CHAPTER - IV ANALYSIS OF THE DATA -...

CCHHAAPPTTEERR -- IIVV

AANNAALLYYSSIISS OOFF TTHHEE DDAATTAA

A) Description of the Selected Area

Thanjavur District

The Rice Bowl of Tamilnadu, the land of Bid Temple and

other exquisite temples, the Cradle of Art and Culture, Thanjavur

district has many such distinctions. It is known for its cultural

excellence and agricultural prominence.

Location and Geographical Details

The District lies between 9o 50’ and 11o25’ northern

latitude and 79o 50’ of eastern longitude. It has a geographical area

of 3396.57 sq.kms. It is bound on the north by Tiruchirapalli and

Perambalur District, on the west by Tiruchirapalli District, on the

south by Pudukottai District and on the east by Nagapattinam and

Thiruvarur District and Bay of bengal. The district is essentially a

deltaic terrian and greater part of it consists of an undulating plain

bisected by the valley of Cauvery. The climate of the district is

basically tropical and the district falls under the category of

medium and high rainfall region with annual average rainfall of

1021mm. Major part of precipitation is received through North

East Monsoon (October early December). The soils in the district

range from the alluvial in Cauvery Delta to sandy soils in coastal

areas.

Population

The total population of the district as per 2001 Census

is 22.05 lac and the decennial growth rate is 11.48%. The

population density is 605/km2, which is higher than the state

average of 371/km2. The incidence of Scheduled Caste/Tribe

population is 3.57 lacs. Out of the total working population,

agricultural labourers constitute the largest group ie.3.23 lacs,

followed by cultivator’s ie.1.90 lacs indicating excessive

occupational dependence on agriculture.

Education

Thanjavur has the prestigious Tamil University. The

Govt. Medical College and other hospital have brought advanced

and comprehensive medical acre to the people. It has also many

engineering colleges, polytechnics, Industrial Training Institutes,

Arts and Sciences colleges and has specialized training and

research institutions like Co-operative Training Institute, Teacher

Training Colleges, College of Arts and Crafts Music College, Rural

Extension Training Centre, Rice Research Centre, Coconut

Research Centre, etc. It will not be completed without a mention of

the famous Tanjore Maharaja Sarfoji’s Saraswathy Mahal Library

which is one of the few medieval libraries that exist in the world. It

is an unbounded repository of culture and inexhaustible treasure

house of knowledge.

Agriculture

Thanjavur District is the rice bowl of Tamil Nadu. As a

result, most of the people in Thanjavur District are farmers. Many

of these Farmers are tenant farmers, who work the lands of a

landlord and pay rent for their property. The district is essentially

a deltaic terrain and greater part of it consists of an undulating

plain bisected by the valley of Cauvery. The climate of the district

is basically tropical and the district falls under the category of

medium and high rainfall region with annual average rain fall 1021

mm. Major part of precipitation is received through North East

Monsoon (October to early December). The soils in the district

range from the alluvial in Cauvery Delta to sandy soils are coastal

areas.

Place of Importance

Thanjavur is home to the famous Brahadeeshwara

Temple which was built by Raja Raja Chola during the 11th century.

The Brahadeeshwara Temple, also known as the big temple, which

is one of UNESCO world Heritage sites. The temple is enclosed in

two courts, surmounted by a lofty tower and including the

exquisitely decorated shrine of subrahmanya. Among the other

historic buildings is the vijayanagar fort, which contains a palace

that was expanded by the Maratha king Serfoji II with an armory, a

Bell Towers and the Saraswathi Mahal library, which contains over

30,000 Indian and European manuscripts written on palm leaf and

paper.

Economy

Thanjavur economy is predominantly agrarian with

about 75% of work depending on agriculture. Paddy is the

principal crop which accounts for major portion of cropped area

and the other crops are Sugarcane, Banana, Pulses and Oil-seeds.

The major sources of irrigation are the canals (96%).

Cauvery, Vennar and G.A. Canal contributes to the irrigation of the

district. The Grant Anaicut built by King Karikala Chola (50 A.D-

95 AD.) testifies to the skill of South Indians in harnessing rivers

for irrigation.

The operational land holding is quite high in the district

and the average size of holding is 1.03 ha. The preponderance of

smaller holding, large nember of tenant cultivators and temple

lands resulted in low productivity of paddy in the district.

According to District Industries Centre, the district has

got 8723 SSI units, 9 medium and large scale units, 5187 cottage

industries and 7805 handicrafts units. Thanjavur is famous for its

traditional handicrafts such a Thanjavur art plates, Icon works,

pith works, musical instruments, Thanjavur paintings besides silk

weaving ( Lead Bank (I.O.B.) Report, 2002-2003)

Art and Culture

The Big Temple constructed by king Raja Raja Chola is a

standing monument of ancient architecture. The striking features

are huge Nandi carved out of a single piece of rock and the hollow

construction of owe over the sanctum. The manimandapam and

Tholkappier Tower constructed on the eve of Eighth World Tamil

Conference are also worth to be seen. The District has many holy

temples and especially, Kumbakonam is dotted with temples in and

around and the famous Mahamaham Tank.

The Trinities of Music, namely saint Thiyagarajar

Muthuswamy Dikshither and Shyama Sastri contributed richly to

the glory of carnatic music. Pandanallur and Vazhuvur schools of

Bharata Natya are known for their distinctive styles. Bhagavatha

Melas celebrated on the eve of Narasimho Jayanthi at Melattur and

Saliamangalam and associated with traditional dance and drama

events. The South Zone Arts & Culture Centre at Thanjavur

promotes various culture activities and folk arts in the district.

Transportation Infrastructure

Thanjavur is well connected with other parts of the state

by Road. Three National Highways connect Thanjavur to various

parts of the country like Thanjavur- Trichy Part of NH67 is being

which taken up for four laning project which would be followed by

Thanjavur-Nagapattinam segment. The others National Highways

project NH67 Nagapattinam-Mysore, NH45C Thanjavur – NH 45

junction (Chennai), NH 226, Thanjavur -Manamadurai and other

state Highways SH27 Thanjavur - Perambalur SH 28 Thanjavur-

Sayalkudi and SH63 Thanjavur - Kodiakkarai.

Thanjavur is one of the main Railways Junctions of

southern Railway. It is connected with Chennai (Popularly called

as mainline). It is also connected with Nagore in East and

Tiruchrappalli in the west.

In early 1990, Thanjavur was connected with Chennai

via Vayadoot Flight services, but was then dropped. Now the full –

fledged Air force Station is coming up at Thanjavur to Station the

war fighters and Sugoi Flights and is expected to include civil

services for passengers. The Thanjavur Air force Station likely

starts its operations by 2008 end.

Thanjavur Municipality

Thanjavur Municipality is one of the oldest

Municipalities in Tamilnadu which was formed in the year 1866

(9.5.1866) during the British regime. Since 9.5.1983 it is a special

Grade Municipality in Tamilnadu. Now it has the total population

of 2,19,774 (2001) and the total area is 36.31 sq.kms. It consists

of 51 wards. It has 74 Noon -meal centres, 6 Maternity wards and

6 Dispensaries in Thanjavur town. The Thanjavur District consists

of 3 Municipalities, namely, 1) Thanjavur, 2) Kumbakonam and 3)

Pattukkottai. This is the biggest municipality in Thanjavur District

and is placed in the district head quarter area. Hence all the

Government offices are situated in the Thanjavur town. (Source:

Thanjavur Municipal Office]

B) Data Analysis

The aim of the present study is to analyse the Status of

Municipal Women Sanitary Workers. Frequency and Statistical

analysis are used for making a detailed discussion of the data

collected from the 270 samples. This section will discuss the Socio-

Economic condition, Working condition and Expectation of the

Municipal Women Sanitary workers vividly.

4.1 Identification and Personal Data

Sex

All the respondents studied in this study are Females.

Age

The age factor is a matter of universal concern. The

population of the persons in the 20 years and above, is rapidly

increasing all over the world and this increase is more pronounced

in modern India. In the present study, the age of the respondents

has been divided into 3 categories below 20 years, 21-50 years and

51-60.

Table No. 4.1

Distribution of the Respondents According to Age

Sl. No. Age in years Respondents Percentage

1 Below 30 12 4

2 31 – 50 170 63

3 51 – 60 88 33

Total 270 100

Table No.4.1 Shows the distribution of the respondents

according to age. 63 percentage o6f the respondents fall in the age

group of 31-50 years, 33 percentage of the total respondents fall in

the group of 51-60 year and only 4 percentage of the respondents

fall in the age group of below 30 years. It has been reported

(Neeraja Dwivedi, 1981) that the percentage of women sanitary

workers were 23, 47, and 30 in the age group of below 30, 31-50,

50-60 years respectively. In the other study, the percentage of

sanitary workers irrespective of gender was 15, 53, 32 in below 30,

31-50, 51-60 years respectively. (Rihard and Dewhirst, 1981). The

difference in the results of these could be attibuted due to many

factors such as sample size and type of classification.

Diagram - 1

Diagram showing the Age of the Respondents

4%

63%

33%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Pe

rce

nta

ge

0-30 31-50 51-60

Age in years

Inference

Majority (63%) of the respondents fall in the age group of

31-50 years old.

Religion

Though religion is a highly personal thing, yet it has a

social aspect and social role to play. It has been a powerful agency

in society and performed many important social functions. No

society is free from the influences of religion. These religions

influence the people’s thoughts and work in many ways and are

most effective guide to human behaviour.

Table No. 4.2

Distribution of the Respondents According to the Religion

Sl.No. Religion Respondents Percentage

1 Hindu 233 87

2 Christian 37 13

Total 270 100

Table No.4.2 shows the distribution of the respondents

according to their religion. Majority (87%) of the respondents belong

to Hindus, Only 13 percentage of them belong to Christian.

Diagram - 2

Diagram showing the Religion of the Respondents

HinduChristian

Hindu

87%

Christian

13%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Pe

rce

nta

ge

Religion

Teresa Morris (1982) in her research found Majority of

the sanitary workers (92 )were belong to Hindu religion.

Caste

Among all cognitive-structural attributes, community

stands out. The age old system of institutionalized hierarchy seems

to be uniquitous in social life in India. Caste system has its own

set of values and practices such as approach, touch, inter-sitting,

inter-dinning, marriage, worship, etc.

All the respondents are Scheduled Castes.

Table No. 4.3

Distribution of the Respondents According to the Sub-Caste

Sl.No. Sub-Caste Respondents Percentage

1 Thoti 135 50

2 Parayan 60 22

3 Chakkiliyan 35 13

4 Pallan 40 15

Total 270 100


according to the community. 50 percent of the respondents are

Thoti, 22 percentage of the respondents are Parayan, and 15

percentage of the respondents are Pallan, remaining 13 percentage

of the respondents are Chakkilian.

Inference

Half (50%) of the respondents belong to Thoti

Community.

Mother Tonque

All the respondents’ Mother Tonque is Tamil.

Education

Education becomes imperative as society develops. The

cumulative experience and knowledge necessary for political,

economical, social and other development is to be passed on the

new generations, or to the people who need this knowledge. This

passing of knowledge from one to another is possible only through

education.

Table No. 4.4

Distribution of the Respondents According to the Education

Sl.No. Level of Education

Respondents Percentage

1 Illiterate 144 53

2 1-5 Std 112 41

3 6-8 Std 14 6

Total 270 100


according to the Education. 53 percentage of the respondents are

illiterate, 41 percentage have studied upto 5th standard and 6

percentage of the respondents have studied upto 6-8 standard.

Inference

More than half (53%) of the respondents are Illiterate.

Appadorai, D.A. (2001) in his study on sanitary

workers found that majority of the respondents are illiterate. It is

also found that there is a relationship between education and

employment.

Diagram - 3

Diagram showing the Educational level of the

Respondents

53%

41%

6%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Illiterate 1 to 5 Std. 6 to 8 Std.

Level of Education

Pe

nc

en

tag

e

Marital Status

As the age advances the need for security and

companionship increases. The marital status of people greatly

influences their life style. Since employed, they get married and

lead a happy life with their better half.

Table No. 4.5

Distribution of the Respondents According to Marital Status

Sl.No. Marital status Respondents Percentage

1 Married 249 92

2 Unmarried 21 8

Total 270 100


according to the marital status. A vast majority (92%) of the

respondents were married and 8 percentage of the respondents

were unmarried.

Diagram - 4

Diagram showing the Marital Status of the

Respondents

Married

92%

Unmarried

8%

Inference:

A vast majority ((92%) of the respondents are married.

Sarah Philip (1999) in her study stated that there is no

significant difference between married and unmarried respondents

with regard to the perception of overall satisfaction. Further she

states that there is no significant relationship between age and

overall satisfaction.

Table No.4.6

Distribution of the Respondents According to the

Marital Condition

Sl.No. Marital Condition


1 With Husband 151 61

2 Widows 98 39

Total 249 100


according to the marital condition. 61 percentage of the

respondents are living with their husband and 39 percentage of the

respondents are widows.

Inference:

Majority (61%) of the respondents are living with their

husband.

Table No. 4.7


Age at Marriage

Sl.No. Age at Marriage


1 Below 15 yrs 50 32

2 16 - 20 yrs 92 37

3 21 - 25 yrs 107 31

Table 249 100

Table No 4.7 Shows the distribution of the respondents

according to the age at marriage. 37 percentage of the respondents

told that they have married between the age of 16-20 years, 32

percentages of the respondents revealed that they have married

even below 15 years and 31 percentages of the respondents married

between the age of 21-25 years.

Table No. 4.8


Present Work

Sl.No. Present work Respondents Percentage

1 Street cleaner 67 25

2 Waste carrier 67 25

3 Drainage cleaner 70 26

4 Loading and un

loading the waste 66 24

Table 270 100


according to the present work. It is known that 26 percentage of

the respondents are Drainage cleaner, 25 percentage of the

respondents are Street cleaner, and another 25 percentage are

Waste carrier. Remaining 24 percentage of the respondents are

involved in loading and unloading the wastages.

Table No.4.9

Distribution of the Respondents According to the Experience

Sl.No. Experience Respondents Percentage

1 Upto 10 yrs 88 33

2 11 - 20 yrs 132 49

3 Above 21 yrs 50 18

Total 270 100


according to the experience. 49 percentages of the respondents

have 11-20 years of experience, 33 percentage of the respondents

have upto 10 years of experiences and 18 percentage of the

respondents have above 21 years of experience.

Inference:

Nearly half (49%) of the respondents have 11-20 years

experience.

4.2 Family Background

Table No. 4.10

Distribution of the Respondents According to

Type of Family

Sl.No. Type of Family


1 Nuclear family 210 78

2 Joint family 60 22

Total 270 100


according to the type of family. It is found that majority (78%) of the

respondents live in Nuclear family and 22 percentage of the

respondents live in Joint family system.

Inference:

A majority (78%) of the respondents are living in Nuclear

family system. This implies that in this region the joint family

system is slowly reducing it’s practice.

Diagram - 5

Diagram showing the Type of Family of the

Respondents

78%

22%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Perc

en

tag

e

Nuclear family Joint family

Type of Family

Table No. 4.11


Size of Family

Sl.No. Size of family Respondents Percentage

1 Small (1-3) 57 21

2 Medium (4-6) 151 56

3 Large (above 6) 62 23

Total 270 100


according to the Size of family. 56 percentage of the respondents

have medium size family (1 to 3 members), 23 percentage of the

respondents have large size family (4 to 6 members) and 18

percentage of the respondents have small size family (above 6

members)

Inference:

More than half (56%) of the respondents are living in

medium size family.

Table No. 4.12


Family Properties

Sl.No.

Family Properties

(In values)


1 No properties 90 33

2 Properties Upto the value of Rs.50,000

130 48

3 Properties of Above Rs. 50,000

50 19

Total 270 100


according to the properties. 48 percentage of the respondents have

the properties upto the value of Rs 50000, 33 percentage of the

respondents have no properties and 19 percentages of the

respondents have the value of above Rs 50000.

Inference:

Less than half (48%) of the respondents have the

properties for the value of Rs 50,000.

Family Monthly Income

Income is one of the main factors in the economic

condition of the people and this is especially so among the poor

communities. Income of the people is mainly dependent on their

occupation. In this study family monthly income is classified into 3

categories.

Table No. 4.13


Monthly Income

Sl.No. Monthly Income


1 Upto Rs.5000 156 58

2 Rs.5001 to Rs.10000

114 42

Total 270 100


according to the monthly income. 58 percentage of the respondents’

monthly income is upto Rs. 5000 and 42 percentage of the

respondents’ monthly income is between Rs.5001-10000.

Inference:

More than half (58%) of the respondents earn upto

Rs.5000 as monthly income.

Diagram - 6

Diagram showing the Monthly Income of the

Respondents

Upto

Rs.5000

58%

Rs.5001 to

Rs.10000

42%

Anant Suchitra (1999) in his study about sanitary

workers on economic Status and found that majority (90%) of the

respondents were below the poverty line.

Table No. 4.14


Debt

Sl.No. Debt Respondents Percentage

1 Yes 190 66

2 No 80 34

Total 270 100


according to the debt. 66 percentage of the respondents have debts

and 34 percentage of the respondents have no debts.

Inference:

Majority (66%) of the respondents have debts.

Table No. 4.15


Debt Details

Sl.No. Debt detail

(Rs) Respondents Percentage

1 0-50000 90 47

2 50001-100000 55 29

3 100001-

150000 45 24

Total 190 100


according to the debt. Nearly half (47 %) of the respondents those

are having debts have less than Rs. 50000 as debt amount, 29

percentage of the respondents have Rs.50001 - 100000 debt

amount and 24 percentage of the respondents have Rs.100001- to

Rs.150000 as debt amount.

Inference:

Nearly half (47%) of the respondents have less than Rs.

50,000 as debt amount.

Table No. 4.16

Distribution of the Respondents by Repaying Debts

Sl.No. Repaying

Debts Respondents Percentage

1 With in a

Week 115 58

2 With in a

Month 75 42

Total 190 100


according to the repaying debts. Those are having debts 58

percentage of the respondents are repaying their debt weekly and

42 percentage of the respondents are repaying their debt monthly.

Inference:

More than half (58%) of the respondents are repaying

their debt weekly.

Table No. 4.17


Monthly Expenditure

Sl.No. Expenditure

(Rs) Respondents Percentage

1 Upto 5000 220 81

2 Above 5000 50 19

Total 270 100


according to the expenditure. 81 percentage of the respondents are

making their expenses upto Rs. 5000 monthly and 19 percentage of

the respondents are having expenses more than Rs 5000 monthly.

Inference:

A vast majority of the (81%) of the respondents’ monthly

expenditure is upto Rs. 5000.

Diagram - 7

Diagram showing the Monthly Expenditure of the

Respondents

Upto Rs.5000Above Rs.5000

81%

19%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Perc

en

tag

e

Rupees

Savings

Savings habit and savings positions of the sanitary

workers will be explained by the following table.

Table No. 4.18


Savings Habits

Sl.No. Savings

Habits


1 Yes 210 78

2 No 60 22

Total 270 100


according to the savings. Majority (78%) of the respondents have

saving habits and 22 percentage of the respondents don’t have

savings habits.

Inference:

The majority (78%) of the respondents have savings

habits.

Table No. 4.19


Savings Details

Sl.No.

Savings

Details(monthly)

(Rs)


1 Below 500 152 73

2 501 - 1000 30 14

3 1001 - 1500 28 13

Total 210 100


according to the saving details. 73 percentage of the respondents’

have savings below Rs.500. 14 percentage of the respondents’

saving is upto Rs.501-1000 and 13 percentage of the respondents’

saving is upto Rs 1001-1500.

Inference:

The majority (73%) of the respondents have monthly

savings below Rs 500.

4.3. Life Status and Standard of Living

Table No. 4.20


Wearing Clothes

Sl.No. Cloth

Wearing level Respondents Percentage

1 Low price 150 56

2 Medium price 80 30

3 Costly price 40 14

Total 270 100


according to the cost of the clothes that wearing. 56 percentage of

the respondents are wearing low price clothes, 30 percentage of the

respondents are wearing medium price clothes and 14 percentage

of the respondents are wearing costly price clothes.

Inference:

More than half (56%) of the respondents are wearing low

price clothes.

Table No. 4.21


House Facilities

Sl.No. Facilities Respondents Percentage

1 Water facilities 40 15

2 Toilet facilities 20 7

3 Electricity

facilities 180 67

4 All facilities 30 11

Total 270 100


according to the house facilities. 67 percent age of the respondents

have electricity facilities, 15 percent age of the respondents have

water facilities, and 11 percentage of the respondents have all

facilities, only 7 percent of the respondents have toilet facilities.

Inference:

The majority (67%) of the respondents have electricity

facilities.

Table No. 4.22


Ownership of House

Sl.No. Ownership of

Houses Respondents Percentage

1 Government

Quarters 190 70

2 Rented House 30 11

3 Own House 50 19

Total 270 100


according to the Ownership of house. 70 percentage of the

respondents are living in Government Quarters, 19 percentage of

the respondents have own houses, and 11 percentage of the

respondents have rented houses.

Inference:

The majority (70%) of the respondents are living in

Government Quarters.

Diagram - 8

Diagram showing the Ownership of House of the

Respondents

19%

70%

11%

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Government

Quarters

Rented House Own House

Ownership of Houses

Perc

en

tag

e

Type of House

The economic status of any social group is some how

determined by the type of house in which they live. In this study,

the own houses are grouped into three categories. They are (i) Huts

(ii) Tiled house (iii) Concrete house.

Table No. 4.23


Type of Houses

Sl.No. Type of

Houses Respondents Percentage

1 Huts 30 60

2 Tiled house 15 30

3 Concrete

house 5 10

Total 50 100


according to the Type of house. Among the houses owned, it is

found that majority (60%) of the respondents are living in huts , 30

percentage of the respondents are living in the tiled house and only

10 percentage of the respondents are living in concrete house.

Inference:

The majority (60%) of the respondents are living in huts.

It is presumed that their economics condition is poor.

4.4. Health

Family Planning

India is the second largest populated natives of the

world. To reduce the population the family welfare programme is

introduced in India. To create awareness about small family norms,

family planning methods etc., are effectively used since most of the

sanitary workers are under poverty line the family planning scheme

is must to them hence known of the scheduled caste people of

family planning is essential.

Table No. 4.24


Family Planning

Sl.No. Family

Planning Respondents Percentage

1 Yes 210 78

2 No 60 22

Total 270 100


according to the family planning. It is found that majority (78%) of

the respondents have under gone the family planning and 22

percentage of the respondent has did not do the family planning.

Inference:

A vast majority (78%) of the respondents have under

gone the family planning.

Table No. 4.25

Distribution of the Respondents by Health Affected

Due to the Job

Sl.No.

Health

Affected due

to the job


1 Yes 207 77

2 No 63 23

Total 270 100


according to the health affected by your job. 77 percentage of the

respondents are affected by their job, 23 percentage of the

respondents does not affected by their job.

Inference

The majority (77%) of the respondents are affected by

their job.

Table No. 4.26

Distribution of the Respondents by

Habit of taking Drinks

Sl.No. Habit of

taking Drinks


1 Yes 90 33

2 No 180 67

Total 270 100


according to the Habit of taking drinks. 67 percentage of the

respondents are not taking any kind of liquor and 33 percentage of

the respondents are taking drinks.

Inference:

The majority (67%) of the respondents are not taking

any kind of liquor.

4.5 Decision Making

Table No. 4.27


Decision Making

Sl.No. Decision

Making Respondents Percentage

1 Own decision 90 34

2 Joint decision

with husband 150 56

3 Mostly by

husband

30 10

Total 270 100


according to the taking decision making. 56 percentage of the

respondents are taking joint decision by having discussion with

husband, 34 percentage of the respondents are taking own decision

and 10 percentage of respondents are decision mostly by husband.

Inference:

More than half (56%) of the respondents are taking joint

decision by having discussion with husband.

Indra Chauhan (1992) conducted a study on women

sanitary workers. According to her, for 45 percent of respondents,

decisions are mostly by taken husband, 29 percent of respondents

are taking own decision, 26 percent of the respondents are taking

joint decision by having discussion with husband.

Table No. 4.28


the Salary they spent to their Family

Sl.No. Salary to

their family Respondents Percentage

1 Yes 241 89

2 No 29 11

Total 270 100


according to the salary they spent their family. A vast majority

(89%) of the respondents use their salary for their family purpose,

where as (11%) of them don’t use their salary to family. Some

married women have to look after their parents too, when there is

nobody to look after them. In such cases, they use their salary to

their parents. And it is their responsibility to take care of their

aged parents.

Table No. 4.29

Distribution of the Respondents According to Family Members

Changed their Food Habits for Your Work

Sl.No. Food Habits Respondents Percentage

1 Yes 212 79

2 No 58 21

Total 270 100


according to the Family members changed their food habits for your

work. 79 percentage of the respondents are changed their habits

due to their work. 21 percentage of the respondents don’t changed

their food habits due to their work.

Inference:

The majority (79%) of the respondents are changed their

habits for your work.

4.6 Employment Details

Table No. 4.30


Reason for Choosing their Job

Sl.No. Reasons Respondents Percentage

1 To run the

Family 168 62

2 To increase the

family income 55 20

3 Freedom of

income 47 18

Total 270


according to the reason for choosing their job. 62 percentage of the

respondents selected this job to run the family, 20 percentage

selected this job to increase the family income and 18 percentage

were working for freedom of income. A study by Kamaraj (1997) A

vast majority of the (92%) of the respondents are selected this job

to run the family , 8 percentage of the respondents selected this job

to increase the family income.

Inference:

The majority (62%) of the respondents selected this job

to run the family.

Working Hours

The working time of the respondents is from morning

5.30 am. to 10. 30 am., and in the evening from 2.30 pm. to 5.30

pm.

Table No. 4.31


Work Load

Sl.No. Work Load Respondents Percentage

1 Yes 192 71

2 No 78 29

Total 270 100


according to the work load. 71 percentage of the respondents are

having more work load and 29 percentage of the respondents have

no work load.

Inference:

The majority (71%) of the respondents are having more

work load.

Holidays

All the Respondents told, that the “HOLIDAYS” given to

them are satisfied.

Table No. 4.32


Leave Facilities

Sl.No. Leave Facility Respondents Percentage

1 Yes 180 67

2 No 90 33

Total 270 100


according to the leave facilities. 67 percentage of the respondents

are satisfied on their leave facilities, 33 percentage of the

respondents are not satisfied on their leave facilities.

Inference:

The majority (67%) of the respondents are satisfied with

their leave facilities.

Promotion

For those who have passed VIII Standard will be

promoted when the vacancies arise.

Table No. 4.33


Helps recieved from Male Colleagues

Sl.No. Male Servant Respondents Percentage

1 Yes 193 71

2 No 77 29

Total 270 100


according to the helps received from male colleagues in the work

spot. 71 percentage of the respondents are having helps from male

colleagues and 29 percentage of the respondents do not have any

helps from them.

Inference:

The majority (71%) of the respondents get helps from

their male colleagues in the work spot.

Table No. 4.34

Distribution of the Respondents According to difference

between their Job & Male Job

Sl.No.

Difference between

Female Job & Male Job


1 Yes 85 31

2 No 185 69

Total 270 100


according to the difference between their job and male job. 69

percentage of the respondents agreed that there is difference

between their job and male job, 31 of the percentage of the

respondents answered that there is no difference between their job

& male job.

Inference:

The majority (69%) of the respondents agreed that there

is difference between their job and male job.

All the respondents have Government facilities.

Table No. 4.35


Problems in their Job

Sl.No. Problems in

their Job Respondents Percentage

1 Yes 80 30

2 No 190 70

Total 270 100


according to the problems in their job. 70 percentage of the

respondents do not have problems in their job, only 30 percentage

of the respondents have problems in their job.

Inference:

The majority (70%) of the respondents do not have any

problem in their job.

Table No. 4.36


Satisfaction in their Job

Sl.No. Satisfaction

in Job Respondents Percentage

1 Yes 105 39

2 No 165 61

Total 270 100


according to their satisfaction in their job. 61 percentage of the

respondents are not satisfied in their job, 39 percentage of the

respondents are satisfied in their job.

Diagram - 9

Diagram showing the Age Satisfaction in Job of the

Respondents

No

61%

Yes

39%

Inference:

The majority (61%) of the respondents are not satisfied

in their job.

Calman (2003) Majority (73%) of the sanitary workers

expressed dissatisfaction in their job.

All the respondents like to continue their work.

4.7 Social Attitudes

Age at Marriage

Traditionally the institution of marriage in India has had

many peculiar characteristics such as i) Minimum age at marriage

ii) Marriage by arrangement in contract to marriage by mutual

choice iii) Marriage within the sub-caste group and iv) Prohibition

in widow remarriage and divorce.

In India the age at marriage for Male 21 years and

female 18 years is considered as the average in recent years. To

know the attitudes of the sanitary workers on age at marriage, the

question “what do you think to be the proper age at marriage of

one’s Son and Daughter,” is asked to the respondents.

Table No. 4.37


Attitude on Age at Marriage

Sl.No. Opinion on Marriage Age


1 18 – 20 209 74

2 21 – 25 61 26

Total 270 100


according to the opinion on marriage age. 74 percentage of the

respondents have opined that the age for marriage is from 18-20

and 26 percentage of the respondents have the opinion of marriage

age is from 21-25.

Inference:

The majority (74%) of the respondents have the opinion

of marriage is from 18-20.

Inter Caste Marriage

Inter caste marriage is still rare in the Indian society.

To find out the inter caste marriage among the sanitary workers,

the question “Do you favour Inter-Caste Marriage? is asked and

their response is shown in the Table No.4.38

Table No. 4.38

Distribution of the Respondents According to opinion on

Inter Caste Marriage

Sl.No. Inter Caste

Marriage Respondents Percentage

1 Yes 218 81

2 No 52 19

Total 270 100

Table No. 4.38 shows the distribution of the

respondents according to the opinion on inter caste marriage. 81

percentage of the respondents accept inter caste marriage and 19

percentage are against the inter caste marriage.

Inference:

A vast majority (81%) of the respondents are accepting

in Inter caste marriage.

Widows Remarriage

The remarriage of widow was not encouraged in the

past. A widow was not allowed to remarry in order to maintain her

chastity.

The traditional attitudes towards widow remarriage have

under gone change. To study about the widows remarriage the

question, “Do you support Widow’s remarriage is asked to the

respondents and their responses are given in the table No. 38

Table No. 4.39

Distribution of the Respondents According to opinion on

Widow’s Remarriage

Sl.No. Widow’s

Remarriage Respondents Percentage

1 Yes 80 30

2 No 190 70

Total 270 100


according to the widow’s remarriage. 70 percentage of the

respondents do not like widow’s remarriage, 30 percentage of the

respondents like widow's remarriage.

Inference:

The majority (70%) of the respondents do not like the

widow’s remarriage.

Opinion on Dowry

The custom of giving presents at the time of marriage is

a universal phenomenon among all the castes in India. Dowry in

the form of property or sum of money, which a man receives from

his wife side at his marriage. To ascertain the views of the

respondents about dowry system, they are asked this question, “Do

you favour Dowry System? And their responses are explained in the

table No.39.

Table No. 4.40

Distribution of the Respondents According to their

Opinion on Dowry

Sl.No. Dowry Respondents Percentage

1 Yes 70 26

2 No 200 74

Total 270 100

Table No. 4.40 shows the distribution of the

respondents according to their opinion on dowry. 74 percentage of

the respondents revealed that they don’t get dowry and also they

don’t give dowry and 26 percentage of the respondents get dowry to

uplift their family. According to them, if the dowry is given in the

name of gift, then there is no problem.

Inference:

The majority (74%) of the respondents don’t get dowry.

4.8 Statistical Analysis

Table No. 4.41

Association between Employment and Caste of the

Respondents

Caste

S. No.

Employ ment Thoti

(n:135) Parayan (n:60)

Chakkiliyan (n:35s)

Pallan (n:40)

Total (270)

Statistical Inference

1 2 3 4

Street Cleaner Waste Carrier Drainage Cleaner Lorry Loading

& Unloading

32

(47.8%)

31 (46.3%)

31

(44.3%)

41 (62.1%)

16

(23.9%)

13 (19.4%)

20

(28.6%)

11 (16.7%)

10

(14.9%)

12 (17.9%)

8

(11.4%) 5

(7.6%)

9

(13.4%)

11 (16.4%)

11

(15.7%) 9

(13.6%)

67

(100%)

67 (100%)

70

(100%)

66 (100%)

X2 =8.531 df 9

P > 0.05 Not

Significant

Null Hypothesis:

There is no significant association between Employment

and Caste.

Table No 4.41 reveals that the calculated chi-quare

value (8.531) is not significant. Hence, the stated null hypothesis is

accepted and the research hypothesis is rejected. So, it is

concluded that there is no significant association between

Employment and Caste.

Table No. 4.42

Association between Income and Type of House they live by

the Respondents

Type of House they live

S. No. Income Huts

(n : 30) Titled (n :15)

Concrete (n;5)

Total

(50)


1 2

Upto Rs.5000 5001-10000

14(56%)

16(64%)

8(32%)

7(28%)

3(12%)

2(8%)

25(100%)

25(100%)

X2 =0.400 df =2

P > 0.05

Not Significant

Null Hypothesis:

There is no significant association between Income and

Type of House.

Table No.4.42 reveals that the calculated chi-quare



concluded that there is no significant association between Income

and Type of House.

Table No. 4.43

Association between Income and Facilities available in House

of the Respondents

Facilities available in House

S. No.

Income Water facility (n: 40)

Toilet facility (n: 20)

Electricity facility (n: 180)

All

facilities (n:30)

Total (270)

Statis tical

Inference

1 Upto

Rs.5000 23

(14.7%) 12

(7.7%) 106

(67.9%) 15

(9.6%) 156

(100%)

2 5001-10000

17 (14.9%)

8 (7%)

74 (64.9%)

15 (13.2%)

114 (100%)

X2 =8.531 df9

P 0.05

Not Significant

Null Hypothesis:


Facilities in house.

Table No. 4.43 reveals that the calculated chi-quare




and Type of facilities available in House.

Table No. 4.44

Association between Type of House of the Respondents and

Employment

Type of House

S.

No.

Employ

ment Govt

Quarters (n:190)

Rental House (n:30)

Own House (n;50)

Total (270)

Statistical

Inference

1 2 3 4

Street Cleaner Waste Carrier Drainage Cleaner Lorry Loading &

Unloading

49

(73.1%)

48 (71.6%)

52

(74.3%)

41

(62.1%)

11

(16.4%)

8 (11.9%)

4

(5.7%)

7

(10.6%)

7

(10.4%)

11 (16.4%)

14

(20%)

18

(27.3%)

67

(100%)

67 (100%)

70

(100%)

66

(100%)

X2 =9.799 df =6

P > 0.05 Not

Significant

Null Hypothesis:

There is no significant association between Type of

House and Employment.




concluded that there is no significant association between Type of

House and Employment.

Table No. 4.45

Association between Employment of the Respondents and

Educational Qualifications

Educational Qualifications

S. No.

Employ ment Illiterate

(n : 144) V

(n:112) VIII (n;14)

Total (n;270)


1

2 3 4

Street Cleaner

Waste Carrier Drainage Cleaner Lorry Loading & Unloading

36

(53.7%)

35 (52.2%)

43

(61.4%)

30 (45.5%)

28

(41.8%)

28 (41.8%)

23

(32.9%)

33 (50%)

3

(4.5%)

4 (6%) 4

(5.7%) 3

(4.5%)

67

(100%)

67 (100%)

70

(100%)

66 (100%)

X2 =4.292 df =6

P > 0.05 Not

Significant

Null Hypothesis:

There is no significant association between Employment

and Educational Qualification





employment and Educational.

Table No. 4.46

Association between Income of the Respondents and

Type of House

Type of House

S. No.

Income Govt Quarters (n : 190)

Rental House (n :30)

Own House (n;50)

Total (n;270)


1 2

Upto Rs.5000 5001-10000

112

(71.8%) 8

(68.4%)

16

(10.3%)

14 (12.3%)

28

(17.9%)

22 (19.3%)

156

(100%)

114 (100%)

X2 =0.414 df =2

P > 0.05 Not

Significant

Null Hypothesis:


Type of House.





and Type of house.

Table No. 4.47

Association between Type of House and Decision Making of the

Respondents

Decision Making

S. No.

Type of

House Own

Decision (n : 90)

Joint Decision with

Husband (n :150)

Mostly by

Husband

(n;30)

Total (n;270)


1 2

3

Govt Quarters Rented

Own

62

(32.6%)

10

(33.3%)

18 (36%)

108

(56.8%)

17

(56.7%)

25 (50%)

20

(10.5%) 3

(10%) 7

(14%)

190

(100%)

30

(100%)

50 (100%)

X2 =0.943 df =4

P > 0.05 Not

Significant

Null Hypothesis:


House and Decision Making.

Table No: 4.47 reveals that the calculated chi-quare




house and Decision making.

Table No. 4.48

Association between Type of Family and Decision Making

of the Respondents

Decision Making

S.

No.

Type of

Family

Own Decision (n : 90)

Joint Decision with

Husband (n :150)

Mostly by

Husband (n;30)

Total (n;270)

Statistical

Inference

1 2

Nuclear Family Joint Family

72

(34.3%)

18 (30%)

116

(55.2%)

34 (56.7%)

22

(10.5%) 8

(13.3%)

210

(100%)

60 (100%)

X2 =0.617 df =2

P > 0.05 Not

Significant

Null Hypothesis:


Family and Decision Making.





family and Decision Making.

Table No. 4.49

Association between Educational Qualification and Decision

Making of the Respondents

Decision Making

S. No.

Educational Qualification

Own Decision (n:90)

Joint Decision with

Husband (n:150)

Mostly by

Husband (n;30)

Total (n;270)

Statis tical

Inference

1 2 3

Illiterate V VIII

40

(27.8%)

46 (41.1%)

4

(28.6%)

86

(59.7%)

55 (49.1%)

9

(64.3%)

18

(12.5%)

11 (9.8%)

1

(7.1%)

144

(100%)

112 (100%)

14

(100%)

X2 =5.537 df =4

P > 0.05 Not

Significant

Null Hypothesis:

There is no significant association between Educational

Qualification and Decision making.





Educational Qualification and Decision making.

Table No. 4.50

Association between Caste and Decision Making of the

Respondents

Decision Making

S. No.

Caste Own Decision (n : 90)

Joint Decision with

Husband

(n :150)

Mostly by

Husband

(n;30)

Total (n;270)

Statistical

Inference

1 2 3 4

Thoti Parayan Chakkiliyan Pallan

44

(32.6%) 19

(31.7%) 11

(31.4%) 16

(40%)

77

(57%) 35

(58.3%) 21

(60%) 17

(42.5%)

14

(10.4%) 6

(10%) 3

(8.6%) 7

(17.5%)

135

(100%) 60

(100%) 35

(100%) 40

(100%)

X2 =3.938 df =6

P > 0.05 Not

Significant

Null Hypothesis:

There is no significant association between Caste and

Decision making.




concluded that there is no significant association between Caste

and Employment.

Table No. 4.51

Association between Age and Decision Making of the

Respondents

Decision Making

S. No. Age Own

Decision

(n : 90)

Joint Decision with

Husband (n :150)

Mostly by

Husband (n;30)

Total

(n;270)


1 2 3

Below 30 31-50 51-60

7(58.3%)

55(32.4%)

28(31.8%)

4(33.3%)

93(54.71%)

53(60.2%)

1(8.3%)

22(12.9%)

7(8.%)

12(100%)

170(100%)

88(100%)

X2 =5.179 df =4

P > 0.05 Not

Significant

Null Hypothesis:

There is no significant association between Age and

Decision making.




concluded that there is no significant association between Age and

Decision making.

Table No. 4.52

Association between Body Affected by Job and Drinking Habits

of the Respondents

Drinking Habits

S. No.

Body

affected by job

Yes (n : 90)

No (n : 180)

Total (n;270)


1 2

Yes No

23(36.5%)

67(32.4%)

40(63.5%)

140(67.6%)

63(100%) 207(100%)

X2 =0.373 df =1

P > 0.05

Not Significant

Null Hypothesis:

There is no significant association between Bodies

affected by job drinking habits.




concluded that there is no significant association between Body

affected by health and Drinking habits.

Table No. 4.53

Association between Income and Drinking Habits of the

Respondents

Drinking Habits

S. No. Income

Yes (n : 90)

No (n : 180)

Total (n;270)


1 2

Upto 5000 5001-10000

58(37.2%)

32(28.1%)

98(62.8%)

82(71.9%)

156(100%) 114(100%)

X2 =2.460 df =1

P > 0.05 Not

Significant

Null Hypothesis:


Drinking habits





and Drinking habits.

Table No. 4.54

Association between Saving Amount and Drinking Habits of the

Respondents

Drinking Habits

S.

No. Saving Amount Yes

(n : 72) No

(n : 138)

Total (n;270)

Statistical

Inference

1 2

3

Below 500 501-1000

1001-1500

52(34.2%)

13(43.3%)

7(25%)

100(65.8%)

17(56.7%)

21(75%)

152(100%) 30(100%)

28(100%)

X2 =2.162 df =1

P > 0.05 Not

Significant

Null Hypothesis:

There is no significant association between saving

amount and Drinking habits.




concluded that there is no significant association between Saving

and Employment.

Table No. 4.55

Association between Marital Status and Purchase of Cloth of

the Respondents

Purchase of Cloth

S.

No. Marital

Status Low

Price (n : 150)

Medium

Price (n :80)

Costly (n=40)

Total (270)

Statistical

Inference

1 2

Married Unmarried

137 (55%)

13

(61.9%)

74

(29.7%) 6

(28.6%)

38

(8.3%) 2

(9.5%)

249

(100%)

21 (100%)

X2 =0.604 df =2

P > 0.05 Not

Significant

Null Hypothesis:

There is no significant association between Marital

Status and purchase of cloth

Table No.55 reveals that the calculated chi-quare value

(0.604) is not significant. Hence, the stated null hypothesis is


concluded that there is no significant association between Marital

Status and Purchase of cloth.

Table No. 4.56

Association between Income and Purchase of Cloth of the

Respondents

Purchase of Cloth

S. No.

Income Low Price (n:150)

Medium Price (n:80)

Costly (n=40)

Total (270)


1 2

Upto 5000 5000 to 10000

89

(57.1%)

61 (53.5%)

46

(29.5%)

34 (29.8%)

21

(13.5%)

19 (16.7%)

156

(100%)

114 (100%)

X2 =0.608

df =2 P > 0.05 Not

Significant

Null Hypothesis:


Purchase of cloth.





and Purchases of cloth.

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