CHAPTER III REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE...

CHAPTER III

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

3.1 Studies on Factors Affecting Juvenile Delinquency

3.2 Studies on Behaviour Problems Shown by Juvenile

Delinquents

3.3 Studies on Juvenile Delinquents and Correctional

Institutions

3.4 Studies on Comparison of Delinquents and Non-delinquents

3.5 Studies in General

Chapter III Review of Related Literature

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Review of related literature is the basis of any type of research

work. It enables the researcher to know the means of getting to the

frontiers in the field of his research. Related literature is a valuable

guide in defining the problem, recognizing its significance,

suggesting, promoting data gathering devices and selecting

appropriate study design and sources of data. It tells the researcher

what has been done and what needs to be done. The review of related

literature promotes greater understanding of the problem and its

crucial aspects and ensures the avoidance of unnecessary

duplication. According to Best (1959) “practically all human

knowledge can be found in books and libraries. Unlike other animals

they must start a new with each generation, man builds up on the

accumulated and recorded knowledge of the past.” In the field of

education, the research worker needs to acquire up-to-date

information about what has been thought and done in the particular

area from which he intends to take up a problem for research

This chapter consists of review of related literature as well as

related studies. The studies collected by the investigator concerning

the problem selected are classified into

(a) Studies on factors affecting juvenile delinquency

(b) Studies on behaviour problems shown by juvenile delinquents

(c) Studies on juvenile delinquents and correctional institutions


54

(d)The Studies on comparison of delinquents and non delinquents

and

(e) Studies in general.

3.I Studies on Factors Affecting Juvenile Delinquency

Head (1949) study showed that the high-class pupils are

socially accepted in the school situation, for they manifest, both in

speech and in action; behaviour acceptable to teachers. According to

them the social behaviour of children is related functionally to the

position their families occupy in social structure of the community.

He emphasized the importance of environment in behaviour

problems.

Burt (1949) found that 60% of the delinquent children come

from broken homes. Over-strictness and excessive punishment

imposed by parents produce antisocial traits in them.

Glueck’s (1950) study indicates that most of the delinquents

are from broken home conditions where such early training towards

the future is lacking. Most of the time, the delinquents are under

the control of personnel from correctional institutions and they are

in a punitive environment.

Fry (1952) noted that delinquents have some reasons for

their greater and longer period of frustration, anger and resentment

towards a source other than themselves.

Acchorn (1955) indicates that environment function as the


55

precipitating force for the cause of delinquency.

Eyesenck (1957, 1967, 1970) speak about genetically

inherited- characteristics of nervous system as mainly responsible

for the criminal behaviour and seeks to explain individual behaviour

in terms of extraversion, neuroticism and psychoticism.

Shanmugam and Sundari (1960) examined the personality

make up of delinquents by employing Eysenck’s classification of

personality.

Gibbsons (1961) points out that during adolescence, the boy

who identified with his mother, tend to be rebellious and engages in

committing offences.

Barker and Adams (1962) found significant differences

between girl offenders and boy offenders. According to them girls

expressed their anger in a direct manner.

Muthya and Bhaskaran (1964) have proved that delinquents

have low home adjustment.

According to Gregory (1965) the highest rate of delinquency

was found among those boys who were living only with their

mothers.

Konopka (1966) reflect the delinquent girls loneliness as well

as their overt and covert reactions against loneliness. They have

strong desire for travel and adventure which may well be another

way out of their loneliness and boredom. A few other girls suffered a


56

sense of guilt and as a result, developed a low self-concept.

Biller (1971) found that the mother’s interpretation of father,

whether he is present or absent, has an influence on the personality

development of children especially of boys.

Lemert (1972) explained how official labelling by society

might produce an increase in deviant behaviour, because the

individual’s self-concept (a psychological construct) was changed by

interaction with agents of social control (a social psychological

process) and by the stigmatization of societal labelling.

According to Copel (1973) crime, immorality and antisocial

behaviour of all sorts flourish in the slums, seems to suggest that a

substandard economic setting is the major contribution of juvenile

delinquency.

Gupta (1974) found that emotionally delinquent adolescents

are unstable and impulsive and are anxiety ridden in their

personality pattern. They showed great interest in sex and had

pessimistic out look towards life.

Patterson et al (1975) reported that aggressive children in

addition to having more difficulty with peers, tended to have greater

difficulty in mastering academic skills, learned at a slower pace, and

did not spontaneously improve without specific intervention.

Das (1975) conducted an investigation to identify the

causative factors of delinquency.


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West and Farrington (1977) reported that the most common

delinquency acts (thefts, burglaries and taking vehicles) were

associated with more marginal deviant activities such as heavy

driving, heavy gambling, reckless drinking and sexual promiscuity.

Glaser’s (1978) observation is that the delinquent doesn’t

attach much meaning to success and failure even his risky anti-

social activities. It appears that he gets more success and few

failures in his delinquent career according to his perception.

Bowlby and Bender (1978) emphasized that any severe

disturbance of parent-child relationship in infancy is bound to effect

the personality development and this may lead to delinquency.

Farrington (1979) noted that the likelihood of any act

depends on the rewards and punishments for that act in the

environment. The reinforcement system in an institution was likely

to be different from that in the outside world.

According to Hirschi (1979) the strength and quality of the

parent-child relationship is a principal factor in explaining the

occurrence of delinquent behaviour.

Shanmugam (1980) attempted to investigate a number of

psychological and social factors associated with delinquency. The

results showed that the psychological factors such as extraversion,

neuroticism, creativity, intelligence, social factors, educational level,

birth orders, etc are contributory to juvenile delinquency.


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Wilson (1980) found that lack of parental supervision of

younger teenagers is associated with delinquency.

Shankar’s (1984) study is to investigate the influence of

differences in socio-economic status, intelligence, and environment

on delinquent behaviour students.

Caixeta and Salomao (1985) analyzed data collected on the

social and psycho biocriminogenic tendencies, schooling, family life

socio-economic status, psychopathology and criminal actions of 110

female juvenile delinquents. All of them belonged to low social and

economic strata, and most had family problems. About 33%

exhibited psychopathic symptoms and had varying degrees of

mental deficiency.

Ram (1986) studied cognitive style in father absent juvenile

delinquents. The aim of the study is to investigate the relationship

between father absence and cognitive style among delinquents.

Madhumathi (1988) sought to identify personality correlates

of crime-prove behaviour. The subjects were seen to be reserved,

assertive tender minded, imaginative, showed experimenting, self-

sufficient and tense.

Jefferson (1989) examines the effects of delinquent

personality dimensions and sensation seeking in self-reported

delinquent behaviour in a sample of high school students.

Parvathi (1989) administered FVS to 30 families of alcoholic


59

and compared the results with a control group of 30 non-alcoholic

families.

Foley (1991) concludes that the family background,

educational variables, use of drugs and alcohols are the important

factors of juvenile delinquency.

Marvin (1991) reveals the influence of stepfamilies, adoptive

families, and foster homes on the evolution of delinquent behaviour.

Kalpana (1991) studied families of female delinquents, from

the institution where the samples for the present study is drawn.

She concluded that these families of female delinquents have certain

peculiar characteristics, like poor parent child relationship.

Damphousse (1992) studied common explanations for

juvenile involvement in Satanism and suggests that Satanism may

emerge from unique and common factors.

Tygart (1992) investigates the relationship between family

social status and crime or delinquency committed by the students

in a school context. Acts of school delinquency are related to school

attendance, sex and age.

Hatzichristou (1993) compared Greek individuals identified

as engaging in delinquent behaviour who had either been altered in

childhood or not maltreated. Perceived parental abuse or

psychological neglect were associated with various family and social

characteristics as well as specific Greek societal and cultural


60

factors.

Peterson (1994) studied the effect of racial, ethnic, and

cultural factors on the process of identifying and serving students

with emotional or behavioural disorders.

Preino and Peyrot (1994) investigated the effect of neglected

children on aggressive, withdrawn, and pro social behaviour.

Bischof (1995) compared the family environments of

adolescent sex offenders and violent and nonviolent juvenile

delinquents. No differences were found among three categories of

juvenile delinquents.

Daley (1995) reveals that the juvenile offenders share a

number of characteristics such as single-parent households headed

by the mother, siblings or parents who have been involved in the

legal system, the use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana at an

early age; a friend who sells drugs; high rates of suspension and

expulsion, no aspiration for higher education, early sexual activity,

and weapons ownership.

Jarveline (1995) found that 6% males acquired a criminal

record between 15 and 22 years. A higher than average delinquency

rate was found among those with lower socio-economic status

especially when combined with low intelligence. Family social

problems had a greater predisposing effect for delinquent behaviour

than mental disability.


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Paul and Arrubarreua (1995) investigated behaviour

problems in school going physically abused, neglected and non-

maltreated children.

Nick and Lauren (1996) found out that demographic shifts

increases child abuse and neglect, juvenile delinquency, crime and

violence.

David (1996) analysed the predictive validity of a

hypothesized model of 5 factors associated with the development of

juvenile delinquency evaluated with 68 children (age 6-11), who had

been referred for delinquent behaviour. Analysis reveals that about

31% variance shows delinquent behaviour.

Garry (1996) reveals that truancy may lead to dropping out of

school, may be a precursor to delinquent and criminal activity, and

places students at higher risk of being drawn in to behaviours

involving drugs, alcohol, or violence.

James (1996) has studied the influence of family

configuration of children with behaviour disorders.

Arnold (1996) found out the attitude changes of a group of

abnormal psychology students following a tour of a juvenile

correctional facility and a presentation by four of the inmates. A 25-

item semantic differential scale revealed a noticeable improvement

in the student’s attitudes towards juvenile delinquents after the

visit.


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Muralidas (1996) conducted a study of fear among boys

residing at juvenile homes. The study was mainly intended to find

out the relationship between various fear factors of inmates of

Balamandir.

Howells (1997) study explored youth violence and juvenile

justice system in United States.

Priscilla (1998) studied the effect of self-esteem training on

certain psychological variables of neglected institutionalized

adolescent girls.

Jalaja (1999) found that there is significant between family

background and delinquent behaviour. Most of the delinquents

belongs to low socio-economic statra and the inmates shows a high

aspiration about life and they possess an average level of

intelligence.

Alvardo, and Kumpfer, (2000) studied improving parenting

practices and found that the family environment is the most effective,

enduring strategy for combating juvenile delinquency.

Xiaoming, (2000) explores how the Chinese government

responded to the so called “juvenile delinquency wave” through

comprehensive strategies focused on early social - educational

intervention, work-study school, and juvenile reformatory, concludes

that Chinese approaches to delinquency may be effective even if they

have limitations.


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The major objectives of the study made by Becker (2004)

were to investigate relationship among family risk factors,

childhood fire setting and animal cruelty and adolescent

delinquency. The finding indicate that family variables increases

the likelihood of childhood fire setting and animal cruelty and that

these behaviours are related to adolescent delinquency.

Piquero (2005) study indicates that gender is one of the

strongest correlates of Juvenile Delinquency.

Roslyn (2006), examined the relationship between parental

monitoring, self-esteem, and delinquency among 95 adjudicated

Mexican American male adolescents who are on probationary status

with the juvenile justice system. Findings revealed that parental

monitoring was negatively associated with delinquency, and self

esteem positively correlated with delinquency.

Richard (2006) studied drug involvement to psychosocial

functioning among youth entering a juvenile arbitration programme.

The results indicate that drug involvement is a significant issue

among the youth studied, and is related to functioning problems in a

number of key areas of their lives.

Hehen, (2006) examined the relations among neighbourhood

structural and social characteristics, parenting practices, peer group

affiliations, and delinquency among a group of serious adolescent

offenders. The results indicate that weak neighbourhood and social


64

organization is indirectly related to delinquency through its

association with parenting behaviour and peer deviance.

3.2 Studies on Behaviour Problems Shown by Juvenile

Delinquents

Haggerty (1925) has supported the incidence of behaviour

problems of elementary school children. He found that four most

frequent behaviour difficulties were lack of interest on schoolwork,

cheating, unnecessary tiredness and lying.

Mansey (1971) has stated that delinquent is a kind of abnormality

in which the delinquent images the others to be hostile and becomes

hostile to others.

Geleered (1975) has indicated the survival value and social utility

function of aggressive behaviour. He suggests that behaviour problem

should be viewed against the total background or setting in which they

occur. Both the positive and negative aspects of behaviour problem are

taken in to account.

Sethi (1976) made a psycho-social study of delinquents with

special references to aggression. He examined the direction of

aggression in fifty-two delinquents between the ages of 11 years and 18

years. The aggressive delinquents were found to be more extra punitive

and hostile in comparison with the non-aggressive delinquents who are

intropunitive.

Kazdin et al (1987) used the term “anti-social behaviour” to


65

describe children who commit aggressive acts, steal, lie and engage in

other activities that are major social violations. Further, antisocial

children show serious dysfunctions in their interactions in and outside

home.

Hellier (1991) etiological research on the families of behaviour

disordered children suggest that an interaction of the parent and child

characteristics play a significant role in the development of child

behaviour problems.

Joseph (1995) compared the involvement of black males and

females in delinquency and examined the explanatory value of

variables drawn from three traditional theories of delinquency (social

control, structural strain, and differential association) for

understanding delinquency among blacks. Results show that only two

variables, attachment to school and delinquent companions, were

successful in explaining delinquent behaviour in this group.

David (1995) suggests the use of multi systematic therapy as a

cost- effective programme for reducing juvenile anti-social behaviour.

Ravindran and Zakkariya (1996) identified the deviant behaviour

in relation to the need and press. Their major suggestions were:- The

families of children with severe behaviour disorders and mild behaviour

disorders differ significantly. Hence the factors influencing should be

changed in a progressive direction to gain good communication clarity,

role performance and leadership.


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Jeglum (1997) distinguished two main categories of anti-social

behaviour, ‘Life–Course persistent group’ (LCP) – where anti-social

behaviour starts in early life and adolescent limited group (AL), in

which anti-social behaviour sets off during adolescence and remains

restricted to this period. The LCP group reflects a pattern of conduct

problems that starts at preschool age where oppositional and defiant

behaviour, increasing steadily over time and finally resulting in several

conduct problems during early adolescence.

Shreyas (2002) found the conduct disorders were more prevalent

among tribal children than non-tribal children. The percentage of

conduct disorder problem were more in boys than girls.

Steinberg et al. (2006) correlates the authoritative,

authoritarian, indulgent and neglectful parenting and examined a

serious of criminal offences. The sample is composed primarily of poor,

ethnic-minority youth living in urban neighbourhood.

3.3 Studies on Juvenile Delinquents and Correctional

Institutions

Mukherjee (1965) found that only one third of institutionalized

delinquents come from unbroken home setting.

Lalithamma (1966) attempted to study the personality

patterns of twenty-six institutionalized delinquents through the

Raven’s controlled Projection Test and the Drawn-a-person test. They

were found to be immature, evasive, dependant, self-centered,


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lacking in affection and worried about personal inadequacies and

unpleasant happenings.

Kassebaum (1971) studied the institutional therapies and

found no effect on recidivism.

Concord (1972) studied the perception of juvenile delinquents

in correctional Institutions. He reports that delinquents seem to be

particularly hostile to authorities who are probably perceived as

parent substitutes. The authority seems to stand in the way of

realizing their satisfaction. This creates an under current hostility.

The presence of the authority symbol becomes a barrier between the

delinquent and his goals.

The major objectives of the study done by Kumari (1985) on

the inmates of correctional institution were

1. To find out the factors responsible for juvenile delinquency and

their analysis

2. Evaluate correctional measures followed in the correctional

Institutions

3. Offer suggestions regarding policies and programmes being

followed in correctional Institutions.

The major findings of the study were: The majority of the

delinquents were adolescents, more delinquency cases from the

uneducated class.

Coffey and Genignani (1994) reveals that education can and


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must play a greater role in the lives of delinquents. It reduces crime,

gang membership, hopelessness, and death. If correctional education

play a more significant role leading to greater positive results, it

needs to be thoroughly reformed perhaps re-invested.

Sivaprasad (2003) conducted a study about the intervention

programmes implemented in the juvenile homes in Kerala and found

that they are effective only to a certain extent.

Watson (2004) find out systematic methods to assess the

course and incidence of treatment across Juvenile Systems in the

early stage.

David (2005) supported a school-wide behavioural support

(PBS) emphasizes the importance of using procative strategies for

defining, teaching, and supporting appropriate student behaviours.

Positive behaviour support is increasingly being used to create

positive school environment. While numerous public schools have

successfully adopted a PBS model. The purpos of this study was to

provide data on the implementation of PBS in a juvenile justice

setting.

Timmons et al. (2006) examined the effectiveness of an

evidence-based practice, multi systematic therapy, conducted in a

real world mental health setting with Juvenile Justice involved Youth

and their families.


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Ashley and Eric (2006) study the influence of pretreatment

and treatment factors on treatment retention among a multi-ethnic

simple of adolescents, the potential difference influence of pre-

treatment and treatment factors on treatment retention with each

ethnic group.

3.4 Studies on Comparison of Deliquents and Non-Delinquents

Gattling (1950) compared delinquents and normals in a given

situation by using Rozenweig’s classification system (extra punitive –

intra punitive) which consisted of jig saw type of puzzles. The results

reveal that the delinquents are characterized by a tendency to

evaluate the source of frustration on their way to attainment of goals

as external and to direct hostility out ward (extra punitive), where as

normals are blaming themselves for the non- attainment of solution

for their failure.

Mitchell (1957) studied the aspiration level of negro

delinquents, dependents and public school boys. The results reveal

that the aspiration height of the delinquents are significantly lower

than dependents and public school boys.

Reckless et. al. (1957) when distinguishing the potential

delinquent from the non-delinquent have stressed that the

appropriate concept of self is the basic component that steers the

person away from or towards delinquency.


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Barker and Adams (1962) found significant differences

between girl offenders and boy offenders. According to them girls

expressed their anger in a direct manner.

Shanmugam and Govindarajan (1967) show that the

delinquents have low level of aspiration and low level of achievement.

Vedder and Somerville (1970) compared female delinquency

with male delinquency. Male delinquency is largely dealt with

stealing, assault and robbery. Female delinquency is largely sexual

delinquency and running away. The juvenile male delinquent tends to

hurt others, while the female delinquent tends to hurt herself.

Further the dependency needs of the girls are much greater than boys

and the process of adjudication is often more traumatic.

Bandura and Walters (1977) in their study of comparing

delinquent boys with non-delinquent boys found that parents of

delinquents boys show rejection and lack of affection. The fathers of

delinquent boys used harsh physical punishment and ridicule to

discipline their offsprings.

Shanmughan (1980) conducted an investigation into the

psychological factors underlying juvenile delinquency. The sample

consisted of 150 institutionalized delinquents and 150 non-

delinquents studying in corporation schools of Madras.

Sahney (1984) conducted a study on the relationship between

delinquents and non-delinquents in personality adjustment. The


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major objectives of the study were:-

(1) To find out difference between delinquent and non-

delinquent boys in relation to psycholicism, extroversion and

introversion.

(2) To find out the extent to which the delinquents

differed from non-delinquents in respect of personality

characteristics.

Giordano (1986) examined characteristics of the friendships of

male and female adolescents, both black and white who varied in the

extent of their involvement in delinquent behaviour. Delinquents were

more inclined to self-disclosure and reported higher levels of conflicts

with friends.

Emler and Richer (1987) examined the degree of group

involvement in delinquency among 189 male and 141 female 13-

16years old. Among boys although there was wide variation in the

degree to which particular type of offences were committed alone or in

the company of others, there was no general category of offences that

was pre dominantly solitary. No individuals always offended alone. A

comparison of boys and girls were more even likely than boys to

commit offences in the company of others.

Kabur (1987) concluded that juvenile delinquents and non-

delinquents did not differ significantly in emotional adjustment, and

total adjustment. But juvenile delinquents and non-delinquent


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differed significantly in personality factors. Juvenile delinquents were

less intelligent and had less ability to handle abstract problems. They

were less controlled, tender minded, sensitive, dependent and

overprotected.

Venkatesha (1988) chose to compare delinquents and non-

delinquents in relation to intellectual level, reaction to frustration,

family size and education. Delinquency was clearly associated with

lower intelligence and larger family size and not with other factors.

Kalpana (1991) studied families of female delinquents, from the

institution where the samples for the present study is drawn. She

concluded the families of female delinquents have certain peculiar

characteristics, like poor parent child relationship.

Diaz- (1994) revealed that the delinquents scored higher than

non delinquents on factors of dogmatism, neuroticism, and criminal

propensity and lower than non delinquents on intelligence.

Neuroticism was the best predictor of delinquency for females.

Donni (1996) studied juvenile crime and victimization before

passing a curfew ordinance, and each of them applied a unique and

innovative approach to addressing both juvenile crime and youth

victimization through a curfew. Each programme includes one or

more of a set of common elements that include curfew centres,

interventions and referrals, procedures for repeat offenders,

recreation and job programmes, antidrug and antiaging programme


73

and hotlines for and follow up services and crisis interventions.

Grietens et al (2003) compared attitude towards social limits

among adolescents detained of criminal offence and non-detained

adolescents. Findings indicated significant differences between

groupes in knowledge of behavioural alterative and behavioral

intentions

Atkins et al. (2005) studied the programmes involved in the

Juvenile Justice System. The programmes and participants were

purposefully selected to delineate coveraging and diverging

activities.

3.5 Studies in General

Healy and Bornner’s (1936) study showed that 91% of the

delinquents have clear evidence of being emotionally diverse

character.

Mill man (1966) found out that delinquents are to be more

neurotic and have greater tendency to lie.

Hamid (1972) conducted a study on ‘Aetiology’ and patterns

of delinquency among Indian children”. The study was intended to

explore two aspects of delinquency.

1. Aetiology of delinquency with reference to psychological

(environmental) conditions.

2. Personality characteristic of delinquents that would

supposedly differentiate from non-delinquents.


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According to Mirchandani (1974) the delinquents were

emotionally disturbed and they lacked self-sufficiency and depended

on others for encouragement and advice.

The major findings of the study made by Reddy (1979) were

1. Literacy was less among the delinquent children.

2. Delinquents went to school at the late age and changed their

school frequently

3. They came from crowded families

4. The literacy rate of their parents was low

5. Delinquents were extroverts and psychotics and scored higher

on criminal propensity

6. They were represented in high or low IQ groups

7. Most of them have a history of parental delinquency and

parental alcoholism

8. They had poor home conditions and poor family atmosphere

9. They had poor school records

10. Parental supervision was poor

11. The majority of them did not have health and neurological

problems

12. The majority of them were confident of managing themselves.

Raja (1983) made an enquiry in to the conditions leading to

juvenile delinquency and examined whther the existing preventive

measures were effective and adequate to reform the juveniles.


75

Selby (1985) advocated youth advocate programme (YAP) and

Community based delinquency treatment programme in Ohio.

Macdonald (1985) examined the familiar of juvenile justice

reforms.

Tais’s (1989) results show that some types of maltreatment

correlate positively with some types of delinquency.

Manzella (1991) tried to improve the basic literacy skills of

juvenile delinquents in a country jail by using relevant experiences

as the basis of learning.

Jackson (1992) examined drug use patterns among

incarcerated African juvenile delinquents and found that 90% of

participants had used some illicit mood altering substance, between

30 % and 46% reported daily use, and average age at initial use was

approximately 2 years. Alcohol use tended to precede by about five

months use of other illicit substances.

Annamma (1999) in her study concludes that there is

educational and vocational needs and problem among Juvenile

delinquents.

Lenssen, et al. (2000) discusses differences between male

and female juvenile delinquency from a behavioural and psychiatric

perspective. Causative factors associated with the development of

female juvenile delinquents include early sexual development, the

relations between behaviour and psychiatric diagnosis; the role of


76

the risk behaviours; intelligence level; and the reasons for placing

girls in detention centers.

Nessel (2001) observed the Youth for Justice, uses the power

of active learning to teach youth practical information about the

law. This unique initiative is a law-related education (LRE)

programme supported by the United States.

Wong (2001) examines the rising juvenile and youth crime in

China and recent development of Juvenile Justice; and suggested

the current delinquency control and Juvenile Justice should

gradually move toward adoption of just restorative approach.

Span (2002) identifies some of the earliest known examples of

Juvenile Justice for African, American Juvenile Delinquents in 19th

century, New York, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and raising

questions about the quality and type of rehabilitation.

Tyson (2002) examined lay explanations for Juvenile

Delinquency given by Australian Adolescence from either collectivist

or individualist cultural backgrounds. Student surveys indicated

that after controlling for socio-economic and demographic variables,

there were small differences between groups, with individualistic

teens tending to emphasize more personal explanations.

Hinton et al. (2003) examines factors contributing to

delinquency and elements of effective approaches for treating

delinquency.


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Donald (2003) analyzed delinquency referrals to family courts

in Hawaii to examine ethnic disparity in Juvenile Court processing.

Although the ethnic effects diminished when additional extra legal

and legal factors were included.

Conclusion The findings of the studies referred to above are the

representative of the studies such as factors influencing Juvenile

Delinquency, behaviour problems shown by Juvenile Delinquents,

Juvenile Delinquents and correctional institutions, comparison of

delinquents and non-delinquents, and studies in general. But the

forgoing studies which show close affinity to the present study, are

the studies related to Juvenile Delinquents and correctional

institution. This was the major inspiration and great help for the

Investigator. Related literature helped the Investigator in determining

the objectives, selecting the methods for the collection of data, and in

fixing the statistical techniques. Thus it is said “the review of the

related literature is a forerunner for the research worker and shows

the way through which the newcomer should proceed” (Good and

Scates, 1954).


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