncoliem 69.17% 60-75% Lofty trees but no undergrowth due to Pineapple cultivation.
4 Keri hill slopes 60.83% 40-75% Degradation uneven; trees relatively stunted; extensive Cashew plantation.
5 Curca slopes 40% 30-50 Much degraded; extensive cashew plantations.
Avifauna: The landscape provides distinct opportunity for two types of birds: 1)
that inhabit wetlands including mud flats, mangroves and water bodies and 2)
that occupy vegetated areas. The list of avifauna of the study area is provided in
Annexure V. The list is based on personal observations and secondary
sources.
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3.5.6 Comments:1 There is no 'virgin' vegetation in the area except mangroves.
2 Mangroves form a prominent type of vegetation though the number of
species is limited.
3 Other major types of vegetation are scrubs and mixed forests and both of
them are often planted with Cashew, though bamboo brakes, mango etc.
are uncommon.
4 Pine apple plantation and Kulagars are also common in the area.
5 Only ten species of endemics are recorded in monsoon (mostly herbs).
No species of endemic plants are recorded in summer studies.
3.6 Socio Economic Environment :
The area within ten km of the site is part of North Goa District of Goa &
comprises parts of three Talukas viz. Tiswadi, Bicholim & Ponda. There are 9
villages in Tiswadi , 7 in Bicholim & 12 in Ponda Taluka. The entire study area is
in rural setting. Population statistics for villages in ten km radius is presented in
Table 3.55 below. The findings from the same are given below.
The area in the near vicinity of the site (1 km) around the site/comprises
village/hamlets of Dhulape, Ilhas, Corlim & Cumbharjua.
The total population in ten km study zone is 109316 of which 56095 are
males & 53243 female
Population has high literacy rate (75%)
Occupation pattern for workers working in various villages is presented in Table 3.56 from this it can be seen that most of the people residing in the area are
engaged in different occupations, trades, mining etc (77%) with a low percentage
dependant on Agriculture / cultivation (18%). Percentage of non-workers is also
very high.
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Table 3.55
Demographic Profile of Study Area
Name of Village No. of Houses
POPULATIONTotal Male Female SC ST Literate
TISWADI TALUKAChorao 1162 5345 2647 2698 117 -- 4244Jua (St. Estevam)
1039 4122 1858 2264 12 -- 3418
Corlim 1101 4806 2522 2284 47 -- 3528Karmali 1025 4948 2410 2538 28 -- 3346Goa Velha 1185 5395 2868 2527 62 2 4101Mercurim 1268 5950 2957 2993 31 -- 4257Cumbharjua 925 4497 2297 2200 34 -- 3441Cotombi 197 904 495 409 14 -- 1788Naveli 484 2453 1259 1194 3 -- 685BICHOLIM TALUKASarvona 416 2075 1071 1004 -- -- 1571Naroa 390 1958 974 984 65 -- 1464Piligao 527 2695 1340 1355 45 -- 1999Carapur 1090 5339 2676 2663 119 -- 4041Cudnem 656 3243 1679 1584 54 -- 2396Amonem 731 3452 1922 1530 143 -- 2565Surla 988 4943 2558 2387 14 -- 3646PONDA TALUKACandola 890 4210 2161 2049 14 -- 3154Orgaon 1021 4436 2209 2227 34 -- 3537Betqui 309 1646 833 813 63 -- 1172Valvai 350 1753 892 861 -- -- 1400Savoi Veren 651 3205 1641 1564 10 -- 2363Boma 561 2745 1485 1260 5 4 1950Querim 677 3465 1769 1696 52 -- 2399Cundaim 826 3970 2050 1920 71 -- 3030Velinga 374 1930 1003 927 12 -- 1503Marcaim 1196 6208 3169 3039 38 -- 4510Bandora 2491 12267 6641 5626 224 -- 8611Tivarem 272 1356 709 647 9 -- 1091Note : Based on 2001 Census
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Table 3.56
Occupational Pattern in Study Area
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Name of Village WORKERS
TotalWorkers
AL CL HHI. Others Non Workers
TISWADI TALUKAChorao 1889 179 279 60 1371 3456Jua (St. Estevam) 1020 13 25 22 960 3102Corlim 1815 70 81 56 1608 2991Karmali 1791 275 82 69 1365 3157Goa Velha 1763 34 60 32 1637 3632Mercurim 2082 214 371 77 1420 3868Cumbharjua 1763 115 290 62 1296 2734Cotombi 922 11 90 9 13 1531Naveli 337 0 14 2 170 567BICHOLIM TALUKASarvona 766 29 87 23 627 1309Naroa 768 181 156 26 405 1190Piligao 1223 187 328 28 680 1472Carapur 1891 143 149 161 1438 3448Cudnem 1241 43 199 56 943 2002Amonem 1525 24 137 30 1334 1926Surla 1917 107 281 14 1515 3026PONDA TALUKACandola 1717 162 168 20 1367 2493Orgaon 1821 72 102 50 1597 2615Betqui 561 56 102 15 388 1085Valvai 650 51 40 29 530 1103Savoi Veren 1497 105 109 8 1275 1708Boma 1264 87 177 17 983 1481Querim 1723 14 28 53 1628 1742Cundaim 1738 192 333 36 1177 2232Velinga 827 134 84 40 569 1103Marcaim 2687 580 276 52 1779 3521Bandora 5238 423 158 209 4448 7029Tivarem 401 4 68 4 325 955AL : Agricultural HHL : HouseholdCL : Cultivation