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Chapter IV Data Analysis and Interpretation
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Chapter –IV

Data Analysis and Interpretation

Data Analysis and Interpretation

79

CHAPTER – IV

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

CHAMARAJANAGARA DISTRICT DATA ANALYSIS

The data collected from the study area in the two districts were tabulated

broadly under five heads. The issues were drawn from the interview schedules and

were used as testing tools. The broad issues covered include general information

about the - (1) profile of elected women representatives in the Grama Panchayats, (2)

participation of the elected women representatives in social activities before becoming

a member of the Panchayat, (3) identifying the factors motivating the women to

contest in the Panchayat election, (4) analyse the problems and difficulties

experienced by the elected women representatives in relation to their role, and (5) To

study the strategies adopted by the elected women representatives in implementing

development programmes.

4.1: Profile of Elected Women Representatives in the Grama Panchayats

Table No. 4.1.1: Age of Respondents

Age of the

Respondents

(in years)

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

21-25 03 (06.7) 00(0) 02 (04.4) 02(11.1)

26-30 12 (26.7) 07 (17.9) 06 (13.3) 06(33.3)

31-35 09 (20.0) 10 (25.6) 14 (31.1) 04(22.2)

36-40 05 (11.1) 08 (20.5) 06 (13.3) 03(16.7)

41-45 05 (11.1) 00(0) 04 (08.9) 02(11.1)

46-50 06 (13.3) 04 (10.3) 06 (13.3) 01(05.6)

51-55 02 (04.4) 04 (10.3) 06 (13.3) 00(0)

56-60 03 (06.7) 01 (02.6) 00(0) 00(0)

61 -65 00(0) 05(12.8) 01 (02.2) 00(0)

Total 45(100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Mean 37.2 41.2 38.77 43

SD 9.865 11.73 9.455 6.85

Data Analysis and Interpretation

80

Table No. 4.1.1 presents the data on the age of the respondents. In

Chamarajanagara district, 26.7% of the respondents belonged to 26 to 30 years age

group, in Gundlupet 25.6% of the respondents belonged to 31 to 35 years of age

category, in Kollegal taluk 31.1% belonged to 31 to 35 years of age group, and in

Yalandur 33.3% belonged to 26 to 30 years of age group. On the whole, majority of

the respondents belonged to a young age group, that is, 26 to 35 years. The mean age

of Chamarajanagara is 37.2 (SD 9.865), the mean age of Gundlupet is 41.2

(SD11.73), the mean age of Kollegal is 38.77 (SD 9.455), and the mean age of

Yalandur is 43 (SD 6.85).

Very few percentage (Chamarajanagara 6.7%, Kollegal 4.4%, and Yelandur

11.1%) of respondents belonged to 21 to 25 years of age group. The participation of

older women is quite less. From the above data it is clear that majority of young

married women had entered local politics. In the Indian situation unmarried women

do not take an interest in joining politics due to the stereotypes associated with it.

Earlier, education and political awareness among women in the state was very low.

But now with the improvement in women‟s literacy and educational level, more

women are entering public life.

Table No. 4.1.2: Education of the Respondents

Education

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents (%)

No of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Non-Literate 19(42.2) 15(38.5) 05(11.1) 05(27.8)

Neo-Literate 01(02.2) 00(0) 12( 26.7) 03(16.7)

Pre-Primary 02(04.4) 11(28.2) 09( 20.0) 01(05.6)

Primary 06(13.3) 05(12.8) 05( 11.1) 04(22.2)

High School 13(28.9) 03(07.7) 10( 22.2) 04(22.2)

PUC 04(08.9) 02(05.1) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Degree 00(0) 03(07.7) 04(08.9) 00(0)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

81

It is evident from Table 4.1.2 that majority of the respondents are literates. Of

this 4.4% under Chamarajanagara, 28.2% under Gundlupet, 20% under Kollegal, and

5.6% under Yalandur were educated up to pre-primary level. Regarding primary

education only 13.3% in Chamarajanagara, 12.8% in Gundlupet, 11.1% in Kollegal,

and 22.2% at Yalandur have studied. Regarding high school education, 28.9% in

Chamarajanagara, 7.7% in Gundlupet, 22.2% in Kollegal, and 22.2% in Yalandur

taluk have studied upto that level. However, educational background is not the criteria

to become a Grama Panchayat member, but it is also important to be literate to attain

self-confidence. Even though the government has implemented adult education

programmes through the Grama Panchayats, a large number of panchayats members

are illiterate. It indicates the failure of the programme or unable to reach all the needy

Table No. 4.1.3: Caste/Category of the Respondents

Category

(Caste)*

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

SC 20(44.4) 08(20.5) 22(48.9) 06(33.3)

ST 06(13.3) 10(25.6) 04(08.9) 08(44.4)

Cat-1 09(20.0) 10(25.6) 02(04.4) 04(22.2)

Cat -2 A 04(08.9) 05(12.8) 02(04.4) 00(0)

Cat -2 B 00(0) 00(0) 04(08.9) 00(0)

Cat -3 A 00(0) 00(0) 04(08.9) 00(0)

Cat -3 B 01(02.2) 06(15.4) 01(02.2) 00(0)

General 05(11.1) 00(0) 06(13.3) 00(0)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

*The specific castes under SC, ST, Cat-1 to Cat-3B have been listed out in the appendix.

Table 4.1.3 provides data on the caste category of the respondents. As far as

SC representation is concerned, it is 44.4% in Chamarajanagara taluk, 20.5% in

Gundlupet, 48.9% in Kollegal, and 33.3% in Yalandur taluk. The Schedule Tribe

representation was naturally quite lesser than the Schedule Caste representation, that

is, 13.3% in Chamarajanagara, 25.6% in Gundlupet, 8.9% in Kollegal, and 44.4% in

Yalandur taluk. The General category representation was less, i.e., 11.1% in

Chamarajanagara and 13.3% in Kollegal taluk. The comparatively higher

representation of SCs and STs was probably due to the reservation of seats.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

82

Table No. 4.1.4 : Marital Status of the Respondents

Marital Status

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Married 39(86.7) 31(79.5) 43(95.6) 16(88.9)

Unmarried 02(04.4) 02(05.1) 02(04.4) 01(05.6)

Widow 04(08.9) 06(15.4) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Separated 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Divorced 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

Table 4.1.4 throws light on data on the marital status of the respondents. The

majorities of the respondents from all the four taluks were married and were living with

their husbands. The percentage was high in Kollegal taluk, that is, 95.6% followed by

88.9% in Yalandur, 86.l7% in Chamarajanagara, and 79.5% in Gundlupet taluk. The data

depicts that very few unmarried women entered local politics in all the four taluks.

Table No. 4.1.5 : Nature of Employment of the Respondents

Employment

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Daily Wages 04(08.9) 02(05.1) 09(20.0) 02(11.1)

Agricultural Labourers 01(02.2) 01(02.6) 04(08.9) 02(11.1)

Homemaker 35(77.8) 27(69.2) 32(71.1) 14(77.8)

Self- Employment 04(08.9) 07(17.9) 00(0) 00(0)

Private Job 01(02.2) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Anganavadi Helper 00(0) 02(05.1) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

It is evident from Table 4.1.5 that majority of the respondents were

homemakers (Chamarajanagara 77.8%, Gundlupet 69.2%, Kollegal 71.1%, and

Yalandur 77.8%). A few women were self- employed, i.e., 8.9% in Chamarajanagara,

and 17.9% in Gundlupet while few of the women were agricultural labourers, daily

wagers and anganwadi helpers.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

83

Table No. 4.1.6 : Annual Income of the Respondent’s Family

Annual income

of the family

(in Rs.)

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Less than 11000 19(42.2) 11(28.2) 42(93.3) 04(22.2)

11001 to 15000 15(33.3) 15(38.5) 03(06.7) 06(33.3)

15001 to 20000 05(11.1) 04(10.3) 00(0) 02(11.1)

20001 to 25000 01(02.2) 06(15.4) 00(0) 01(05.6)

25001 to 30000 01(02.2) 02(05.1) 00(0) 00(0)

30001 to 40000 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 03(16.7)

40001 to 50000 00(0) 0(02.6) 00(0) 02(11.2)

50001 to 75000 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

75001 to 100000 01(02.2) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

100001 to 200000 01(02.2) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

200001 to 300000 02(04.4) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

Table 4.1.6 presents the annual income of the family. It is evident from the

above table that majority of the respondents do not have a sound annual income

because they fall under the income range of less than Rs.11000 and Rs.11000 to

Rs.15000. Of the total sample, only 8.8% of the respondents had Rs.75001 and

above. It indicates that the representation of women from the lower economic

background was higher. A possible reason for women having an income more than

Rs.75001 is that either they are landlords or running some kind of business.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

84

Table No. 4.1.7 : Size of the Family

Number of

family

members

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Two 02(04.4) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Three 02(04.4) 03(07.7) 02(04.4) 03(16.7)

Four 11(24.4) 08(20.5) 13(28.9) 04(22.2)

Five 07(15.6) 13(33.3) 09(20.0) 04(22.2)

Six 09(20.0) 07(17.9) 17(37.8) 03(16.7)

Seven 03(06.7) 03(07.7) 02(04.4) 02(11.1)

Eight 04(08.9) 02(05.1) 00(0) 00(0)

Nine 02(04.4) 01(02.6) 02(04.4) 00(0)

Ten and above 05(11.0) 02(05.2) 00(0) 02(11.2)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

Mean 5.8 5.4 5.2 5.3

Std.devt. 3.01 5.02 8.62 4.93

From Table 4.1.7, it is clear that the majority of the respondents‟ family

member‟s ranges from four to six. Only two respondents had two members and nine

respondent‟s had ten and above members in their family, respectively. Majority of

the members were from small and medium size families.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

85

Table No. 4.1.8 : Education of Husband

Education of

Husband

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Not applicable 06(13.3) 08(20.5) 02(04.4) 02(11.1)

Non-literate 21(46.7) 06(15.4) 23(51.1) 07(38.9)

Neo-literate 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Pre-primary 04(08.9) 02(05.1) 01(02.2) 02(11.1)

Primary 03(06.7) 12(30.8) 04(08.9) 00(0)

High School 09(20.0) 08(20.5) 07(15.6) 04(22.2)

PUC 00 00 00 03(16.7)

Degree 01(02.2) 03(07.7) 08(17.8) 00

Technical education 00 00 00 00

Post Graduation 01(02.2) 00 00 00

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

The data presented in Table 4.1.8 provides information regarding the

educational qualification of the respondents‟ husbands‟. Majority of the respondents‟

husbands were non-literates - 46.7% in Chamarajanagara and Kollegal taluk, 23.1% in

Gundlupet, and 50% in Yalandur taluk; a few were graduates and only one hailing

from Chamarajanagara taluk was a post graduate.

Figure – 1 : Type Of Family

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Chamarajanagar

Gundlupet

Kollegal

Yalandur

44.4 (20) Joint

48.7 (19) Joint

46.7 (21) Joint

33.3 (06) Joint

48.9 (22) Nuclear

48.7 (19) Nuclear

53.3 (24) Nuclear

61.1 (11) Nuclear

6.7 (03) Extended

2.6 (01) Extended

0 Extended

5.6 (01) Extended

Extended

Nuclear

Joint

Data Analysis and Interpretation

86

Traditionally, India enjoyed the joint family system. Gradually the joint

family system disintegrated due to various factors and is replaced by the nuclear

family system. From the above data it is very clear that the majority of the

respondents were from a nuclear family. But it is also significant to note that the joint

family system has not totally disintegrated. It can be observed from Figure 1 that a

good percentage, i.e., (Chamarajanagara - 44.4%, Gundlupet - 48.7%, Kollegal -

46.7%, Yalandur - 33.3%) of the respondents belonged to a joint family.

4.2: The Participation of the Elected Women Representatives in Social

Activities before becoming a Member of the Grama Panchayat.

Table No. 4.2.1 : Membership in other Organizations

Prior to Grama Panchayat Membership

Membership

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Yes No Total Yes No Total Yes No Total Yes No Total

NGO

Membership

01

(2.2)

44

(97.8)

45

(100) 00

39

(100)

39

(100)

02

(4.4)

43

(95.6)

45

(100)

02

(11.1)

16

(88.9)

18

(100)

SHG

Membership

29

(64.4)

16

(35.6)

45

(100)

25

(64.1)

14

(35.19)

39

(100) 00

45

(100)

45

(100)

15

(83.3)

03

(16.7)

18

(100)

Mahila

Mandal

Membership

01

(2.2)

44

(97.8)

45

(100) 00

39

(100)

39

(100)

02

(4.4)

43

(95.6)

45

(100)

01

(5.6)

17

(94.4)

18

(100)

Temple/church

committee

Membership

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

00

(0)

39

(100)

39

(100)

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

00

(0)

18

(100)

18

(100)

SDMC

Membership

01

(2.2)

44

(97.8)

45

(100)

01

(2.6)

38

(97.4)

39

(100)

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

00

(0)

18

(100)

18

(100)

Milk dairy

Membership

01

(2.2)

44

(97.8)

45

(100)

02

(5.1)

37

(94.9)

39

(100)

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

00

(0)

18

(100)

18

(100)

The women members were asked if they had membership in other

organizations/associations prior to their Grama Panchayat membership. A majority of

the members had membership in Self Help Groups (Yalandur- 83.3%,

Chamarajanagara -64.4%, Gundlupet- 64.1 %). The data show the importance of Self

Help Groups and also their contribution in politically empowering women. But in

Kollegal taluk, no respondent had SHG membership. None of the respondents had

membership in temple/church committees. Some of the respondents had membership

in NGOs, Mahila Mandals, School Development and Management Committee

(SDMC) and Milk Dairy.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

87

4.3: Factors Motivating Women to Contest in the Panchayat Election

Table No. 4.3.1 : Motivational Factors to Contest in the Election

Sl.

No Motivation

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

N=45 N=39 N=45 N=18

Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank

1 Self 1.53 8 2.82 9 3.80 7 4.72 3

2 Husband 8.04 1 6.61 2 7.20 2 7.83 2

3 Children 2.91 4 4.53 4 3.35 8 2.55 8

4 Brother/s 2.37 6 3.97 6 3.84 6 1.22 10

5 Sister/s 1.75 7 4.48 5 2.46 9 4.22 5

6 Relatives 3.71 3 6.30 3 5.46 3 4.44 4

7 Villagers 6.35 2 7.17 1 7.42 1 8.16 1

8 Political party 1.13 10 3.02 7 4.82 4 3.27 6

9 SHG 1.37 9 2.87 8 4.02 5 2.61 7

10 Encouragement

form NGO 2.44 5 1.58 10 1.75 10 2.44 9

There are various sources of motivation for women to contest for election like

husband, children, brother/s, sister/s, relatives, villagers, political parties, self- help

groups, and NGOs. Table 4.3.1 indicates that villagers‟ motivation occupies the first

rank in Gundlupet, Kollegal, and Yalandur. But in Chamarajanagara the villagers‟

motivation occupies second rank whereas husbands‟ motivation plays (rank one) an

important role. At the same time in Gundlupet, Kollegal, and Yalandur, villagers

occupies second rank to motivate the women member to contest in the Grama

Panchayat election.

Table 4.3.1 also indicates that, relatives ranked 3rd

place in Chamarajanagara,

Gundlupet, and Kollegal taluk. But in Yalandur it had been pushed to the 4th

rank. At

the same time, self motivation occupied 3rd

rank in Yalandur taluk and was pushed to

the 8th

rank in Chamarajanagara, 9th

rank in Gundlupet, and 7th

rank in Kollegal.

Children occupied 4th

rank in Chamarajanagara and Gundlupet, but ranked 8th

in

Kollegal and Yalandur.

Another remarkable thing is seen in Table 4.3.1. In Chamarajanagara, political

party has occupied 10th

rank as the motivation factor whereas in Gundlupet, Kollegal,

and Yalandur it occupies 7th

, 4th

, and 6th

rank, respectively.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

88

Motivation is an important factor in the respondents‟ political life. Most of the

women have joined politics due to the force of others. Few of them joined politics

with self interest as a motivating factor which is indicated clearly in

Chamarajanagara, Gundlupet, and Kollegal ranking 8th

, 9th

and 7th

rank, respectively.

Only Yalandur has occupied 3rd

rank with respect to self motivation.

Even though the 73rd

constitutional amendment has given women the chance

to contest the Grama Panchayat elections and serve the locality, women have not

shown much interest. There were lots of motivational factors in play which made

women to contest the Grama Panchayat elections. It is very clear that in a traditional

Indian family woman cannot take decision individually which makes its impact on

women‟s political participation. It has to be a family decision whether a woman can

take part in politics or not

Table No. 4.3.2 : Awareness Regarding GP before Becoming a Member

Awareness

Chamarajanagar

a Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

All the Activity of GP 10(22.2) 00 02(04.4) 01(05.6)

Village Development Programmes 06(13.3) 01(02.6) 00 05(27.8)

About Grama Sabha 00 02(05.1) 00 00

Don‟t know 00 00 00 00

About Samithi 00 00 00 00

Not Applicable 29(64.4) 36(92.3) 43(95.6) 12(66.7)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

Reasons Reason for not knowing

Because of illiteracy 04(08.9) 00 06(13.3) 00

Not gone out of the home 05(11.1) 09(23.1) 14(31.1) 09(50.0)

Lack of awareness 01(02.2) 00 00 03(16.7)

Not interested 19 (42.2) 24(61.5) 21(46.7) 00

Don‟t know 00 00 00 00

Not made an effort 00 03(07.7) 02(02.2) 00

Not applicable 16 (35.5) 03(07.7) 02(04.4) 06(33.3)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

89

Table 4.3.2 indicates that a large majority of the elected women

representatives are not familiar with the Grama Panchayat activities. The reasons

quoted are also quite interesting. Most of them never got the chance to go out of the

family and some of the elected members expressed that earlier they were not

interested to contest the election, while others said that they had not made an effort to

know about the Grama Panchayat and its activities.

Majority of the respondents did not have any knowledge about the Grama

Panchayat prior to their membership in the Grama Panchayat and also acknowledged

to a lack of interest. As far as Yalandur taluk is concerned, majority (50%) of the

respondents mentioned that they did not go out of the home which means that they

were restricting themselves to household activities. It is interesting to note that the

women who were not stepping out of their house for various other reasons had taken

interest in to entering local politics.

Table No. 4.3.3 : Reasons for Contesting Grama Panchayat Election

Reasons

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

For village development 12(26.7) 17(43.6) 36(80.0) 06(33.3)

Service to the people 03(06.7) 05(12.8) 05(11.1) 10(55.6)

Husband‟s force 04(08.9) 01(02.6) 01(02.2) 02(11.1)

Because of reservation 11(24.4) 06(15.4) 02(04.4) 00(0)

Political party force 01(02.2) 00(0) 01(02.2) 00(0)

Villagers force 04(08.9) 09(23.1) 00(0) 00(0)

Don‟t know 00(0) 01(02.6) 00(0) 00(0)

Self- interest 06(13.3) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Family members force 02(04.4) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Forced by SHG member 02(04.4) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

It is evident from Table 4.3.3 that the respondents had different reasons to

contest the Grama Panchayat elections, except one respondent who was not aware as

to why she has contested the election. Majority of the (Kollegal 80%, Gundlupet

43.6%, Yalandur 33.3%, and Chamarajanagara 26.7%) respondents expressed that

they contested the election to develop their village. Only two respondents (4.4%) of

Data Analysis and Interpretation

90

Chamarajanagara mentioned that family members forced them to contest the election.

Some of the respondents also said that their husbands forced them to contest election

(Chamarajanagara 8.9%, Gundlupet 2.6%, Kollegal 2.2%, and Yalandur 11.1%). The

respondents of Chamarajanagara and Gundlupet reported that the village community

had pressurized them to contest the election. Political party interference was very low

because only two members of the total mentioned that they were forced by political

parties to contest for election. A good number of respondents mentioned that due to

the reservation policy they contested the election (Chamarajanagara 24.4%,

Gundlupet 15.4%, and Kollegal 4.4%).

Table No. 4.3.4 : Source of Information About Grama Panchayat Activities

Source of information

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Political Party 03(06.7) 04(10.3) 05(11.1) 02(11.1)

Villagers 01(02.2) 00(0) 02(04.4) 00(0)

SHG 02(04.4) 00(0) 00(0) 07(38.9)

Grama Panchayat 02(04.4) 07(17.9) 00(0) 04(22.2)

Grama Sabha 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Training 34(75.6) 24(61.5) 38(84.4) 03(16.7)

Husband 05(11.1) 01(02.6) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Through reading 00(0) 02(05.1) 00(0) 00(0)

Worked as a clerk in GP 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Son 00(0) 01(02.6) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

Table 4.3.4 presents information regarding the sources of information about

the Grama Panchayat and its activities. Majority of the respondents from

Chamarajanagara (75.6%), Gundlupet (61.5%), and Kollegal (84.4%) mentioned that

they received information about the Grama Panchayat during training. Other sources

of information were very less. From this it is clear that training plays a vital role in

creating awareness. Training is crucial for newly elected members as it is about

gathering information and acquiring knowledge.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

91

Table No. 4.3.5 : Family Members Served as Grama Panchayat Members

Family member

served as GP

member

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Not at all 37(82.2) 33(84.6) 42(93.3) 12(66.7)

Husband 04(08.9) 00(0) 02(04.4) 02(11.1)

Father-in-law 03(06.7) 02(05.1) 00(0) 02(11.1)

Mother 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Son- in- law 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Uncle 00(0) 00(0) 01(02.2) 00(0)

Father 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Brother 00(0) 01(02.6) 00(0) 02(11.1)

Son 00(0) 01(02.6) 00(0) 00(0)

Brother- in- law 00(0) 02(05.1) 00(0) 00(0)

Grandmother 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Co-brother 01(02.2) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

It is evident from the above data that the majority of the respondents‟ family

members did not serve as a Grama Panchayat member. In Chamarajanagara taluk,

17.8% of the respondent‟s family members served as Grama Panchayat members. Of

that 8.9% of the respondents said that their husband were members, 6.7% said that

their fathers-in-law was serving as a member, 2.2% the respondents said that their co-

brothers were members of the Grama Panchayat. In Gundlupet taluk, 15.4% of the

respondents reported that their family members served as a Grama Panchayat

member, of that 5.1% of the respondents mentioned that their fathers-in-law served as

Panchayat member, an equal percentage (2.6%) of the respondents said that a brother

or son was the Grama Panchayat member, respectively. Rest of the (5.1%)

respondents mentioned that their brothers-in-law were Grama Panchayat members.

As far as Kollegal taluk is concerned, 6.6% of the respondents said that their family

members served as Panchayat members, that is, their husbands‟ (4.4%) and uncles

(2.2%). In Yalandur taluk, 33.3% of the respondent‟s family members were Grama

Panchayat members of which 11.1% respondents said husband, 11.1% of the

respondents mentioned fathers-in-law, and the remaining 11.1% reported that brothers

were members of the Grama Panchayat.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

92

Table No. 4.3.6 : Opponent in the Election

Opponent in the

election

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Male 12(26.7) 07(17.9) 05(11.1) 01(05.6)

Female 30(66.7) 32(82.1) 40(88.9) 17(94.4)

Unanimous selection 03(06.7) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

Women members were asked about their opponent in the election. Majority of

the women members‟ opponent in the election were females (Chamarajanagara

66.7%, Gundlupet 82.1%, Kollegal 88.9%, and Yalandur 94.4%). Only three (6.7%)

respondents of Chamarajanagara taluk were unanimously elected.

Figure – 2 : Women Members Opinion towards Present Election System of the

Grama Panchayat

17 (37.8)

4(8.9)

20 (44.4)

3 (6.7)

1 (2.2)

10(25.6)

2 (5.1)

27 (69.2)

0

0

18(40)

16 (35.6)

3 (6.7)

4(8.9)

4(8.9)

2(11.1)

7 (38.9)

9 (50)

0

0

Very good system

Good

Present system accepted

Number of changes are required

The present system is not good

Yalandur Kollegal Gundlupet Chamarajanagar

Data Analysis and Interpretation

93

The data from Figure 2 provides almost an equally distributive response from

different categories. In Chamarajanagara (44.4%), Gundlupet (69.2%), and Yalandur

(50%) majority of the women accepted the present system of election. Whereas, a

majority of the women of Kollegal (40%) taluk reported that the present election

system was good. Only 2.2% women in Chamarajanagara and 8.9% of women of

Kollegal mentioned that the present system of election was not good.

Table No. 4.3.7 : Reaction of the Family Members and Friends towards your

Decision to Become a Panchayat Member

Reactions

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

N = 45 N = 39 N = 45 N = 18

Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank

Parents 3.26 2 3.23 7 3.24 4 3.44 8

In-laws 1.95 8 2.43 8 2.97 7 4.33 2

Spouse 4.26 1 4.10 1 4.66 1 4.61 1

Siblings 2.46 6 3.38 5 2.95 8 3.83 5.5

Children 2.86 4 3.25 6 3.13 5 3.88 4

Friends 2.55 5 3.64 2.5 3.11 6 4.00 3

Relatives 2.91 3 3.61 4 4.05 2 3.83 5.5

Neighbours 3.26 7 3.64 2.5 3.42 3 3.77 7

Frequency X value/5scale = Score

Table 4.3.7 depicts the information on the reaction of family members and

friends towards the respondent‟s decision to become a Panchayat member. This

question was asked with a five scale ranking like very much encouraged, encouraged,

neutral, discouraged, and no opinion starting from 05 to 01 grade. Family and friends

included parents, in-laws, spouse, siblings, children, friends, relatives, and

neighbours. Perceptions of the respondents were able to assess the reaction of the each

one of the family members and friends. In Chamarajanagara taluk, the spouse‟s

encouragement scored 4.26 thereby obtaining first rank, followed by parents scoring

3.26 obtaining the 2nd

rank. In Gundlupet taluk, the spouse had scored 4.3.7 and

obtained first rank, followed by neighbours scoring 3.26 and obtaining the 2nd

rank. In

Kollegal taluk, the spouse had scored 4.66 and obtained first rank followed by

relatives scoring 4.05 and obtaining 2rd rank. At the same time in Yalandur taluk, the

spouse had scored 4.61 and obtained first rank followed by in-laws.

Table 4.3.7 reveals information on the varied reaction of family and friends. In

all four taluks the spouse stood first, followed by friends and relatives.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

94

In conclusion, Table 4.3.7 speaks about the reaction of family and family

members. All respondents had given importance to spouse rather than to more

dominating relationships like siblings, parents, and children. This also indicates the

bond between the husband and wife. It shows the strong support by the husband for

the growth of the women in politics. This can be viewed as a very good development

in a country like India.

4.4 : The Problems and Difficulties Experienced by the Elected Women

Representatives in Relation to their Role.

Table No. 4.4.1 : Problems Faced in the Grama Panchayats

Problems

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

Respondents (%)

No. of

Respondents (%)

No. of

Respondents (%)

No. of

Respondents (%)

Yes No Total Yes No Total Yes No Total Yes No Total

Problems

faced in

the Grama

Panchayat

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

00

(0)

39

(100)

39

(100)

02

(4.4)

43

(95.6)

45

(100)

00

(0)

18

(100)

18

(100)

Non co-

operation

by male

member

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

00

(0)

39

(100)

39

(100)

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

00

(0)

18

(100)

18

(100)

Non co-

operation

by the

secretary

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

00

(0)

39

(100)

39

(100)

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

00

(0)

18

(100)

18

(100)

Not

informing

meeting

agenda in

advance

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

01

(2.6)

38

(97.4)

39

(100)

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

02

(11.1)

16

(88.9)

18

(100)

Protocol

respect

was not

given

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100) 00

(0)

39

(100)

39

(100)

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

00

(0)

18

(100)

18

(100)

Late

notice for

the

meeting

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

00

(0)

39

(100) 00

04

(8.9)

41

(91.1)

45

(100)

00

(0)

18

(100)

18

(100)

These were the common problems listed while conducting focused group

discussions, which is usually faced by the elected women representatives in the

Grama Panchayat like non co-operation by male members, secretary, not informing

about the meeting, and late notice. Table 4.4.1 depicts the information about the types

of problems faced by women in relation to their role as members.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

95

Majority of the respondents did not face much problem in the Grama Panchayat.

It is significant to note that no women member covered in Chamarajanagara taluk faced

problems in the Panchayat. The women who have faced any problems mentioned only

two types that is not informing regarding meeting agenda in advance (Gundlupet 2.6%

and Yalandur 11.1%) and late notice for the meeting (Kollegal 8.9%).

Table No. 4.4.2 : Efforts Made to Settle the Problems Faced in the

Grama Panchayat

Type of

problems faced

in the Gram

Panchayat

Effort made to

settle the problems

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Effort made to

settle the Non

co-operation by

male members

Not applicable 45

(100)

35

(100)

45

(100)

18

(100)

Collective effort of

women members

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

Total 45

(100)

35

(100)

45

(100)

18

(100)

Effort made to

settle the non co-

operation of the

secretary

Not applicable 44

(97.8)

37

(94.9)

43

(95.6)

18

(100)

Discussed with

CEO and changed

the secretary

01

(02.2)

02

(05.1)

02

(04.4)

00

(0)

Total 45

(100)

35

(100)

45

(100)

18

(100)

Effort made to

settle the

problem of not

informing

meeting agenda

in advance

Not applicable 45

(100)

38

(97.4)

45

(100)

16

(88.9)

Discussed in the

meeting and settled

the problem

00

(0)

01

(02.6)

00

(0)

02

(11.1)

Total 45

(100)

35

(100)

45

(100)

18

(100)

Effort made to

settle the

problem of not

giving Protocol

respect

Not applicable 45

(100)

39

(100)

45

(100)

18

(100)

Discussion in the

Grama Panchayat

meeting

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

Total 45

(100)

35

(100)

45

(100)

18

(100)

Efforts made to

settle the

problem of

giving late notice

for the meeting

Not applicable 45

(100)

39

(100)

41

(91.1)

18

(100)

Discussed with

secretary and

president of GP

00

(0)

00

(0)

04

(08.9)

00

(0)

Total 45

(100)

35

(100)

45

(100)

18

(100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

96

It is evident from Table 4.4.2 that a majority of the women did not face any

problem in the Panchayat. The women who had problems made some efforts to settle

the problem. With regard to settling the problem of not informing meeting agenda in

advance, the women discussed the issue in the meeting and solved the problem. As

far as solving the problem of giving late notice for the meeting is concerned they

discussed it with the secretary and president of the GP. It indicates that women had

taken the initiative to settle the problems using their own initiative as members.

Table No. 4.4.3 : Problems Faced by the Respondents

Types of

problems

faced

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

Respondents (%)

No. of

Respondents (%)

No. of

Respondents (%)

No. of

Respondents (%)

Yes No Total Yes No Total Yes No Total Yes No Total

Attending

Grama

Panchayat

meeting

01

(2.2)

44

(97.8)

45

(100)

00

(0)

39

(100)

39

(100)

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

02

(11.1)

16

(88.9)

18

(100)

Election

canvassing

01

(2.2)

44

(97.8)

45

(100)

00

(0)

39

(100)

39

(100)

02

(4.4)

43

(95.6)

45

(100)

02

(11.1)

16

(88.9)

18

(100)

Attending

Training

02

(4.4)

43

(95.6)

45

(100)

00

(0)

39

(100)

39

(100)

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

03

(16.7)

15

(83.3)

18

(100)

Attending

Programme

02

(4.4)

43

(95.6)

45

(100)

00

(0)

39

(100)

39

(100)

00

(0)

45

(100)

45

(100)

03

(16.7)

15

(83.3)

18

(100)

To visit the

ward

02

(4.4)

43

(95.6)

45

(100)

00

(0)

39

(100)

39

(100)

2

(4.4)

43

(95.6)

45

(100)

02

(11.1)

16

(88.9)

18

(100)

Table 4.4.3 presents information about the problems faced by women in

relation to activities like attending Grama Panchayat meetings, election canvassing,

attending training, attending programme, and to visit places. It is significant to note

that a majority of the women members reported that they did not had problem in

implementing any of the activities. Few of the women mentioned that they had

problems in attending the Grama Panchayat meetings, that is, 2.2% in

Chamarajanagara and 11.1% in Yalandur. As far as election canvassing is concerned,

2.2% in Chamarajanagara, 4.4% in Kollegal and 11.1% in Yalandur taluk mentioned

that they had a problem. To visit the ward, majority of the respondents did not have

any problem and the percentage of respondents having any problem to visit the ward

are also low, that is, Chamarajanagara 4.4%, Kollegal 4.4%, and Yalandur 11.1%.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

97

Table No. 4.4.4 : Problems Faced by the Respondents From the GP Staff

To manage the

Panchayat activity

-problems faced from

GP staff

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No Problem 43 (95.6) 38(97.4) 45(100) 13(72.2)

Non co-operation by

the secretary 01(02.2) 01(02.6) 00(0) 05(27.8)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Table 4.4.4 tabulates information about the problems faced by the women

members to conduct any programme in the ward. Majority of them reported that they

did not face any problem. Few of the respondents of Chamarajanagara (2.2%),

Gundlupet (2.6%), and Yalandur (27.8%) taluks did not get co-operation from the

secretary. In certain cases it is noticed that the Panchayat secretaries did not extend

co-operation to the elected women representatives.

Table 4.4.5 presents information about the different positions held by women

members. It is evident from the above information that majority of the women

members were members of the GP. A majority of them completed five years

(Chamarajanagara 95.6%, Gundlupet 100%, and Kollegal 100%). No woman

member of Chamarajanagara has been a Standing Committee member or a Standing

Committee President. As far as the position of being a GP President there were

representations from all the four taluks. In Yalandur taluk some of the women under

study had been the Vice President of the GP. It is significant to note that except for

one member of the Yalandur taluk no other woman has been the GP representative to

the Taluk Panchayat. Representation to the ZP from the GP is also very low.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

98

Table No. 4.4.5 : Positions Held and Tenure of the Respondents

Positions Number of

years

Chamarajanaga

ra Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Member

One Year 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Two Year 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Five Year 43(95.6) 39(100) 45(100) 17(94.4)

10 year 01(02.2) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

15 year 01(02.2) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Standing

Committee

Member

Not at all 45(100) 35(89.7) 44(97.8) 14 (77.8)

One Year 00(0) 04(10.3) 01(02.2) 00(0)

Two Year 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Three year 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 03(16.7)

Four Year 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Five Year 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

Standing

Committee

President

Not at all 45(100) 37(94.9) 41(91.1) 13(72.2)

One Year 00(0) 02(05.1) 04(08.9) 00(0)

Two Year 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 04(22.2)

Three year 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Four Year 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

Grama

Panchyat

President

Not at all 36(80) 29(74.4) 39(86.7) 14(77.8)

One Year 01(02.2) 03(07.7) 00(0) 01(05.6)

15 month 00(0) 02 (05.1) 00(0) 00(0)

Two and

half Year 08(17.8) 05(12.8) 06(13.3) 03(16.7)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Vice

President

Not at all 38 (84.4) 27(69.2) 45(100) 15(83.3)

one year 02(04.4) 03(07.7) 00(0) 02(11.1)

two year 05(11.1) 09 (23.1) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Total 45(100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Grama

Panchayat

representativ

e

in Taluk

Panchayat

Not at all 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 17(94.4)

One Year 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Two Year 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45(100) 18 (100)

Grama

Panchayat

representativ

e in Zilla

Panchayat

Not at all 45(100) 38(97.4) 45(100) 17(94.4)

One Year 00(0) 01(02.6) 00(0) 00(0)

Two Year 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

99

Table No. 4.4.6 : Ability to manage their positions in the Grama Panchayats

Position Level of

Management

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Member

Very good 05 (11.1) 09 (23.1) 05 (11.1) 03 (16.7)

Good 25 (55.6) 12 (30.8) 39 (86.7) 05 (27.8)

Satisfactory 10 (22.2) 12 (30.8) 01 (2.2) 08 (44.4)

Poor 05 (11.1) 05 (12.8) 00(0) 02 (11.1)

Very poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Not at all 00(0) 01 (2.6) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Standing

Committee

member

Very good 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Good 00(0) 04(10.3) 01(02.2) 02(11.1)

Satisfactory 01(02.2) 00(0) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Very poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Not at all 44(97.8) 35(89.7) 44(97.8) 14(77.8)

Total 45(100) 39 (100) 45(100) 18(100)

Standing

Committee

President

Very good 00(0) 01(02.6) 00(0) 02(11.1)

Good 01(02.2) 00(0) 04(08.9) 02(11.1)

Satisfactory 01(02.2) 02(05.1) 00(0) 00(0)

Poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Very poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Not at all 43(95.6) 36(92.3) 41(91.1) 14(77.8)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

GP President

Very good 01(02.2) 06(15.4) 01(02.2) 07(38.9)

Good 05(11.1) 02(05.1) 04(08.9) 01(05.6)

Satisfactory 01(02.2) 03(07.7) 01(02.2) 00(0)

Poor 01(02.2) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Very poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Not at all 37(82.2) 28(71.8) 39 (86.7) 10(55.6)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Vice President

Very good 00(0) 01(02.6) 00(0) 02(11.1)

Good 05(11.1) 03(07.7) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Satisfactory 02(04.4) 05(12.8) 00(0) 00(0)

Poor 00(0) 01(02.6) 00(0) 00(0)

Very poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Not at all 38(84.4) 29(74.4) 45(100) 15(83.3)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

GP

Representative

in TP

Very good 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 01(05.6)

Good 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Satisfactory 02(04.4) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Very poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Not at all 43(95.6) 39(100) 45(100) 17(94.4)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

GP

Representative

in ZP

Very good 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 02(11.1)

Good 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Satisfactory 01(02.2) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Very poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Not at all 44(97.8) 39(100) 45(100) 16(88.9)

Total 45(100) 39(100) 45(100) 18(100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

100

Questions were asked of the women members regarding the extent to which

they could manage their positions. As for as the positions of women members were

concerned, a majority of them said that they could manage the responsibility as

member in a good way. The women who were Committee members also reported

that they could manage their positions in a good manner. With regard to the position

of the Committee President is concerned, a good number of them could manage in a

good way and a few of them were very good in managing their positions. In relation

to managing the position of the Grama Panchayat President, majority of them could

manage their positions either satisfactorily or very good. But one respondent told that

she was poor in managing her position.

The data also depicts that many of them had not got the chance to hold

positions like Committee members, Committee President, President of the GP, Vice

President of the GP, Representation to TP and ZP from the Grama Panchayat. It

indicates that the Constitution has made provisions for women to become a member

of the Grama Panchayat, but it had not made any policy for creamy layer reservation

to occupy the different positions in the Grama Panchayat, except as President and

Vice President.

Table No. 4.4.7 : Social status increased after becoming a GP member

Social status increased

after becoming

Grama Panchayat

member

Chamarajanagar

a Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Yes 26(57.8) 30(76.9) 15(33.3) 14(77.8)

No 19(42.2) 09(23.1) 30(66.7) 04 (22.2)

Total 45(100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

It is natural that when one gets a position his/her social status increases. Since

a member of the Grama Panchayat represents her village, her status increases

automatically. It is significant to note that only in the two taluks of Chamarajanagara

district, that is, Yalandur (77.8%) and Gundlupet (76.9%) that a majority of the

women members mentioned that their social status had increased. The percentage

was not satisfactory in Chamarajanagara (57.8%) and Kollegal (33.3%) taluk.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

101

Table No. 4.4.8 : Male co-member’s outlook towards women members

Male co-member’s

outlook towards women

members

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

Respondents

(%)

No. of

Respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Very good co-operation 06 (13.3) 15 (38.5) 13 (28.9) 03(16.7)

Co-operative 37 (82.2) 24 (61.5) 32(71.1) 15(83.3)

Natural 02 (04.4) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Neglected 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

In a country like India, which is a male dominant society, the outlook of men

towards women is not very positive. It is interesting to note that a majority of the

respondents reported that the men are co-operative. The percentage is high in

Yalandur (83.3%) followed by Chamarajanagara (82.2%), Kollegal (71.1%), and

Gundlupet (61.5%). No respondent had said that they were neglected by the male co-

members.

Table No. 4.4.9 : Elected women able to exercise their legitimate power

Able to exercise

legitimate power

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Yes 41(91.1) 30(76.9) 33(73.3) 09(50)

Sometimes 03(06.7) 07(17.9) 11(24.4) 09(50)

No 01(02.2) 02(05.1) 01(02.2) 00(0)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Based on the information given in the Table 4.4.9, it is clear that a majority of

the women members in Chamarajanagara taluk (91.9%) followed by Gundlupet

(76.9%), Kollegal (73.3%), and Yalandur (50%) taluk were able to exercise their

legitimate authority.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

102

Table No. 4.4.10 : Reasons for their inability to exercise their legitimate power

Reasons for not able to

exercise their legitimate

power

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Not applicable 44 (97.8) 36 (92.3) 45(100) 18(100)

All the members do not agree

with our opinion 00(0) 01 (02.6) 00(0) 00(0)

Not much aware about

Panchayat procedure 00(0) 02 (05.1) 00(0) 00(0)

Son takes care of all the work 01 (02.2) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Non co-operation 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Table 4.4.10 presents data on the reasons for the respondent‟s inability to

exercise their legitimate authority. On the whole, only one (2.2%) respondent

mentioned that her son takes care of all the work. Though the percentage is low it

cannot be neglected because this shows how the male members of the family make

the women superficial. Most of the time women are also comfortable being in this

position because they do not get to think much about their work. Other reasons

quoted were that all the members do not agree with their opinion and they do not

know much about the Panchayat procedures. Hence, they find it very difficult to

exercise their authority. Knowledge, skill, and awareness play a major role in

boosting their confidence. Generally, people find it difficult to make decisions and

depend on others when they lack confidence.

4.5 : To study the strategies adopted by the elected women representatives in

implementing development programames.

Table No. 4.5.1 : Availability of guidance from the Panchayat officials

Availability of

guidance from the

officials

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Yes 43 (95.6) 39 (100) 41 (91.1) 18 (100)

No 01 (02.2) 00(0) 04 (08.9) 00(0)

Sometimes 01 (02.2) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

All women were posititive that they got guidance from the Panchayat officials,

especially the women from Gundlupet and Yalandur.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

103

Table No. 4.5.2 : Weightage given by the co-members to respondent’s suggestions

Co-members consider

respondent’s suggestions

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Yes 36 (80) 34 (87.2) 32 (71.1) 10 (55.6)

Sometimes 08 (17.8) 03 (07.7) 10 (22.2) 08 (44.4)

Not at all 01 (02.2) 02 (05.1) 03 (06.7) 00(0)

TOTAL 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Majority of the women members reported that their suggestions are considered

(Gundlupet 87.2%, Chamarajanagara 80%, Kollegal 71.1%, and Yalandur 55.6%).

Few of the women mentioned that their opinions were not considered at all. Though

the percentage is low it cannot be underestimated.

Table No. 4.5.3 : Attending Grama Panchayat Meetings

Attend

Grama Panchayat

meetings

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Yes 42 (93.3) 37 (94.9) 39 (86.7) 18 (100)

Sometimes 03 (06.7) 02 (05.1) 06 (13.3) 00(0)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

From Table 4.5.3, it is clear that the majority of the respondents regularly

attend the Panchayat meetings. The percentage is high in Yalandur (100%) followed

by Gundlupet (94.9%), Chamarajanagara (93.3%), and Kollegal (86.7%).

Table No. 4.5.3 : Active participation in the meeting

Active

Participation

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Yes 39 (86.7) 31 (79.5) 29 (64.4) 08 (44.4)

Sometimes 4 (08.9) 04 (10.3) 14 (31.1) 10 (55.6)

No 2 (04.4) 04 (10.3) 02 (04.4) 0

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

The above table shows that women members consider their participation in the

meeting in a positive manner. Majority of the respondents, that is, Chamarajanagara-

86.7% followed by Gundlupet-79.5%, and Kollegal- 64.4% mentioned that they actively

participate in the meetings. Mere attendance in the meeting is not enough; they need to

effectively take part in the discussion. Only then can they have their separate identity.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

104

Table No. 4.5.4 : Programmes implemented in the ward

Programmes

implemented in the

ward

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents (%)

No. of

Respondents

(%)

No. of

Respondents

(%)

No. of

Respondents

(%)

N=45 (100) N=39 (100) N=45 (100) N=18 (100)

Housing

Yes No Total Yes No Total Yes No Total Yes No Total

Number 20 25 45 32 7 39 11 34 45 0 18 18

Percentage 44.4 55.6 100 82.1 17.9 100 24.4 75.6 100 0 100 100

Drainage Number 14 31 45 18 21 39 7 38 45 0 18 18

Percentage 31.1 68.9 100 46.2 53.8 100 15.6 84.4 100 0 100 100

Village

sanitation

programme

Number 10 35 45 15 24 39 15 30 45 12 6 18

Percentage 22.2 77.8 100 38.5 61.5 100 33.3 66.7 100 66.7 33.3 100

Village

cleaning

programme

Number 3 42 45 3 36 39 9 36 45 9 9 18

Percentage 6.7 93.3 100 7.7 92.3 100 20.0 80.0 100 50 50 100

Primary

Health

Center

Number 0 0 45 5 34 39 0 45 45 0 18 18

Percentage 0 0 100 12.8 87.2 100 0 100 100 0 100 100

Bus Stand Number 1 44 45 1 38 39 0 45 45 0 18 18

Percentage 2.2 97.8 100 2.6 97.4 100 0 100 100 0 100 100

Road Light Number 15 30 45 27 12 39 22 23 45 13 5 18

Percentage 33.3 66.7 100 69.2 30.8 100 48.9 51.1 100 72.2 27.8 100

Road Repair Number 17 28 45 19 20 39 17 28 45 7 11 18

Percentage 37.8 62.2 100 48.7 51.3 100 37.8 62.2 100 38.9 61.1 100

Electricity -

Housing

Number 13 32 45 13 26 39 4 41 45 4 14 18

Percentage 28.9 71.1 100 33.3 66.7 100 8.9 91.1 100 22.2 77.8 100

Small

Bridge

Number 1 44 45 6 33 39 1 44 45 0 18 18

Percentage 2.2 97.8 100 15.4 84.6 100 2.2 97.8 100 0 100 100

Anganawadi Number 1 44 45 2 37 39 0 45 45 2 16 18

Percentage 2.2 97.8 100 5.1 94.9 100 0 100 100 11.1 88.9 100

Water Number 24 21 45 34 5 39 34 11 45 6 12 18

Percentage 53.3 46.7 100 87.2 12.8 100 75.6 24.4 100 33.3 66.2 100

Literacy Number 2 43 45 0 39 39 0 45 45 9 9 18

Percentage 4.4 95.6 100 0 100 100 0 100 100 50 50 100

School

building

Number 3 42 45 3 36 39 0 45 45 0 18 18

Percentage 6.7 93.3 100 7.7 92.3 100 0 100 100 0 100 100

Farm Pond Number 1 44 45 3 36 39 0 45 45 0 18 18

Percentage 2.2 97.8 100 7.7 92.3 100 0 100 100 0 100 100

Tank De-

silting

Number 8 36 45 3 36 39 0 45 45 2 16 18

Percentage 17.8 80.0 100 7.7 92.3 100 0 100 100 11.1 88.9 100

Subsidy to

SHG

Number 1 44 45 0 39 39 0 100 45 0 18 18

Percentage 2.2 97.8 100 0 100 0 100 100 0 100 100

Data Analysis and Interpretation

105

It is evident from the above table that various programmes were implemented

by the women members in their ward. The programmes that were implemented

include construction of bus stand, housing, drainage, road light, village sanitation

programme, primary health center, road repair, anganwadi, water supply, electricity,

literacy, small bridge, farm pond, tank de-silting, school building, and subsidy to Self

Help Groups. A good number of the women members had implemented water,

housing, village sanitation, and road repair programmes as compared to other

programmes. Though the percentage of women implementing any programme is low,

a majority of the programmes mentioned in the 11th

Schedule of the Constitution had

been implemented.

Table No. 4.5.5 : Visit to the ward

Visiting their

(representative) ward

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Every day 24(53.3) 30 (76.9) 04(08.9) 01(05.6)

Once in a week 13(28.9) 06(15.4) 04(08.9) 01(05.6)

Every fifteen days 03(06.7) 00 00 01(05.6)

Once in a month 05(11.1) 03(07.7) 22(48.9) 13(72.2)

Once in six months 00 00 08(17.8) 02(11.1)

Once in a year 00 00 06(13.3) 00

Never visit 00 00 01(02.2) 00

People are coming to

my home. 00 00 00 00

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Table 4.5.5 provides data on how often the women members of the Panchayat

visit their ward. As far as Chamarajanagara (53.3%) and Gundlupet (76.9%) taluks

are concerned, majority of the women members reported that they visit their ward

every day. A good number (49.9%) of the women members of Kollegal taluk visit

their ward once in a month and in Yalandur taluk also, a majority (72.2%) attend their

ward once in a month. Only a few members of the Kollegal taluk visit the ward once

in six months and one respondent never visits the ward which is not a good sign in

grassroot politics.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

106

Table No. 4.5.6 : Response received in the meetings

Response in the

meetings

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Yes 42(93.3) 39(100.0) 43(95.6) 15(83.3)

No 03(06.7) 00(0) 02(04.4) 03(16.7)

Sometimes 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Never asked the questions 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

In a country like India which is a male dominated society, not much

importance is given to women being heard. It is significant to note that when the

women were asked whether they get a good response when they ask questions in the

meeting, a majority of the respondents mentioned that they get a good response,

which is appreciable.

Table No. 4.5.7 : Regularity in the ward meetings

Regular ward

meetings

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Yes 32(71.1) 36(92.3) 37 (82.2) 13(72.2)

No 13(28.9) 03(07.7) 08 (17.7) 05(27.8)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

It is evident from the above table that majority of the women members

conduct ward meetings regularly. The percentage is higher in Chamarajanagara taluk

(92.3%). Regular conduct of ward meetings is crucial for the development of any

ward. It is positive to note that majority of the women members are taking an interest

in conducting ward meetings.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

107

Table No. 4.5.8 : Number of members attending Grama Sabha meeting

Number of members

attending Grama

Sabha meetings

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Less than 100 17(37.8) 05(12.8) 16(35.5) 05(27.8)

100 11(24.4) 13(33.3) 03(06.7) 08(44.5)

150 02(04.4) 04(10.3) 10(22.2) 02(11.1)

200 09(20.0) 07(17.9) 13(28.9) 01(05.5)

300 01(02.2) 06(15.4) 01(02.2) 02(11.1)

350 01(02.2) 01(02.6) 00(0) 00(0)

400 and above 04(08.9) 03(07.7) 02(04.4) 00(0)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Women members were asked about the number of members who attend the

Grama Sabha meeting in order to understand their awareness level regarding people

participation in the Grama Sabha. In Chamarajanagara taluk 37.8% of the

respondents mentioned that there will be less than 100 members at the Grama Sabha

meeting, and 33.3% of the respondents in Gundlupet taluk also said that there will be

100 members, whereas in Kollegal, 35.5% of the respondents reported that there will

be less than 100 members while in Yalandur taluk, 44.5% expressed that there will be

around 100 members at the Grama Sabha meeting. It is clear from the above data that

usually there will be around 100 participants in Grama Sabha meeting.

Table No. 4.5.9 : Opinion of respondents regarding 33% reservation in Panchayat

Required reservation

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Present reservation is enough 04(08.9) 04(10.3) 04(08.9) 00(0)

45% 03(06.6) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

50% 38(84.5) 35(89.7) 41(91.1) 18(100)

75% 00(0) 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Is 33% reservation enough or not, is questionable. When women members

were asked about whether 33% reservation seems enough, a majority of them claimed

that it is not enough. It is positive to note that women at the grassroot level are

becoming aware about such issues.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

108

It is understood from the above data that a majority of the respondents in all

the four taluks of Chamarajanagara district reported that they need 50% reservation in

Panchayats. No respondent had asked for more than 50% or reservation of seats. From

this it was evident that they were becoming rational and critical in their thinking.

Table No. 4.5.10 : Reasons for not contesting the next election

Reasons

Chamarajanagara Gundlupet Kollegal Yalandur

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Contesting for

next election 32(71.1) 31(79.5) 40(88.9) 13(72.2)

household work 03 (07.0) 01(02.6) 05(11.1) 02(11.1)

Family problems 04(08.6) 02(05.1) 00(0) 03(16.7)

To give

opportunity to

others

06 (13.3) 03(07.7) 00(0) 00(0)

job(work) pressure 00(0) 02(05.1) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 45 (100) 39 (100) 45 (100) 18 (100)

Table 4.5.10 provides information on whether the women members were

interested to contest the next Panchayat election. It is significant to note that a

majority of the women members were interested to contest for the next Panchayat

election. The confidence gained during their tenure might have made them want to

again contest the next election.

A question was asked of those women members who did not want to contest

the next election on the reason for it. A good number (16.7%) expressed that due to

family problems they were not interested in contesting the next election. Rest of the

women members cited household activity, to provide opportunity for others, and job

pressure as the reasons for not contesting in next Panchayat election.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

109

DATA ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF UDUPI

DISTRICT

5.1 : Profile of Elected Women Representatives in the Grama Panchayats.

Table No. 5.1.1 : Age of respondents

Age of the

respondents

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

21-25 01(02.4) 02(03.9) 0(0)

26-30 03(07.1) 06(11.8) 05(10.4)

31-35 02(04.8) 09(17.6) 08(16.7)

36-40 09(21.4) 10(19.6) 08(16.7)

41-45 09(21.4) 08(15.7) 11(22.9)

46-50 05(11.9) 08(15.7) 07(14.6)

51-55 05(11.9) 03(05.9) 07(14.6)

56-60 07(16.7) 05(09.8) 02(04.2)

61 -65 01(02.4) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 42(100) 51(100) 48(100)

Mean 45.85 40.54 41.75

SD 10.365 9.51 8.385

Table 5.1.1 provides data of the age of the respondents. As far as the age

distribution of the respondents is concerned, in Karkala taluk, 42.8% of the

respondents fell in the age group of 36 to 45 years, followed by 11.9% between the

age category of 46 to 50 years, 11.9% between 51 to 55 years, 16.7% between 56 to

60 years, and only 2.4% between 61 to 65 years. It was significant to note that 2.4%

respondent fall in the age group of 21 to 25 years. As far as Kundapura taluk was

concerned, majority, 19.6% of the respondents fell in the age group of 36 to 40 years,

followed by 15.7% between 41 to 45 years, 15.7% between 46 to 50 years, 17.6%

between 31 to 35 years, and 11.8% between 26 to 30 years. No respondent was above

60 years of age. In Udupi taluk, the table reveals that 22.9% of the respondents

belonged to 41 to 45 years of age group. Of the total sample, it is significant to note

that the majority of the respondents belonged to the middle aged group.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

110

Table No. 5.1.2: Education of respondents

Education

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Non-Literate 0(0) 11(21.6) 02(04.2)

Neo-Literate 06(14.3) 0(0) 01(02.1)

Pre-Primary 05(11.9) 10(19.6) 04(08.3)

Primary 09(21.4) 13(25.5) 11(22.9)

High School 12(28.6) 09(17.6) 20(41.7)

PUC 10(23.8) 05(09.8) 07(14.6)

Degree 0(0) 03(05.9) 03(06.3)

Total 42(100) 51(100) 48(100)

With regard to the educational qualification of the respondents, it was observed

that a majority of the respondents in Udupi district had primary and high school level of

education. In Karkala taluk, 28.6% studied up to high school and 21.4% studied up to

primary. In Kundapura taluk, 17.6% studied up to high school and 25.5% studied up to

primary and in Udupi taluk 41.7% studied up to high school and 22.9% studied up to

primary level. A greater percentage, 23.8% of the respondents in Karkala taluk studied

up to PUC followed by 14.6% in Udupi taluk, and 09.8% in Kundapura taluk. As far as

graduate respondents are concerned there were no graduate women members in Karkala

taluk covered under this study while it was 5.9% in Kundapura taluk and 6.3% in Udupi

taluk. In Karkala taluk, no member was illiterate of the 42 samples, whereas it was

21.6% in Kundapura taluk and 4.2% in Udupi taluk. Education is not a criteria to become

members of the Panchayat. Majority of the respondents covered under this study do not

have a sound educational background.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

111

Table No. 5.1.3 : Caste/category of respondents

Caste/Category*

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

SC 07(16.7) 06(11.8) 07(14.6)

ST 07(16.7) 06(11.8) 05(10.4)

Cat.-1 00(0) 07(13.7) 07(14.6)

Cat.-2A 16(38.1) 18(35.3) 18(37.5)

Cat.-2B 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Cat.-3A 00(0) 01(2.0) 04(08.3)

Cat.-3B 05(11.9) 09(17.6) 05(10.4)

General 07(16.7) 04(07.8) 02(04.2)

Total 42(100) 51(100) 48(100)

*The specific castes under SC, ST, Cat. 1 - Cat. 3 B have been listed out in the annexure

As is evident from Table 5.1.3, a good number, i.e., 38.1% of the respondents

belonged to Category-2A in Karkala taluk, 35.1% in Kundapura taluk, and 37.5% in

Udupi taluk. No respondents under Category-1 were found in Karkala taluk. It is

evident from the data that the representation of general category was not satisfactory.

It was only 16.7% in Karkala, 07.8% in Kundapura, and 04.2%, in Udupi.

Table No. 5.1.4 : Marital status of respondents

Marital Status

Karkala Kundapur Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Married 37(88.1) 47(92.2) 45(93.8)

Unmarried 01(02.4) 02(03.9) 01(02.1)

Widow 04(09.5) 01(02.0) 01(02.1)

Separated 00(0) 01(02.0) 01(02.1)

Divorced 00(0) 00 (0) 00 (0)

Total 42(100) 51(100) 48(100)

The data presented in Table 5.1.4 shows that in all the three taluks of the

district, majority of the elected women were found to be married. The percentage was

higher in Udupi taluk - 93.8% followed by Kundapur - 92.2%, and Karkala taluk -

88.1%. This indicates that probably after marriage they got support from their family.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

112

Table No. 5.1.5 : Nature of employment of the respondents

Employment

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Daily Wager 17 (40.5) 16(31.4) 12 (25.0)

Agricultural Labourer 06(14.3) 09(17.6) 01(02.1)

Homemaker 17(40.5) 19(37.3) 30(62.5)

Self- Employed 01(02.4) 05(09.8) 04(08.3)

Private job 01(02.4) 02(03.9) 00(0)

Animal Husbandry 00(0) 00(0) 01(02.1)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

As is evident in Table 5.1.5, majority of the respondents were housewives. The

percentage was higher in Udupi taluk - 62.5%, followed by Karkala taluk - 40.5%, and

Kundapura taluk - 37.3%. Very few women covered under this study were self- employed;

9.8% in Kundapura taluk followed by 8.3% in Udupi taluk, and 2.4% in Karkala.

Table No. 5.1.6 : Annual income of respondents’ family

Annual income of the

family

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

11000 and less 39(92.8) 35(68.6) 21(43.8)

11000 to 15000 02(04.8) 07(13.7) 06(12.5)

15001 to 20000 00(0) 03(05.9) 04(08.3)

20001 to 25000 00(0) 01(02.0) 05(12.5)

25001 to 30000 00(0) 00(0) 02(04.2)

30001 to 40000 00(0) 01(02.0) 03(06.3)

40001 to 50000 01(02.4) 02(04.0) 00(0)

50001 to 75000 00(0) 01(02.0) 01(02.1)

75001 to 100000 00(0) 00(0) 03(06.3)

100001 to 200000 00(0) 01(02.0) 02(04.2)

200001 to 300000 00(0) 01(02.0) 00(0)

Total 42(100) 51(100) 48(100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

113

Table 5.1.6 shows the annual income details of the respondent‟s family. Most

of the respondents mentioned that they were below the poverty line (Karkala taluk -

92.8%, Kundapur - 68.6%, and Udupi - 43.8%). The income also indicates the

standard of living of the respondents and their socio- economic status. Only in Udupi

taluk 55.2% were above the poverty line.

Table No. 5.1.7 : Size of family

Number of

family members

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

One 02(04.8) 00(0) 00(0)

Two 05(11.9) 01(02.0) 01(02.1)

Three 04(09.5) 03(05.9) 03(06.3)

Four 15(35.7) 15(29.4) 17(35.4)

Five 09(21.4) 09(17.6) 20(41.7)

Six 02(04.8) 11(21.6) 03(06.3)

Seven 03(07.1) 07(13.7) 02(04.2)

Eight 01(02.4) 01(02.0) 01(02.1)

Nine 01(02.4) 00 (0) 01(02.1)

Ten and above 00(0) 04(08.0) 00(0)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Mean 4.2 5.4 4.75

SD 6.9 6.6 8.9

Of the total 141 samples studied majority of the respondents had four

members in their family (35.7% in Karkala, 29.4% in Kundapura, and 35.7% in Udupi

taluk). While comparing all the three taluks, a good percentage of 41.7% respondents

in Udupi taluk had five members in their family, followed by 21.4% in Karkala, and

17.6% in Kundapura taluk. It is significant to note that only in Kundapura taluk, the

families consisted of 10 and above members. This was probably because majority of

the families in the taluk were agricultural based, some of the families were still

following the joint family system.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

114

Table No. 5.1.8 : Husbands’ education

Husbands’

Education

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Not applicable 05(11.9) 04(07.8) 03(06.3)

Not literate 06(14.3) 08(15.7) 01(02.1)

Neo-literate 00(0) 01(02.0) 00 (0)

Pre-primary 04(09.5) 02(03.9) 06(12.5)

Primary 09(21.4) 20(39.2) 12(25.0)

High School 10(23.8) 10(19.6) 14(29.2)

PUC 03(07.1) 02(03.9) 04(08.3)

Degree 05(11.9) 02(03.9) 07(14.6)

Technical education 00 (0) 02(03.9) 01(02.1)

Total 42(100) 51(100) 48(100)

Table 5.1.8 indicates that majority of the respondents’ husbands had primary

level of education, namely, Kundapur - 39.2%, Udupi - 25%, and in Karkala 21.4%.

But it is important to note that the not literates percentage is less, that is, in Kundapur

15.7%, Karkala 14.3%, and in Udupi 2.1%. Education also influences the family

members to motivate the women to contest the election. At the same time voters also

analyzed their capacity to rule or administrate in the Grama Panchayat.

Figure – 3 : Type of family

Joint, 7.1 (03)

Joint, 23.5 (12)

Joint, 12.5 (06)

Nuclear, 85.7 (36)

Nuclear, 74.5 (38)

Nuclear, 79.2 (38)

Extended, 7.1 (03)

Extended, 2 (01)

Extended, 8.3 (04)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Karkala

Kundapura

Udupi

Data Analysis and Interpretation

115

The figure three indicates very clearly that majority of the respondents

belonged to the nuclear family type (Karkala 85.7%, Udupi 79.2%, and in Kundapur

74.5%). The percentage of respondents belonging to a joint family was low, 7.1% in

Karkala, 23.5% in Kundapura, and 12.5% in Udupi (Figure 3).

5.2 : The participation of the elected women representatives in social activities

before becoming a member of the Panchayat.

The following data provide information about the women member‟s

participation in various organizations and committees. This kind of information helps

the researcher in analyzing their effectiveness of participation in public activities and

how it contributed to helping them participate in local politics.

Table No. 5.2.1 : Membership in other organizations prior to Grama Panchayat

membership

Membership

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Yes No Total Yes No Total Yes No Total

NGO membership 05

(11.9)

37

(88.1)

42

(100)

03

(5.9)

48

(94.1)

51

(100)

02

(04.2)

46

(95.8)

48

(100)

SHG membership 12

(28.6)

30

(71.4)

42

(100)

27

(52.9)

24

(47.1)

51

(100)

15

(31.3)

33

(68.8)

48

(100)

Mahila Mandal

membership

06

(14.3)

36

(85.7)

42

(100)

06

(11.8)

45

(88.2)

51

(100)

11

(22.9)

37

(77.1)

48

(100)

Temple/Church

Committee membership

0

(0)

42

(100)

42

(100)

07

(13.7)

44

(86.3)

51

(100)

03

(06.3)

45

(93.8)

48

(100)

SDMC membership 01

(02.4)

41

(97.6)

42

(100)

02

(03.9)

49

(96.1)

51

(100)

05

(10.4)

43

(89.6)

48

(100)

Milk Dairy membership 01

(02.4)

41

(97.6)

42

(100)

05

(09.8)

46

(90.2)

51

(100)

0

(0)

0

(0)

48

(100)

As per table 5.2.1 more women were involved in SHG and Mahila Mandal

activity. This was quite common in the rural areas. And very few members have

membership in NGO, Temple / Church Committee, SDMC, and Milk cooperative

society. A vast majority of the women members did not have membership in any

local institution before becoming members of the Grama Panchayat. Even though

women members were residing in rural areas, very few of them got the chance to get

involved in SDMC.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

116

5.3 : Factors Motivating Women to Contest in the Panchayat Election.

Table No. 5.3.1 : The factor which motivated interest in the women to contest in

the Grama Panchayat election

Sl.

No Motivation

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

N= 42 N=51 N=48

Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank

1 Self 4.35 4 4.52 5 3.89 5

2 Husband 4.73 2 6.60 2 7.41 1

3 Children 2.40 9 4.70 4 3.08 7

4 Brother/s 2.09 10 4.03 7 2.02 9

5 Sister/s 3.04 8 2.49 8 1.70 10

6 Relatives 3.78 6 4.43 6 3.35 6

7 Villagers 6.11 1 6.94 1 6.45 3

8 Political party 4.45 3 6.50 3 7.06 2

9 SHG 3.45 7 1.92 10 2.81 8

10 NGO 4.21 5 2.0 9 5.45 4

Motivation was an important factor which had given the women a chance to

think about Panchayat Raj and local politics. Before 1993 it may have been a dream

for the rural women to contest in the Mandal Panchayat election. According to the

elected women representatives there were several factors which had motivated them

in different ways. Here the researcher identified ten common motivating factors and

asked the elected women to rank it. The study shows very interesting weightage /

reasons for the rank given by the elected women members.

Self- motivation ranked 4th

place in Karkala, whereas motivation from

husband came in 2nd

Rank. It is evident that the husband‟s motivation is more

important than self- motivation for the candidates in Kundapur (2nd

Rank) and Udupi

(1st rank) taluks. Another observation was that villagers and political party motivated

them strongly rather than relatives and family members like brother/s and sister/s. It

gives a very clear picture that villager‟s motivation can change anything. The

motivation of villagers stands first rank in Karkala and Kundapur taluks (6.5) and in

Udupi it has secured 3rd

rank.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

117

Table No. 5.3.2 : Reasons for contesting the Grama Panchayat election

Reasons for contesting the

Grama Panchayat election

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

For village development 05(11.9) 32(62.7) 28(58.4)

Service to the people 08(19.0) 07(13.7) 08(16.7)

Husband force 03(07.1) 00(0) 01(02.1)

Because of reservation 15(35.7) 02(03.9) 01(02.1)

Political party force 01(02.4) 01(02.0) 05(11.4)

Villagers force 02(04.8) 07(13.7) 03(06.3)

Don‟t know 01(02.4) 01(02.0) 00(0)

Self- interest 06(14.3) 01( 02.0) 01(02.1)

Family members force 01(02.4) 00 (0) 01(02.1)

Total 42(100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

It is evident from the above table that in Udupi (58.4%) and Kundapura

(62.7%) majority of the respondents contested the Grama Panchayat election for the

purpose of village development. But in Karkala taluk, 35.7% of the respondents‟ said

that they contested the Grama Panchayat election due to reservation. It indicates that

the elected representatives have a difference of opinion for contesting in different

taluks. Few of the members contested the elections because of the force exerted by the

husband, political party or villagers, and even family members. It is interesting to note

that some of the members have contested due to self- interest. The percentage is

14.3% in Karkala, 2% in Kundapura, and 2% in Udupi.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

118

Table No. 5.3.3 : Awareness regarding GP before becoming member

Awareness

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

All the Activity of GP 04(9.5) 11 (21.6) 11(22.9)

Village Development Programmes 01(02.4) 00(0) 02(04.2)

About Grama Sabha 04(09.5) 00(0) 02(04.2)

Don‟t know 00(0) 03(05.9) 00(0)

About Samithi 00(0) 04(07.8) 05(10.4)

Not Applicable 33(78.6) 33(64.7) 28(58.3)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Reasons Reason for not knowing

Because of illiteracy 05(11.9) 09 (17.6) 03(06.3)

Not gone out of the home 07(16.7) 01(02.0) 08 (16.7)

Lack of awareness 00(0) 00(0) 09 (18.8)

Not interested 11(26.2) 20 (39.2) 08 (16.7)

Don‟t know 10(23.8) 01(02.0) 00(0)

Not made an effort 00(0) 02(03.9) 00(0)

Not applicable 09(21.4) 18 (35.3) 20 (41.7)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

The table indicates that majority of the women members from Karkala

(78.6%), Kundapur (64.7%), and Udupi (58.3%) were not aware of any activity of the

Grama Panchayat. The percentage of members knowing about all the activities of the

Grama Panchayat was less, that is, Karkala- 9.5%, Kundapur - 21.6%, and Udupi -

22.9%. This table indicates that majority of the Grama Panchayat members without

knowing much about the Grama Panchayat activities entered into local politics. This

opportunity is provided by the 73rd

Constitutional Amendment Act. The Grama

Panchayat has become a platform for women to display their talents and serve the

village for the development purpose.

The respondents were asked about the reasons for not knowing about the

Grama Panchayat and its activity. They very frankly answered because of illiteracy,

not interested, and had not made an effort to collect information about the Grama

Panchayat. The answer varies from respondent to respondent. In Udupi taluk, 18.8%

Data Analysis and Interpretation

119

of the respondents said that because of lack of awareness they did not have

information about the Grama Panchayat and its activities. A good number of members

from Kundapur (39.2%), Karkala (26.2%), and Udupi (16.7%) expressed that they

were not interested enough to know about the Grama Panchayat before becoming a

member.

Table No. 5.3.4 : Source of information about Grama Panchayat activities

Source of information

about Gram Panchayat

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Political Party 01(02.4) 15(29.4) 04(08.3)

Villagers 00(0) 07(13.7) 04(08.3)

SHG 00(0) 00(0) 01(02.1)

Grama Panchayat 00(0) 04(07.8) 01(02.1)

Grama Sabha 00(0) 01(02.0) 00(0)

Training 40 (95.2) 19 (37.3) 33(68.8)

Husband 01(02.4) 02(03.9) 05(10.4)

Through reading 00(0) 02(03.9) 00(0)

Worked as a clerk in GP 00(0) 01(02.0) 00(0)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Table 5.3.4 indicates about the source of information for the women members

about the Grama Panchayat and its activities. Majority (Udupi- 95.2%, Kundapura-

37.3%, and in Karkala- 68.8%) of the elected women members got information while

training. Few of them got information through a political party (Kundapura- 29.4%,

Udupi- 8.3%, and Karkala- 2.4%). Some of the elected members got information from

other sources like villagers, SHG, Grama Panchayat, Grama Sabha, Husband, through

reading, etc. One member from Kundapura Taluk worked as a clerk in the Grama

Panchayat and was elected as a member in the Panchayat and she had also been

elected as the President of the Grama Panchayat.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

120

Table No. 5.3.5 : Family members served as a Grama Panchayat members

Family member served

as GP member

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Not at all 41(97.6) 42(82.4) 39(81.3)

Husband 01(02.4) 00(0) 03(06.3)

Father-in-law 00(0) 01(02.0) 02(04.2)

Mother 00(0) 02(03.9) 02(04.2)

Son- in- law 00(0) 00(0) 01(02.1)

Uncle 00(0) 03(05.9) 01(02.1)

Father 00(0) 01(02.0) 00(0)

Brother 00(0) 01(02.0) 00(0)

Grandmother 00(0) 01(02.0) 00(0)

Total 42(100) 51(100) 48(100)

To identify the political background of the elected women Panchayat members

they were asked if any family member had served as a Panchayat member. Most of the

women representatives clearly stated that they were the first one in their family who had

entered into the Grama Panchayat as elected representatives. In Karkala (97.6%),

Kundapura (82.4), and in Udupi (81.3%) most of them had entered the Grama

Panchayat without any political background. But very few members‟ spouse (husband)

had entered the Grama Panchayat before the respondent‟s entry into the Panchayat

(Karkala- 2.4% and Kundapura- 6.3%). It is very clear that the majority of the women

members had entered the Panchayats as new entrants without any political background.

Table No. 5.3.6 : Opponents in the election

Opponent in the

election

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Male 00(0) 5(9.8) 05 (10.4)

Female 39 (92.9) 39(76.5) 38 (79.2)

Unanimous selection 03 (07.1) 07(13.7) 05 (10.4)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Table 5.3.6 indicates that majority of the women contested against women.

The percentage is 92.9% in Karkala taluk, 76.5% in Kundapura, and 79.2% in Udupi

taluk. Some of the women contested against men and the percentage of women who

won the election is 9.8% in Kundapur and10.4% in Udupi. In all the three taluks few

of them got selected unanimously.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

121

Figure – 4 : Elected Representatives opinion towards the present election system

Figure 4 presents data on the respondent‟s opinion towards the present

election of the Grama Panchayat. Majority (66.7%) of the respondents in Karkala

taluk opined that the present election system of the Grama Panchayat was good,

followed by Kundapura taluk (58.8%). A considerable number of respondents

(Karkala- 23.8%) and (Udupi- 27.1%) opined that lot of changes were required in the

election system. Only five out of 141 respondents stated that the present system of

election was not good.

Table No. 5.3.7 : Reaction of the family members and friends towards

respondents’ decision to become Panchayat member

Reactions

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

N=42 N=51 N=48

Score Rank Score Rank Score Rank

Parents 2.54 8 2.25 7 2.87 7

In-laws 2.61 7 2.25 8 2.02 8

Husband 3.88 1 4.37 1 4.39 1

Siblings 3.47 4 3.49 4 3.39 4

Children 2.78 6 3.33 6 3.04 6

Friends 3.83 2 3.27 3 3.77 3

Relatives 3.11 5 3.17 5 3.12 5

Neighbours 3.73 3 3.98 2 4.02 2

Frequency X value = Rank X 100/5scale

0

28 (66.7)

2 (4.8)

10 (23.8)

2(4.8)

13 (25.5)

30 (58.8)

6 (11.8)

1 (2)

1 (2)

10 (20.8)

13(27.1)

10(20.8)

13 (27.1)

2 (4.2)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Very good system

Good

Present system accepted

Number of changes are required

The present system is not good

Data Analysis and Interpretation

122

Analyzing the response of the family members regarding Panchayat

membership is also crucial. An interesting result was found after interpreting the data.

In all three taluks (Karkala, Kundapura, and in Udupi), the husband had secured 1st

rank and it shows that they were happy that the wife has become a member of the

Grama Panchayat. In Karkala taluk, friends had occupied the second place followed

by neighbours in the third place, and in-laws and parents had taken the 7th

and 8th

ranks.

In Kundapura taluk nighbours had taken the second place followed by

siblings, parents, and in-laws had taken the last place. A notable change could be seen

in the rank taken by different people in their reaction about the position taken by the

women in the ward.

In Udupi taluk, the husband occupied the first place followed by neighbours,

friends, and siblings in second, third, and fourth place, respectively. Parents and in-

laws occupied the seventh and eighth place.

5.4 : The problems and difficulties experienced by the elected women

representatives in relation to their role.

Table No. 5.4.1 : Problems faced in the Grama Panchayats

Problems faced

in the

Grama Panchayat

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Yes No Total Yes No Total Yes No Total

Non co-operation

by male members 00

42

(100)

42

(100)

01

(2.0)

50

(98.0)

51

(100)

04

(8.3)

44

(91.7) 48

(100)

Non co-operation

by the secretary

01

(2.4)

41

(97.6)

42

(100)

01

(2.0)

50

(98.0)

51

(100)

03

(6.3)

45

(93.8) 48

(100)

Not informed about

agenda for the

meeting

01

(2.4)

41

(97.6)

42

(100) 00

51

(100)

51

(100)

02

(4.2)

46

(95.8) 48

(100)

Protocol respect

was not given 00

42

(100)

42

(100) 00

51

(100)

51

(100)

02

(4.2)

46

(95.8) 48

(100)

Late notice for the

meeting 00

42

(100)

42

(100) 00

51

(100)

51

(100)

02

(4.2)

46

(95.8) 48

(100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

123

From the above table it is found that more than ninety percent of the respondents

did not face any problem in the Grama Panchayat. In Karkala taluk, two of the respondents

mentioned the problems faced in the Panchayat like non- cooperation by the secretary

(2.4%) and not informing about the meeting agenda. As far as Kundapur taluk was

concerned two respondents expressed that they were facing problems in the Panchayat like

not getting co-operation from the male members (2.0%) and non- cooperation by the

secretary (2.0%). In Udupi district 11 (27.2%) respondents mentioned that they face

problems in the Panchayat like non-cooperation by male members(8.3%), non- cooperation

by the secretary (6.3%), Not informing about meeting agenda (4.2%), not giving protocol

respect (4.2%), and giving late notice of the meeting (4.2%).

Table No. 5.4.2 : Efforts made by the women members to settle the problems

faced in the Grama Panchayat

Type of problems

faced in the Grama

Panchayat

Effort made to settle

the problems

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Effort made to settle the

Non co-operation by the

male members

Not applicable 42

(100)

50

(98.0)

44

(91.7)

Collective effort of the

women members NA

01

(02.0)

04

(08.3)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Effort made to settle the

non co-operation of the

secretary

Not applicable 41

(97.6)

50

(98.0)

44

(91.7)

Discussed with CEO and

changed the secretary

01

(02.4) 00(0) 00(0)

Collective effort of

members 0(0)

01

(02.0)

03

(06.3)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Effort made to settle not

informing agenda of the

meeting

Not applicable 41

(97.6)

51

(100)

46

(95.8)

Discussed in the meeting

and settled the problem

01

(02.4) 00(0)

02

(04.2)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Effort made to settle the

protocol respect.

Not applicable 42

(100)

51

(100)

46

(95.8)

Discussed in the Grama

Panchayat meeting 00(0) 00(0)

02

(04.2)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Effort made to settle the

issue of giving late

notice of the meeting

Not applicable 42

(100)

51

(100)

46

(95.8)

Discussed with the

President and secretary 00(0) 00(0)

02

(04.2)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

124

Table 5.4.2 presents data on the efforts made by the women to settle the

problems faced in the Grama Panchayat. As far as settling the problem of non co-

operation by the male members was concerned, both in Kundapura and Udupi taluk,

women had made collective efforts to solve this problem. This is a good stand taken

by the women; this shows their level of awareness regarding fighting against

exploitation.

It is a very common phenomenon in the Grama Panchayat that secretaries do

not extend any co-operation to the elected representatives, especially women

representatives. In order to tackle this problem the women members in Karkala taluk

discussed the issue with the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and replaced the

secretary. The women members of Kundapura and Udupi Panchayats had made a

collective effort to deal with this problem.

Some of the women reported that they were not informed about the meeting

agenda. Majority of the women representatives are not much educated and more over

they are women. Our society is patriarchal in nature, where the contribution of women

is bypassed or neglected. Society underestimates the capacity of the women. They

were not bothered to inform the meeting agenda by thinking that it is useless to

inform them. The women had settled this problem by discussing it in the meeting.

The respondents in the Udupi district reported that protocol respect was not

given to them. They discussed this in the Grama Panchayat meeting and settled it. All

these problems were due to the contention that women were not capable enough to

undertake any activity.

The problem of giving late notice of the meeting was faced by two women

members of Udupi district. They settled this issue by discussing it with the President

and secretary. It is significant to note that women who faced problems in the

Panchayat had made an effort to tackle the issue.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

125

Table No. 5.4.3 : Problems faced by the respondents

Type of problems

faced

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Yes No Total Yes No Total Yes No Total

Attending Grama

Panchayat meeting

00

(0)

42

(100)

42

(100)

49

(96.1)

02

(3.9)

51

(100)

04

(8.3)

44

(91.7) 48

(100)

Election

canvassing

00

(0)

42

(100)

42

(100) 0

51

(100)

51

(100)

06

(12.5)

42

(87.5) 48

(100)

Attending training 00

(0)

42

(100)

42

(100)

01

(2.0)

50

(98.0)

51

(100)

03

(6.3)

45

(93.8) 48

(100)

Attending

Programme

00

(0)

42

(100)

42

(100) 0

51

(100)

51

(100)

04

(8.3)

44

(91.7) 48

(100)

To visit the place 00

(0)

42

(100)

42

(100) 0

51

(100)

51

(100)

04

(8.3)

44

(91.7) 48

(100)

Problems faced

while initiating any

programme in their

ward

3

(9.5)

38

(90.5)

42

(100)

04

(7.8)

47

(92.2)

51

(100)

15

(31.3)

33

(68.8) 48

(100)

Table 5.4.3 presents data on whether the women members faced any problem

while attending Panchayat meetings, election canvassing, attending training, attending

programme, to initiate any programme in their ward. Majority of the women members

said that they did not face any problem while attending the Grama Panchayat meeting.

With regard to attending the training programme, a very low percentage of women

mentioned that they faced any problem. Training is crucial for the newly elected

members because training is an effective strategy in transforming them. It is positive

to note that majority of the women members did not face any problem while attending

training. They were also asked whether they had any problem to while initiating any

programme for their ward. More than 90% of the women members, besides Udupi

(68.8%) taluk, mentioned that they had no problem as such.

Table No. 5.4.4 : Problems faced by the respondents from the GP staff

To manage the Panchayat activity problems faced from

the GP staff

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No problem 41

(97.6) 49

(96.1) 43

(89.6)

Non co-operation by secretary 01

(2.4) 02

(3.9) 05

(10.4)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

126

It is significant to note that majority of the women members covered under

this study did not face any problems from the GP staff. Only one (2.4%) woman

member of Karkala taluk, two (3.9%) of Kundapura taluk, and five (10.4%) of Udupi

district faced the problem of non co-operation by the secretary.

Table No. 5.4.5 : Positions held and tenure of the respondents

Positions Number of years

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

%

No. of respondents

%

No. of respondents

%

Member

One Year 01(02.4) 00 00(0)

Two Year 00(0) 01(02.0) 00(0)

Five Year 41 (97.6) 50 (98.0) 48 (100)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Standing Committee member

Not at all 41 (97.6) 46 (90.2) 27(56.3)

One Year 00(0) 02(03.9) 14(29.2)

Two Year 01(02.4) 02(03.9) 05(10.4)

Four Year 00(0) 00(0) 01(02.1)

Five Year 00(0) 01(02.0) 01(02.1)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Standing Committee President

Not at all 30 (71.4) 43 (84.3) 38 (79.2)

One Year 00(0) 02(3.9) 07(14.6)

Two Year 11(26.2) 06(11.8) 03(06.3)

Four Year 01(02.4) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Grama Panchayat President

Not at all 27(64.3) 42 (82.4) 35(72.9)

One Year 01(02.4) 03(6.3)

Two and half Year 14 (33.3) 09(17.6) 10 (20.8)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Vice President

not applicable 42(100) 44 (86.3) 47 (97.9)

one year 00(0) 01(02.0) 01(02.1)

two year 00(0) 06(11.8) 00(0)

Total 42(100) 51(100) 48 (100)

Grama Panchayat representative in T P

Not at all 42 (100) 49 (96.1) 47 (97.9)

One Year 00(0) 01(02.0) 01(02.1)

Two Year 00(0) 01(2.0) 00(0)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Grama Panchayat representative ZP

Not at all 39(92.8) 51 (100.0) 45 (93.8)

One Year 01(02.4) 00(0) 01(02.1)

Two Year 01(02.4) 00(0) 02(04.2)

Three Year 01(02.4) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

127

Table 5.4.5 presents information on the different positions held by the Grama

Panchayat members. It is clear from the above data that majority of the members were

just members in the Panchayat and held the position for five years (Karkala- 95.2%,

Kundapura- 98%, and Udupi -100%). Very few percentages of women had

represented as committee president, committee members, Grama Panchayat President,

and Vice President, Grama Panchayat representative in Taluk Panchayat and Zilla

Panchayat. It is significant to note that none of the women covered in Karkala taluk

the study enjoyed the position of Grama Panchayat representative to the Taluk

Panchayat. There was no representation of women from the Grama Panchayat to the

Zilla Panchayat in Kundapura.

From the above data it is very clear that due to the reservation of seats they

could become members of the Grama Panchayat. As there is no reservation policy in

force to become a committee member, committee president, representative Grama

Panchayat member to the Taluk and Zilla Panchayat, the women did not get the

opportunity to hold these positions.

Table No. 5.4.6 : Ability to manage their positions in Grama Panchayats

Position Level of

management

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Member

Very good 13(31.0) 19 (37.3) 10 (20.8)

Good 19(45.2) 16 (31.4) 24 (50.0)

Satisfactory 08(19.0) 12 (23.5) 12 (25.0)

Not satisfactory 02(04.8) 01 (02.0) 01(02.1)

Very poor 00(0) 03 (05.9) 01(02.1)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Standing

Committee

Member

Very good 00(0) 01(02.0) 03(06.3)

Good 01(02.4) 00(0) 14 (29.2)

Satisfactory 00(0) 03(05.9) 05(10.4)

Poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Very poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Not at all 41(97.6) 47(92.2) 26(54.1)

Total 42(100) 51(100) 48(100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

128

Standing

Committee

President

Very good 04(09.5) 03(05.9) 02(04.2)

Good 07(16.7) 04(07.8) 07(14.6)

Satisfactory 01(02.4) 02(03.9) 04(08.3)

Poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Very poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Not at all 30 (71.4) 42 (82.4) 35 (72.9)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

GP President

Very good 06(14.3) 06(11.8) 05(10.4)

Good 05(11.9) 02(03.9) 04(08.3)

Satisfactory 01(02.4) 00(0) 01(02.1)

Poor 02(04.8) 03(05.9) 02(04.2)

Very poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Not at all 28 (66.6) 40 (78.4) 36 (75.0)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Vice President

Very good 01(02.4) 02(03.9) 01(02.1)

Good 01(02.4) 03(05.9) 00(0)

Satisfactory 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Very poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Not at all 40 (95.2) 46(90.2) 47 (97.9)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

GP

Representative

in TP

Very good 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Good 00(0) 01(02.0) 00(0)

Satisfactory 00(0) 01(02.0) 01(02.1)

Poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Very poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Not at all 42 (100.0) 49 (96.1) 47 (97.9)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

GP

Representative

in ZP

Very good 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Good 02(04.8) 01(02.0) 02(04.2)

Satisfactory 00(0) 00(0) 01(02.1)

Poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Very poor 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Not at all 40 (95.2) 50 (98.0) 45 (93.8)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

129

Table 5.4.6 presents information as to what extent the women members were

able to manage their position. It is evident from the above data that majority of the

women members could manage their position in a good and satisfactory manner.

None of the women had reported that she was poor in managing her position. Some

of the women mentioned that they could manage their position in a very good manner.

It is significant to note that they could manage well as members of the Grama

Panchayat than any other position.

Table No. 5.4.7 : Social status increased after becoming GP member

Social status

increased

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Yes 41 (97.6) 50 (98.0) 47 (97.9)

No 01 (02.4) 01 (02.0) 01 (02.1)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

It is significant to note from Table 5.4.8 that a great majority of the

respondents reported that their social status has increased after becoming a member of

the Grama Panchayat, since they represent their ward.

Table No. 5.4.8 : Male co-members outlook towards women members

Male co-members

outlook towards women

members

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Very good Co-operation 24 (57.1) 33 (64.7) 23 (47.9)

Co-operative 16 (38.1) 16 (31.4) 25 (52.1)

Natural 02 (04.8) 00(0) 00(0)

Neglected 00(0) 01(02.0) 00(0)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Table 5.4.9 presents data on male co- members’ outlook towards women

members. A good number of the women members mentioned that they received very

good co-operation from the male members. Only one (2%) respondent in Kundapura

taluk reported that she was neglected by her male co- members.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

130

Table No. 5.4.10 : Respondents ability to exercise their legitimate power

Respondents are

able

to exercise their

legitimate power

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Yes 18 (42.9) 28 (54.9) 27 (56.3)

Sometimes 22 (52.4) 21 (41.2) 19 (39.6)

No 02 (04.8) 02 (03.9) 02 (04.2)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

The ability to exercise their legitimate power is also very important aspect. A

good percentage (Karkala- 42.9%, Kundapur- 54.9%, and Udupi- 56.3%) of the

respondents said that they were able to exercise their authority. Only a few

respondents reported that they could not exercise their power.

Table No. 5.4.11 : Reasons for their inability to exercise their legitimate power

Reasons for not being able

to exercise their legitimate

power

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Not applicable 40 (95.2) 49 (96.1) 46 (95.8)

All the members do not

agree with the respondents

opinion

01 (02.4) 01 (02.0) 02 (04.2)

Not much aware about

Panchayat procedure

01 (02.4) 0 0

Non co-operation 0 01 (02.0) 0

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

It is evident from Table 5.4.11 that few of the respondents were not able to

exercise their legitimate power. The reason behind this is that they do not get consent

or co-operation from all the members if they have to implement something and also

they are not much aware about the procedures.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

131

5.5 : To study the Strategies adapted by the Elected Women Representatives in

implementing Development Programmes

Table No. 5.5.1: Availability of guidance from the Panchayat officials

Availability of

guidance from GP

officials are

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Yes 40 (95.2) 47 (92.2) 46 (95.8)

No 01 (02.4) 04 (07.8) 02 (04.2)

Sometimes 01 (02.4) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Table 5.5.1 presents data on whether the respondents get guidance from the

Grama Panchayat officials or not. It is significant to note that majority (Karkala-

95.2%, Kundapura- 92.2%, and Udupi-95.8%) of the respondents reported that they

get guidance from the Grama Panchayat officials.

Table No. 5.5.2 : Weightage given by co-members to respondent’s suggestions

Co-members

considering

respondents

suggestion

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Yes 22 (52.4) 33 (64.7) 42 (87.5)

Sometimes 20 (47. 6) 16 (31.4) 06 (12.5)

Not at all 00(0) 02 (03.9) 00(0)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Considering the respondents’ suggestion while implementing a project a good

number of them, that is, 87.5% in Udupi taluk followed by Kundapura (64.7%) and

Karkala (52.4%) mentioned that their suggestions are considered while implementing

the project. Only two (3.9%) respondents in Kundapura taluk mentioned that their

suggestions were not considered (Table 5.5.2).

Data Analysis and Interpretation

132

Table No. 5.5.3 : Attending Grama Panchayat Meetings

Attending all the

Grama Panchayat

meetings

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Yes 40 (95.2) 49(96.1) 45 (93.8)

Sometimes 02 (04.8) 02 (03.9) 03 (06.3)

No 00(0) 00(0) 00(0)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

One of the major finding of the study is that in spite of their household chores

women members make it a point to attend all the meetings of the Panchayat which is

very appreciable. More than ninety percent of the respondents are attending all the

meetings of the Panchayat. It is very true that women are good managers as is found

in this study because they are balancing both family and politics (Table 5.5.3).

Table No. 5.5.4 : Active participation in the meeting

Active participation

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

%

No. of

respondents

%

Yes 40 (95.2) 42 (82.4) 42 (87.5)

Sometimes 02 (04.8) 09 (17.6) 05 (10.4)

No 00 00 01 (02.1)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Majority of the respondents participated actively in the Panchayat meeting

which is evident from the above data. It is said that if there is no involvement there is

no development. Unless there is active participation by the women in the Panchayat

meeting or activities, their talents and capacities will not be identified. It is significant

to note that majority of the women are actively participating in the Panchayat meeting

which is an important step in moving towards development (Table 5.5.4).

Data Analysis and Interpretation

133

Table No. 5.5.5 : Programmes implemented in the ward

Programmes implemented in the

ward

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Yes No Total Yes No Total Yes No Total

Housing Number 0 42 42 0 51 51 24 24 48

Percentage 0 100 100 0 100 100 50 50 100

Drainage Number 0 42 42 0 51 51 24 24 48

Percentage 0 100 100 0 100 100 50 50 100

Village sanitation

programme

Number 10 32 42 17 34 51 17 31 48

Percentage 23.8 76.2 100 33.3 66.7 100 35.4 64.6 100

Village cleaning

programme

Number 7 16.7 42 3 48 51 0 48 48

Percentage 35 83.3 100 5.9 94.1 100 0 100 100

Primary Health

Center

Number 6 36 42 5 46 51 0 48 48

Percentage 14.3 85.7 100 9.8 90.2 100 0 100 100

Road Light Number 0 42 42 0 51 51 32 16 48

Percentage 0 100 100 0 100 100 66.7 33.3 100

Road repair

Number 14 28 42 34 17 51 33 15 48

Percentage 33.3 66.7 100 66.7 33.3 100 68.8 31.3 100

Drinking Water

Number 13 29 42 32 19 51 33 15 48

Percentage 31.0 69.0 100 62.7 37.3 100 68.8 31.3 100

Electricity

Number 9 33 42 24 27 51 0 48 48

Percentage 21.4 78.6 100 47.1 52.9 100 0 100 100

Small Bridge

Number 0 0 42 0 51 51 7 41 48

Percentage 0 0 100 0 100 100 14.6 85.4 100

Anganawadi

Number 4 38 42 2 49 51 2 46 48

Percentage 9.5 90.5 100 3.9 96.1 100 4.2 95.8 100

Illiteracy

Number 0 42 42 1 50 51 00 48 48

Percentage 0 100 100 2.0 98.0 100 0 100 100

Farm Pond Number 0 42 42 0 51 51 2 46 48

Percentage 0 100 100 0 100 100 4.2 95.8 100

Tank Desilting

Number 0 48 42 0 51 51 4 44 48

Percentage 0 100 100 0 100 100 8.3 91.7 100

Grama Panchayat

Building

Number 18 24 42 23 28 51 0 48 48

Percentage 42.9 57.1 100 45.1 54.9 100 0 100 100

Data Analysis and Interpretation

134

It is evident from the above data that on the whole majority of the elected

women members of the Grama Panchayat implemented most of the programmes such

as village sanitation, road repair, water, and electricity programme.

The Grama Panchayat in Karkala taluk concentrated more on village sanitation

programmes, village cleaning, primary health centers, road repair, anganawadi,

drinking water, and electricity.

The Grama Panchayat in Udupi taluk concentrated on some of the

programmes, viz., housing, drainage facility, road lights (street lights) village

sanitation programmes, village road repair, anganawadi center, drinking water, small

bridge (kalu sanka) farm pond, and tank desilting. Very select activities were

undertaken by the elected women members of the Grama Panchayat.

Table No. 5.5.6 : Visiting the ward

Visiting your ward

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Resident of same ward 27 (64.3) 02(03.9) 05(10.4)

Once in a weak 08(19.0) 07(13.7) 08(16.7)

Every fifteen days 03(07.1) 08(15.7) 09(18.8)

Once in month 04(09.5) 30(58.8) 21(43.8)

Once in six month 00 00 00

Once in a year 00 00 00

Not at all 00 00 01(02.1)

People are coming

to my home.

00 04(07.8) 04(08.3)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Table 5.5.6 provides data on the frequency of visits by the members to their

ward. It is evident that majority (64.3%) of the respondents in Karkala taluk

mentioned that they were resident of same ward. Hence they were in frequent contact

with the people of the ward. As far as Kundapura (58.8%) and Udupi (43.8%) taluks

are concerned majority of them visit the ward once in month. A few members visit

once in a week or once in fifteen days. It was interesting to note that one member in

Udupi taluk did not attend her ward at all.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

135

Table No. 5.5.7 : Response received in the meetings

Response in the meetings

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Yes 29(69.0) 47(92.2) 47(97.9)

No 01(02.4) 04(07.8) 01(02.1)

Sometimes 12(28.6) 0 0

Never asked the questions 0 0 0

Total 42(100) 51(100) 48(100)

It is evident from the above table that majority of the women members in Udupi

district get a good response to their questions. It is also one of the important changes

which is taking place in the villages. People are changing their notion towards women.

Table No. 5.5.8 : Regularity in the ward meetings

Regular ward

meetings

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Yes 42(100) 47(92.2) 47(97.9)

No 0 04(07.8) 01(02.1)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

It is evident from the above table that 97.9% of the respondents in Udupi taluk

conduct ward meetings regularly and no respondent in Karkala taluk conducts

meetings which is not a good sign.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

136

Table No. 5.5.9 : Number of members attending Grama Sabha meeting

Number of

member attend

the ward meetings

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Less than 100 25(59.5) 06(17.8) 19(39.6)

101 to 150 13(31.0) 09(17.6) 07(14.6)

151 to 200 03(07.1) 09(17.6) 10(20.8)

201 to 250 01(02.4) 04(07.8) 02(04.2)

251 to 300 0 04(07.8) 07(14.6)

301 to 350 0 03(05.9) 0

351 to 400 0 01(02.0) 01(02.1)

401 and above 0 15(29.4) 02(04.2)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

People‟s participation is crucial for the successful implementation of any

programme. Representation of the people in the Grama Sabha or ward meeting is one

of the ways to enhance people participation in village development. Majority of the

respondents in Karkala (59.5%) and Udupi (39.6%) reported that less than 100 people

attend the Grama Sabha meeting. People’s participation in the Grama Sabha meeting

had to be increased by creating awareness.

Table No. 5.5.10 : Opinion regarding 33% reservation

Opinion regarding

reservation

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Enough 22(52.4) 12(23.5) 13(27.1)

Not enough 19(45.2) 39(76.5) 34(70.8)

Reservation not required 0 0 01(2.1)

Don‟t Know 01(2.4) 0 0

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

137

There is an ongoing national debate with regard to the 33% reservation. There

are mixed opinions pertaining to the reservation bill. When the women members of

the Panchayat were asked questions with regard to the reservation, majority of them

expressed that 33% is not enough. Only one woman said that reservation was not

required. It is evident from the above data that women had identified that reservation

is one of the important tool to increase women representation in politics.

Table No. 5.5.11 : Reason For Not Contesting Next Election

Reasons

Karkala Kundapura Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Contesting for next election 31 (73.8) 31(60.9) 27(56.3)

Household work 01 (02.4) 02 (03.9) 04(08.3)

Not interested 01 (02.4) 05 (09.8) 06(12.5)

Health Problems 01 (02.4) 02 (03.9) 02(04.2)

To give opportunity to others 03 (07.1) 02(03.9) 01(02.1)

Left the village 01 (02.4) 00(0) 00(0)

Because of loosing coolie 02 (04.8) 00(0) 00(0)

Personal problems 02 (04.8) 00(0) 00(0)

Family problems 00(0) 04(07.8) 05(10.5)

People are not accepted 00(0) 04(07.8) 02(04.2)

Party politics 00(0) 01(02.0) 01(02.1)

Total 42 (100) 51 (100) 48 (100)

Table 5.5.11 sought information regarding the elected women representatives‟

interest in contesting the next election. A large number of women expressed that they

would like to contest the next election [Karkala- 31 (73.8%), Kundapura -31(60.9%),

and Udupi- 27 (56.3%)]. It indicates that women are interested in participating in the

public life. Few of the respondents‟ expressed various reasons for not contesting the

next election. Among them, 4(7.8%) from Kundapura and 2(4.2%) from Karkala

expressed that people have not accepted them.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

138

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PARTICIPATION OF

ELECTED WOMEN IN THE GRAMA PANCHAYATS OF

CHAMARAJANAGARA DISTRICT AND UDUPI DISTRICT OF

KARNATAKA

This analysis depicts the comparative analysis of the participation of women

in the Grama Panchayats of Chamarajanagara district and Udupi district of Karnataka.

The data was collected from all the taluks of both the districts such as

Chamarajanagara, Gundlupet, Kollegal, Yalandur Karkala, Kundapura, and Udupi.

6.1 : Comparative analysis of the Profile of elected women representatives in the

Grama Panchayats.

Table No. 6.1.1 : Age of respondents

Age of the

respondents

Chamarajanagara district Udupi district

Number of respondents (%) Number of respondents (%)

21-25 07(04.8) 03 (02.1)

26-30 31(21.1) 13 (09.2)

31-35 37(25.2) 19 (13.5)

36-40 22(15.0) 28 (19.9)

41-45 11(07.5) 28 (19.9)

46-50 17(11.6) 20 (14.2)

51-55 12(08.2) 15 (10.6)

56-60 04(02.7) 14 (09.9)

61 -65 06(04.1) 01 (00.7)

Total 147(100) 141 (100)

Mean age 38.23 42.18

SD 10.31 18.79

Table 6.1.1 presents data on age of the respondents belonging to both,

Chamarajanagara and Udupi districts. Understanding the respondent‟s age is crucial

to find out at what age the representation of women is higher and also to find out the

mean age representation. In India you can vote on completing 18 years of age and the

government has put forth various eligible age groups to become member of PRI,

MLA, MP, and so on. In this study, age means the elected women‟s age at the start of

their tenure as members in the Panchayats.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

139

In the present study, the age of the respondents was classified ranging from 21

years to 65 years with a class interval of five. With regard to Chamarajanagara

district, majority (25.9%) of the respondents fell in the age category of 21 to 30 years,

whereas, in Udupi district 11.3% of the respondents belonged to the age category of

21 to 30 years. In Chamarajanagara district, it was tilted in favour of the younger age

group, whereas in Udupi district more number of women was represented from the

middle age group. The representation of older women was very less. Young

unmarried women are usually not encouraged to enter politics due to the fear of not

getting a life partner. Snehlata Pandey‟s (1987) study revealed that not a single PRI

representative was unmarried and she also mentioned that the entry of married women

to PRIs was due to - (1) unmarried girls were not allowed by their parents to hold

such posts; (2) unmarried girls have no political ambition; (3) the village communities

have strong reservation against selecting unmarried girls contesting political offices;

(4) girls would stake their marriage if they indulged in public activities before

marriage. However, it is important to mention that there are a good number of women

elected from the younger age group, i.e., between 21 to 30 years in the study area.

This is in line with the study made by Pamela Singla (2007) the result of which stated

that there are a good number of women elected from the younger age group. On the

whole in both the districts, majority of the respondents were in the age group of 21 to

50 years. This observation is in line with the study conducted by Tremblay and

Kumtakar. The study observed that the majority, that is, 81% of the women

Panchayati Raj leaders were in the age group of 21 to 50 years.

Prior to the 73rd

Amendment, women‟s participation in PRIs was negligible.

This is definitely a significant change from the earlier days especially changing the

mindset of the families.

Based on the information given in Table 6.1.1, it was calculated that the mean

age of the Chamarajanagara district respondents is 38.18 and the mean age of Udupi

district respondents was 42.25.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

140

Table No. 6.1.2 (A) : Education of the respondents correlated with education of

the spouse in Chamarajanagara district

Respondents

Education in Chamarajanagara

district

Spouse Education in Chamarajanagara district

Illi

tera

te

Neo

-lit

erate

Pre

-

Pri

ma

ry

Pri

ma

ry

Hig

h

Sch

oo

l

PU

C

Deg

ree

No

t

ap

pli

cab

le

To

tal

Illiterate 20

(13.5) 00

03 (2.0)

09 (6.1)

04 (2.7)

00 00 08

(5.4) 44

(29.7)

Neo-literate 11

(7.4) 00 00 00

01 (0.7)

00 04

(2.7) 00

16

(10.8)

Pre-primary 09

(6.1) 00

01 (0.7)

09 (6.1)

02 (1.4)

00 00 02

(1.4) 23

(15.7)

Primary 07

(4.8) 00

04 (2.7)

00 05

(3.4) 01

(0.7) 00

03 (2.1)

20

(13.6)

High School 11

(7.4) 00

01 (0.7)

01 (0.7)

14 (9.5)

01 (0.7)

01 (0.7)

01 (0.7)

30

(20.4)

PUC 00 00 00 00 02

(1.4) 01

(0.7) 03

(2.1) 01

(0.7) 07

(4.9)

Degree 02

(1.4) 00 00 00 00 00

05 (3.5)

00 07

(4.9)

Total 60

(40.6) 00

09

(6.1)

19

(12.9)

28

(19.1)

03

(2.1)

13

(8.9)

15

(10.3)

147

(100)

Table No. 6.1.2 (B) : Education of the respondents correlated with education of

the spouse in Udupi District

Respondents Education in

Udupi district

Spouse education in Udupi district

Total

Illi

tera

te

Neo

-li

tera

te

Pre

-

Pri

mary

Pri

mary

Hig

h

Sch

ool

PU

C

Deg

ree

Not

ap

pli

cab

le

Illiterate 05

(3.6) 01

(0.7) 01

(0.7) 04

(2.8) 02

(1.4) 00 00 00

13

(9.2)

Neo-literate 03

(2.1) 00

01 (0.7)

02 (1.4)

00 00 00 01

(0.7) 07

(4.9)

Pre-primary 04

(2.8) 00

01 (0.7)

13 (9.3)

00 00 00 01

(0.7) 19

(13.5)

Primary 01

(0.7) 00

07 (4.9)

07 (4.9)

11 (7.8)

01 (0.7)

02 (1.4)

04 (2.8)

33

(23.2)

High School 01

(0.7) 00

02 (1.4)

12 (8.5)

16 (11.8)

03 (2.1)

06 (4.2)

01 (0.7)

41

(29.4)

PUC 01

(0.7) 00 00

03 (2.1)

05 (3.6)

04 (2.8)

05 (3.6)

04 (2.8)

22

(15.6)

Degree 00 00 00 00 00 01

(0.7) 04

(2.8) 01

(0.7) 06

(4.2)

Total 15

(10.6)

01

(0.7)

12

(8.4)

41

(29.0)

34

(24.6)

9

(6.3)

17

(12.0)

12

(8.4)

141

(100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

141

Table 6.1.2 (A) and Table 6.1.2 (B) correlates education of the respondents

and of the the spouse in Chamarajanagara and Udupi districts. It is important to know

the respondents educational background and the education of their spouses.

Understanding education helps in knowing whether there is significant relation

between their education and participation. Education is one of the effective tools in

creating awareness and empowerment. Lack of proper education and orientation are

obstacles for a woman to play an effective role in the Panchayats. The effects of

education are primarily interpreted as human capital enhancing: education confers

participation- enhancing skills such as cognitive ability, civic skills, and civic

orientations. Education confers cognitive ability and political information, both of

which enable individuals to make sense of politics (Campbell et. al. 1960).

It is evident from the Table 6.1.2(A) that majority of the women members of

Chamarajanagara district, i.e., 70.2% were educated. Of this 10.8% were neo-

literates, 15.7% were educated up to pre- primary level, 13.6% studied up to primary

level, 20.4% were matriculates, 4.9% had passed Senior Secondary, and 4.9% were

graduates.

As far as the educational level of the women members of Udupi district were

concerned, 90.8% of them are educated. Of this 4.9% were neo-literates, 13.5% were

educated up to pre-primary level, 23.2% studied up to primary level, 29.4% were

matriculates, 15.6% passed Senior Secondary School, and 4.2% were graduates.

With regard to the education of the member‟s spouses in Chamarajanagara

district, it was found that about 59.4% of them were educated whereas in Udupi

district, 89.4% of the spouses were educated.

When women member‟s educational level and their spouse‟s education of both

the districts are correlated, it was clear from the field data that the level of education

of the women members and their spouses was better in Udupi district compared to

Chamarajanagara district. It was observed that the education of the women members

and their spouses was almost the same in accordance with both the districts.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

142

There are studies which indicate that lack of education affects performance of

the members, especially women. Ambedkar and Shailaja (2011) mentioned in their

study that education affects women‟s participation in political affairs to a greater

extent. To be uneducated and to be a woman is by itself the two most important

causes of decreased political participation and when these are united their effect is

doubled. Education is closely related to other social and psychological variables.

Verba , Schlozman, and Burns (1995) observe that, “Educational attainment is, in

fact, the single most potent predictor of an adult‟s political activity.”

Table No. 6.1.3(A) : Level of education cross tabulated with caste category of the

respondents in Chamarajanagara District

Education of

the

respondents

Caste of the respondents

Total SC ST

Cat.-

1

Cat.-

2A

Cat.-

2B

Cat.-

3A

Cat.-

3B General

Illiterate 15

(10.2)

13

(8.8)

12

(8.1)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

02

(1.4)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

44

(29.9)

Neo-literate 07

(4.8)

02

(1.4)

03

(2.0)

02

(1.4)

00

(0)

00

(0) 00

02

(1.4)

16

(11.0)

Pre-primary 06

(4.0)

04

(2.7)

04

(2.7)

02

(1.4)

04

(2.7)

02

(1.4)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

23

(15.6)

Primary 08

(5.5)

03

(2.0)

04

(2.7)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

00

(0)

04

(2.7)

00

(0)

20

(13.6)

High School 12

(8.2)

04

(2.7)

02

(1.4)

03

(2.0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

09

(6.1)

30

(20.4)

PUC 04

(2.7)

00

(0)

00

(0)

02

(1.4)

00

(0)

00

(0)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

07

(4.8)

Degree 04

(2.7)

02

(1.4)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

07

(4.8)

Total 56

(38.1)

28

(19.0)

25

(16.9)

11

(7.6)

04

(2.7)

04

(2.8)

08

(5.4)

11

(7.5)

147

(100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

143

Table No. 6.1.3 (B) : Level of education cross tabulated with caste category of the

respondents in UDUPI District

Education of

the

respondents

Caste of the respondents

Total SC ST

Cat.-

1

Cat.-

2A

Cat.-

2B

Cat.-

3A

Cat.-

3B General

Illiterate 04

(2.8)

04

(2.8)

02

(1.4)

02

(1.4)

00

(0)

00

(0)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

13

(9.1)

Neo-literate 04

(2.8)

02

(1.4)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

07

(4.9)

Pre-primary 04

(2.8)

02

(1.4)

01

(0.7)

10

(7.0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

01

(0.7)

01

(0.7)

19

(13.3)

Primary 02

(1.4)

03

(2.1)

03

(2.1)

15

(10.9)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

06

(4.2)

03

(2.1)

33

(23.5)

High School 01

(0.7)

04

(2.8)

06

(4.2)

15

(10.9)

02

(1.4)

00

(0)

06

(4.2)

07

(5.1)

41

(29.3)

PUC 05

(3.5)

03

(2.1)

02

(1.4)

07

(5.2)

00

(0)

01

(0.7)

03

(2.1)

01

(0.7)

22

(15.7)

Degree 00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

03

(2.1)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

01

(0.7)

01

(0.7)

06

(4.2)

Total 20

(14.0)

18

(12.6)

14

(9.8)

52

(37.5)

04

(2.8)

01

(0.7)

19

(13.3)

13

(9.3)

141

(100)

Table 6.1.3(A) and Table 6.1.3 (B) cross tabulate education and caste category

of the respondents of Chamarajanagara and Udupi districts. It is imperative to

understand the relationship between education and caste category of the respondents

which clarifies the educational status of different castes. It also highlights the

importance of caste in the emergence of women as Panchayat leaders. At one end of

the spectrum we have the outcastes such as SCs and the STs and on the other end we

have the upper castes consisting of priests, landlords, and the merchants castes. In

between there are hundreds of other social groups arranged hierarchically by the caste

social order. Several among these groups are condemned to backwardness - social,

economic, and educational, because of the humble occupation their caste has ascribed

to them (Ambedkar and Shailaja, 2011).

Data Analysis and Interpretation

144

It is clear from Table 6.1.3(A) that majority of the women members in

Chamarajanagara district represent the Scheduled Caste - 38.1%, Scheduled Tribe -

19%, and Category I - 16.9 %. In these three categories a large number of the

respondents are Illiterate. The general category was not much represented when

compared to the SC, ST, and Category- I. There are 9.3% respondents under the

general category who are educated.

With regard to Udupi district, Table 6.1.3(B) reveals that majority (37.5%) of

the women members represent Cat.-2A. There appears to be an equal distribution of

the number of elected women members around various caste categories, except

Category-2B and Category-3B as shown in Table 6.1.3(B). Under Cat. -2A, only two

women members are Illiterate and the majority had primary and high school

education. Under general category none of the women members are Illiterate.

When education and caste category of both the districts are compared it is

found that the SC, ST, and Cat.-I representation is higher in Chamarajanagara district.

Percentage of Illiterate SC, ST and Cat.-I is 27.1% in Chamarajanagara district and

17.0% in Udupi district. It was noted that illiterate women members were more in

Chamarajanagara as compared to Udupi district. It is important to mention that none

of the SC, ST, and Cat.-I women members had reached graduation level in Udupi

district.

It is crucial to mention that most of the Panchayat women members are from

the lower social order. This result is in line with the study made by Anil. S. Sutar

(2008). The result of the study observed that the upper castes because of their

stronger thrust on patriarchy were reluctant to let their women folk enter the village

politics. Therefore, the representation of women from upper castes was restricted to

the provision of law, i.e., one-third of reservation for women in PRI. The situation

was quite encouraging in the case of representation from the lower castes. The

number of women leaders in Panchayats from lower castes was considerably higher

than the one-third reservation as provided by the Constitution.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

145

Table No. 6.1.4(A) : Marital status cross tabulated with employment in

Chamarajanagara District

Marital status of

the respondents

Employment of the respondents

Total

Dail

y w

ager

Agri

cult

ura

l

Lab

ou

r

Hom

emak

er

Sel

f -

emp

loym

ent

Pri

vate

job

Agri

cult

ure

Married 15

(10.3)

07

(4.7)

99

(67.3)

08

(5.4)

00

(0)

00

(0)

129

(87.8)

Unmarried 02

(1.3)

01

(0.7) 00

01

(0.7)

01

(0.7)

02

(01.3)

07

(04.8)

Widow 00

(0)

00

(0)

09

(06.2)

02

(01.4)

00

(0)

00

(0)

11

(07.5)

Total 17

(11.6)

08

(05.4)

108

(73.5)

11

(07.5)

01

(0.7)

02

(01.3)

147

(100)

Table No. 6.1.4 (B) : Marital status cross tabulated with employment in

Udupi District

Marital status

of the

respondents

Employment of the respondents

Total

Dail

y w

ager

Agri

cult

ura

l

Lab

ou

r

Hom

emak

er

Sel

f -

emp

loym

ent

Pri

vate

job

Agri

cult

ure

Married 37

(26.4)

15

(10.6)

64

(45.4)

10

(7.1)

03

(2.1)

00

(0)

129

( 91.5)

Unmarried 01

(0.7)

01

(0.7)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

04

(02.8)

Widow 05

(3.5)

00

(0)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

06

(04.3)

Separated 02

(1.4)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

02

(01.4)

Total 45

(39.9)

16

(11.3)

66

(46.8)

10

(07.1)

04

(02.8)

00

(0)

141

(100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

146

The Tables 6.1.4(A) and 6.1.4(B) cross tabulates the marital status and

employment of the women members of both the districts. Understanding the marital

status of the women members makes it clear, whether the representation was higher under

married or unmarried category. Though widows come under the married category but

since they have lost their husbands they are categorized separately. It is also vital to

know the employment of the women to understand their source of income.

It is evident from Table 6.1.4(A) that majority of the women members in

Chamarajanagara district, i.e., 95.3 % were married and among the married 7.5%

were widows, 4.8% were unmarried. Whereas in Udupi district [Table 6.1.4 (B)]

majority (97.2%) were married, and among them 4.3% were widows and 1.4% were

separated. Whereas unmarried constituted only 2.8%. The earlier studies on the

marital status of women reveals the presence of a large number of married women in

PRIs (MARG, 1997; Panda, 1997; Kaushik, 1997; Govinda Gowda, 1998; Singla,

2007).

From the Tables 6.1.4(A) and 6.1.4(B), it is evident that most of the married

women entered local politics. In country like India, usually unmarried women are not

encouraged to enter politics due to the stigma associated with politics.

With regard to the employment of the women members, majority of the

women members were housewives. The percentage was high 73.5% in

Chamarajanagara district when compared to Udupi district (46.8%). The percentage

of daily wage earners was comparatively high (32.0%) in Udupi district than

Chamarajanagara district (11.6%). It is clear from the above data that majority of the

women members are housewives. This observation is in line with the study conducted

by Pamela Singla. She has found that a large majority of the women members, i.e.,

51 out of 58, were housewives. She also mentioned that the data is a reflection on the

economic dependence of women on men which may lead to curtailing their role in the

decision-making.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

147

Figure – 5 : Annual income of the family (Unequal Distribution of Classification)

The data on the annual income of the women members is shown in Figure 5.

The income is classified on the basis of unequal distribution of classification.

Majority of the women members of both the districts (51.7%) in Chamarajanagara

and (67.4%) in Udupi were having very low income, that is, less than Rs.11000. This

indicates that the annual family income does not seem to be an important factor in the

selection of the Panchayat representatives. Various studies (Ambedkar and Shailaja,

2011, Singla, 2007) have proved this issue.

Table No. 6.1.5 (A) : Type of family cross tabulated with number of family

members in Chamarajanagara District

Type of

family

Number of family members

Total

Tw

o

Th

ree

Fo

ur

Fiv

e

Six

Sev

en

Eig

ht

Nin

e

Ten

an

d

ab

ov

e

Joint 00

(0)

00

(0)

04

(2.7)

12

(8.2)

21

(14.3)

10

(6.8)

05

(3.4)

05

(3.4)

09

(6.1)

66

(44.9)

Nuclear 02

(1.4)

10

(6.8)

32

(21.8)

20

(13.6)

11

(7.5)

00

(0)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

00

(0)

76

(51.7)

Extended 00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

01

(0.7)

04

(2.7)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

5

(3.4)

Total 02

(1.4)

10

(6.8)

36

(24.5)

33

(22.5)

36

(24.5)

10

(6.8)

06

(04.1)

05

(3.4)

09

(6.1)

147

(100)

51.7

26.5

7.5

5.4

2

2

2

0

0.7

0.7

1.4

67.4

10.6

5

4.3

1.4

2.8

2.1

1.4

2.1

2.1

0.7

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

11000 and less

11000 to 15000

15001 to 20000

20001 to 25000

25001 to 30000

30001to 40000

40001 to50000

50001 to 75000

75001 to 100000

100001 to 200000

200001 to300000 Udupi district

Chamarajanagara district

Data Analysis and Interpretation

148

Table No. 6.1.5(B) : Type of family cross tabulated with number of family

members in Udupi District

Type of family

Number of family members

Total

Tw

o

Th

ree

Fou

r

Fiv

e

Six

Sev

en

Eig

ht

Nin

e

Ten

an

d

ab

ove

Joint 00

(0)

01

(0.7)

02

(1.4)

02

(1.4)

03

(2.1)

06

(4.3)

02

(1.4)

01

(0.7)

04

(2.8)

21

(14.8)

Nuclear 07

(4.9)

09

(6.3)

45

(32.2)

30

(21.3)

13

(9.2)

06

(4.3)

01

(0.7)

01

(0.7)

00

(0)

112

(79.5)

Extended 02

(1.4) 00(0) 00(0)

06

(4.2)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

00

(0)

08

(5.7)

Total 09

(6.3)

10

(7.0)

47

(33.6)

38

(26.9)

16

(11.3)

12

(8.6)

03

(2.1)

02

(1.4)

04

(2.8)

141

(100)

The Tables 6.1.5(A) and 6.1.5(B) correlates type of family and number of

family members in both the districts. It is essential to co-relate type of family and

number of family members in the family to understand the relation between the

pattern of family and the number of family members.

India is known to live in the joint family system from ancient times, due to its

agricultural base which requires excess of labour. With the advent of industrialization

and urbanization the traditional joint family system is slowly losing its importance and

nuclear families are replacing the system. The present study supports this statement; it

is evident from Table 6.1.5(A) that in Chamarajanagara district 51.7% belonged to

nuclear families, 44.9% belonged to joint family, and only 3.4% belonged to extended

families. But there was no great difference in the percentage between joint and nuclear

families. As far as the number of family members was concerned majority of the

women members belong to a joint family and had six members in their family whereas

in the nuclear family, majority of them had four members in their family.

With regard to Udupi district, Table 6.1.5(B) shows that a great majority, that

is, 79.5% belonged to nuclear families, 14.8% belonged to joint families, and only

5.7% belonged to extended families. As far as the number of family members is

concerned majority of the women members belonged to a joint family and had seven

members in their family and in the nuclear family, majority of them had four

members in their family.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

149

While co-relating both Chamarajanagara and Udupi district it is found that

comparatively a majority of the women members in Udupi district hail from a nuclear

family. Chamarajanagara is a rural and agricultural based district where people still

prefer to stay in joint families than nuclear families. It is seen that the joint family

system had not totally disintegrated as proved in the study conducted by Nagendra

and Shailaja. Their study revealed that 64% of the women members of the Panchayat

Raj belonged to a joint family. With regard to the number of members in the nuclear

families, both the districts revealed that most of them had four members in their

families.

Figure – 6 : Number of Children in the Family

A glance at the family size/number of children of the women member shows

whether they are following the small family norm or not. Rajvir S. Dhaka (2005) in

his study on the „Emerging Pattern of Grassroots‟ Leadership in Haryana‟ highlighted

that only 16.52% of the elected members had two children, 73.44% of them had

between three to eight children.

In the present study the field data clearly shows that more than 40% of the

women members had two children, i.e., 46.8% in Udupi district and 41.5% in

Chamarajanagara district. The percentage was higher when compared to Rajvir‟s

study. The rest of the women members had three to seven children.

2 1.4

13.6

41.5

26.5

11.6

0.72.72.8

7.18.5

46.8

21.3

8.5

3.50.7 0.7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Unmarried No Child One Two Three Four Five Six Seven

Chamarajanagara

district

Udupi district

Data Analysis and Interpretation

150

6.2 : Participation of the respondents in social activities before becoming a

Panchayat member

Table No. 6.2.1: Membership in other organizations before becoming

Grama Panchayat member

Membership

Chamarajanagara district

Udupi district

No. of Respondents (%) No. of Respondents (%)

YES NO Total YES NO Total

NGO membership 05

(03.4) 142

(36.6) 147 (100) 10

(07.1) 131

(92.9)

141 (100)

SHG membership 100

(68.0)

47

(32.0)

147 (100) 54 (38.3)

87 (61.7)

141 (100)

Mahila Mandal membership

04

(02.7)

143

(97.3)

147 (100) 23 (16.3)

118 (83.7)

141 (100)

Temple/Church Committee membership

00

(0)

147

(100)

147 (100) 10 (07.1)

131 (92.9)

141 (100)

SDMC membership 5

(3.4)

142

(96.6)

147 (100) 08 (5.7)

133 (94.3)

141 (100)

Milk Dairy membership 00

(0) 147

(100) 147 (100) 06

(04.2) 135

(95.8) 141 (100)

Table 6.2.1 indicates membership in other organizations prior to Grama

Panchayat membership. This helps in understanding the source of motivation to

become a Panchayat member.

It is clear from the field data that majority of the women members‟ had

membership in Self Help Groups before becoming a member of the Panchayat. The

percentage was high in Chamarajanagara district- 68% than in Udupi district- 38.3%.

Self Help Groups had become an effective platform in bringing the women into the

mainstream. Self Help Groups organize various political awareness activities like the

importance of voting, Grama Sabha, participation of women in politics, etc. The

members of the group motivate the more active members of the group to contest the

Grama Panchayat election. Probably due to this encouragement and motivation a

good number of rural women started entering into local politics.

While co-relating both the districts, i.e., Chamarajanagara and Udupi, the results

show that majority of the women members of Chamarajanagara district had membership

in SHGs as compared to Udupi district. It is revealed that in Udupi district all members

had membership in one or the other organizations as specified in Table 6.2.1.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

151

6.3 Factors Motivating women to contest in the Panchayat election

Table No. 6.2.2 : Source of motivation for women to contest in the Grama

Panchayat election

Sl. No Motivation

Chamarajanagara Udupi

N=147 Rank order

N=141 Rank Order

Score Score

1 Self 3.18 04 5.11 04

2 Husband 7.38 01 6.32 02

3 Children 3.10 5.5 3.46 07

4 Brother/s 3.10 5.5 2.77 08

5 Sister/s 2.73 8.5 2.39 10

6 Relatives 5.02 03 3.87 05

7 Villagers 7.10 02 6.53 01

8 Political Party 3.03 07 5.63 03

9 SHG 2.73 8.5 2.68 09

10 NGO 2.02 10 3.83 06

Table 6.3.1 depicts the information on the source of motivation for the women to

contest in the Grama Panchayat election. It is evident from the above table that in both

the districts majority of the women members were motivated by the villagers to contest in

the election thereby securing 1st rank and the rank score was slightly higher in

Chamarajanagara district where the rank score is 7.10 when compared to Udupi district

where the rank score is 6.53. The respondent‟s husbands‟ occupy second place in the rank

order and the rank score is higher, 7.38 in Chamarajanagara when compared to Udupi

district- 6.32. The third place was occupied by the political parties and the rank score is

higher in Udupi district (5.63) than Chamarajanagara district (3.3). Self motivation

secures 4th place in the rank order and the rank score was higher in Udupi district (5.11)

when compared to Chamarajanagara district (3.18).

Motivation by the NGOs secures 6th

place and the rank score was higher in

Udupi district, that is, 3.83 when compared to Chamarajanagara district, that is, 2.02.

Motivation by the Self Help Groups occupies 9th

place. Though SHGs have not

Data Analysis and Interpretation

152

played a greater role in motivating the women at least some of the women are

motivated by the SHGs which is a positive sign. According to Kaushik and Poojar, it

is no less important to promote women‟s participation through membership of non-

political women‟s organizations and movements, both at the macro-levels and

grassroot level, which are actively assisting women to be economically and socially

secure (Kaushik, Poojary, 1994). The support by brother/s and sister/s was also not

very good and occupies 8th

and 10th

place, respectively.

From the above data it is clear that the major source of motivation for the

women members was from the villagers and next source was their husbands. In a

country like India women, especially rural women, are not allowed to take decisions

independently. The contribution of women is underestimated and neglected in every

sphere of life. It is positive to note that majority of the women are motivated by their

husbands to contest the election but it is difficult to understand the hidden agenda

behind it. It was evident from various studies (Buch, 2001) that majority of the

women members in local politics are rubber stamps in the hands of the male members

of their family. Buch (2011) in her study on „Panchayats and Women’ mentioned that

since the country‟s Constitution has made women participation mandatory, the male

members have discovered the importance of women and encouraged them to stand for

elections leading to assumptions/beliefs in their being only “proxy” and their

husbands being “sarpanch pati” and “pradhan pati” (husband of the chairperson).

Table 6.3.1 also reveals that self motivation to become a Panchayat member

was low; the score is only 3.18 in Chamarajanagara district and 5.11 in Udupi district.

Tyagi and Sinha also found similar observation in their study on „Empowerment of

Rural Women through Panchayats.’ The study highlighted that majority of the men

became Panchayat representatives on their own whereas in the case of women

representatives, the situation was altogether different. It was their family who pushed

the women to become Panchayat representatives. Only one - fifth of the women

decided independently to contest the Panchayat elections.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

153

Table No. 6.3.2 : Reasons for contesting in Grama Panchayat election

Reasons Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of respondents (%) No. of respondents (%)

For village development 71(48.3) 65 (46.0)

Service to the people 23(15.6) 23 (16.3)

Husband‟s force 08(05.5) 04(02.8)

Because of reservation 19(12.9) 18(12.9)

Political party force 02(01.4) 07(05.0)

Villagers force 13(08.7) 12(08.6)

Don‟t know 01(0.7) 02(01.4)

Self interest 06(04.1) 08(05.6)

Family members force 02(01.4) 02(01.4)

Forced by SHG member 02(01.4) 00(0)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Table 6.3.2 presents information on the reasons for contesting the Grama

Panchayat election. However, the number of women candidates „contesting‟ elections

for the Lok Sabha has been highly discouraging. While local bodies did see the entry

of women in large numbers, 2.5 million women participated in the first round of the

Panchayat elections - their numbers in the upper elections of governance continue to

be dismal. In the Lok Sabha elections between 1952 and 1996, the percentage of

women contestants remained virtually stagnant at 3.2%. In their success ratio, on the

other hand, there was a definite decline from 43% in 1952 to the lowest ever 6.3% in

1996. Even today, the candidates fielded by different political parties are

overwhelmingly male.

Women account for only 5 to 10 per cent of all candidates across parties and

regions (Basu, 2004). It is evident from the above table that 48.3% of the respondents in

Chamarajanagara district and 46% in Udupi district mentioned that they contested the

election for the purpose of village development. Nagendra and Shailaja‟s study also

revealed a similar observation, i.e., 72% of women Panchayat Raj leaders mentioned

that they contested the election to serve the rural poor (Nagendra and Shailaja, 2011). In

both the districts few of the respondents mentioned that they do not know why they

contested the election. An equal percentage of respondents, that is, 12.9% in both the

districts mentioned that due to reservation they contested the election. The legislation

Data Analysis and Interpretation

154

providing for reservation of one-third seats for women in local self-governing bodies

was enacted in the last decade of the 90s. The Panchayat and Nagar Palika Bill,

embodied in the 73rd

and 74th

Acts ( 243D and 243T, respectively) Amendments to the

Constitution and providing 33% reservation of seats for women in the Panchayat Raj

Institutions in rural areas and municipal bodies in towns and cities, was passed by the

Parliament without controversy in December 1992, during the Narasimha Rao

government. The above mentioned Amendment also enjoins that, from amongst the

seats reserved for the Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, not less than one-third

seats shall be reserved for women belonging to the Scheduled Castes, or, as the case

may be, the Scheduled Tribes. Moreover it was stipulated that the seats reserved for

women may be allotted by rotation to different constituencies. In 1994, different states

brought their Panchayat acts in conformity with the Constitution‟s 73rd

and 74th

Amendment Acts, and the system is now believed to be working with a reasonable

degree of success in states like Karnataka, Kerala, and West Bengal, among others.

Hailed as a landmark in the field of decentralized decision-making and grassroots

democracy, it has been widely acknowledged that the 73rd

and 74th

Amendment Acts to

the Constitution constitute, so far, the most effective legislative measure for women‟s

empowerment (Basu, 2004). In this study only 12.9% respondent‟s claim that due to

reservation they have contested the election, majority of the respondents entered the

Grama Panchayat due to reservation.

It is evident from the above data that in both the districts an equal percentage

of respondents have similar reasons for contesting the election.

Table No. 6.3.3 : Reasons for not knowing about the Grama Panchayat before

becoming a member

Reason for not knowing

about the Grama Panchayat

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of Respondents (%) No. of respondents (%)

Not applicable 28 (19.0) 47 (33.3)

Because of illiteracy 10 (6.8) 17 (12.0)

Not gone out of the home 37 (25.2) 16(11.4)

Lack of awareness 04 (2.7) 09 (6.4)

Not interested 64(43.6) 39(27.7)

Don‟t know 00(0) 11(7.8)

Not made an effort 04(2.7) 02(1.4)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

155

It is evident from the above table that majority of the respondents were not well

aware about the activities and functions of the Grama Panchayat before becoming

members of the Panchayats. When they were asked about the reasons for not knowing

about the Panchayat, a comparatively higher percentage (43.6%) of the respondents of

Chamarajanagara district than Udupi district (27.7%) mentioned that they were not

interested enough to know about the Panchayat and its activities. A comparatively higher

percentage of respondents of Chamarajanagara (25.2%) district than Udupi district

(11.4%) have mentioned that they have not gone out of the house, so did not know much

about the Panchayat. In a case study (Arun, 1997) conducted in Madhya Pradesh it was

found that in most of the cases women were homemakers, first time entrants into politics,

and most of them illiterate or educated up to primary level. Such social backwardness of

the women does not allow them not to think about the outside world.

In Indian traditional families it is always thought that women are meant to

look after household related activities and they should be loyal to the husband and the

family. So most of the elected women were neither interested nor had ever gone out of

the home to know about the Panchayat.

From the above data it is clear that a comparatively higher (33.3%) percentage

of respondents of Udupi district were aware about the Panchayat and its activities

before becoming Panchayat members.

Table No. 6.3.4 : Source of information about the Grama Panchayat and its

activities after being elected as member

Source of information Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of respondents (%) No. of respondents (%)

Political Party 14(09.5) 20(14.2)

Villagers 03(02.0) 11(07.8)

SHG 09(06.1 ) 01(00.7)

Grama Panchayat 11(07.5) 05(03.6)

Grama Sabha 01(00.7 ) 01(00.7)

Training 99(67.3) 92(65.2)

Husband 07(04.8) 08(05.7)

By reading 02(01.4) 02(01.4)

Worked as clerk in GP 00(0) 01(00.7)

Son 01(00.7) 00(0)

Total 147(100) 141 (100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

156

The respondents, after becoming a member, got information about the Grama

Panchayat from various sources like political party, villagers, Self Help Groups,

Grama Panchayat, Grama Sabha, training, husband, by reading, son, and so on. It is

found from the above data that majority of the respondents both in Chamarajanagara

(67.3%) and Udupi (65.2%) district got the information regarding the Grama

Panchayat through training. Training is crucial for the newly elected members as it

plays a significant role in providing knowledge to them. The training programme

organized by Rural Litigation and Entitlement Kendra (RLEK) Panchayat Rule and

Gender Awareness Training Institute (PRAGATI), Dehradun revealed some

remarkable facets of the functioning of the Panchayat Raj system in Uttaranchal.

About 750 women leaders of Uttaranchal Panchayat Raj bodies have accused the state

government of non-performance on the Panchayat Raj issue. They suspected that the

authorities were marginalizing them. The women leaders have accused the

administration of eroding the spirit of the relevant amendments in the law to help the

bureaucracy dominate the elected bodies. They also criticized the men subjugated to

the bureaucracy‟s attempts to curb them and continue corrupt practices (Times of

India, 2003). On the other hand, a study by Hooja and Hooja, emphasized that it is

not always easy to provide the required training and orientation to district or lower

level functionaries and politicians. The authors suggested that the training should

focus on - (a) providing proper philosophical background for the entire Panchayati

Raj effort; (b) provide some idea of the background of the evolution of thinking and

concepts of district and decentralized planning and implementation in India; (c) make

available to them the results of, and methodologies used for the various types of

district and block level planning tried out in various parts of the country; (d) inform

them about legal administrative measures that exist and are relevant for district

planning and implementation; (e) explain the state level planning structure and

procedures; (f) teach techniques to raise people‟s participation planning and

implementation; (g) teach them some basics of planning and implementation

techniques which could enable them to use their knowledge of the area, its sources,

problems as well as local needs and aspirations, to enable them to prepare local plans

which fit in to the multi level planning system in a manner that helps in country‟s

developmental needs (Hooja and Hooja, 2001).

Data Analysis and Interpretation

157

Table No. 6.3.5 : Family members as Grama Panchayat members

If yes, who?

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of respondents (%) No. of respondents (%)

Not applicable 124(84.3) 122 (86.7)

Husband 08(05.4) 04 (02.8)

Father-in-law 07(04.8) 03 (02.1)

Mother 00(0) 04 (02.8)

Son- in- law 00(0) 01 (00.7)

Uncle 01(00.7) 04 (02.8)

Father 00(0) 01 (00.7)

Brother 03(02.0) 01 (00.7)

Son 01(00.7) 00 (0)

Brother- in- law 02(01.4) 00 (0)

Grandmother 00(0) 01(00.7)

Co-brother 01(00.7) 00(0)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

In order to assess the political background of the respondents, a question was

asked to the respondents whether their family members served as members in the

Panchayat. Majority of the respondents of both the districts (Chamarajanagara, 84.3%

and Udupi 86.7%) mentioned that nobody in their family had served as a Panchayat

member. It is evident from the above table that majority of the women members

entered Panchayat as new entrants without any political background. This study on

par with the study conducted by Buch (2001) observes that majority of the women

were comparatively younger than the earlier entrants and were predominantly first

generation entrants to public/political life.

Figure – 7 : Opponent in Election

CHAMARAJANAGARA UDUPI

Male,

25,

17%

Female

, 119,

81%

Unani

mous

selectio

n, 3,

2%

Male,

10, 7%

Female

, 116,

82%

Unani

mous

selectio

n, 15,

11%

Data Analysis and Interpretation

158

It is evident from the above figure that majority of the women members had an

opponent in the election. This is probably because women contested in the reserved

quota. It is also interesting to note that some of the women in both the districts

contested against men. Chakraborty‟s (2001) study reveals that women are

comparatively visible in the local governance structure in South Asia: 20% members

of the local government are women members. In the backdrop of the 73rd

and 74th

Constitutional Amendments in India, one-third of the seats in Panchayats are reserved

for women. The report further noted that in the states of Karnataka, Kerala, and

Manipur female representation in local governance structure exceeded the 33% quota.

In the present study also it was observed that women also contested the election in the

general (unreserved) category.

Table No. 6.3.6 : Women members’ opinion towards the present Grama

Panchayat election system

Opinion towards present

election system

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of respondents (%) No. of respondents (%)

Very good system 47(32.0) 23(16.3)

Good 29(19.7) 71(50.3)

Present system is acceptable 59(40.1) 18(12.8)

Number of changes are required 07(04.8) 24(17.0)

The present system is not good 05(03.4) 05(03.6)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Table 6.3.6 reveals that 32% of Chamarajanagara district and 16.3% of Udupi

district women members mentioned that the present election system was very good.

Majority of women members of Udupi district (50.3%) mentioned that the present

election system was good while in Chamarajanagara district it was 19.7%. Majority

(40.1%) of the women members of Chamarajanagara district mentioned that present

election system was acceptable. Few women members in both the districts

(Chamarajanagara 4.8%, Udupi 17%) opined that a number of changes are required in

the present election system. It is positive to note that women have started thinking

Data Analysis and Interpretation

159

about the Panchayat and its functioning and election procedure. Though most of the

women entered politics without self- motivation and not possessing any literacy skills,

they are now becoming more aware. The Indian Institute of Social Science (2000) in a

study of the Panchayat Raj in Haryana has reviewed the progress of some hundred

elected women in four districts; majority of the elected women members including

younger women were illiterate when elected to office. After serving two years in

office, they felt the need for skill training and also felt that their daughter/s to be

educated in the future.

Table No. 6.3.7 : Reaction of the family members and friends towards your

decision to become a Panchayat member

Reactions

Chamarajanagara Udupi

N=147 Rank order

N=141 Rank order

Score Score

Parents 3.27 4 2.74 7

In-laws 2.68 8 2.36 8

Spouse 4.38 1 4.23 1

Siblings 3.02 7 3.26 4

Children 3.17 6 3.07 6

Friends 3.19 5 3.40 3

Relatives 3.35 3 3.21 5

Neighbours 3.59 2 3.53 2

Frequency X value = percentile=rank

Table 6.3.7 indicates the reaction of the family members and friends towards

the decision to become a Panchayat member. The reaction of the family and friends

are quite important. They are the people who encourage the growth of one‟s life. The

support of closest family members like husband and children indicates their strength

as well as increases their ability. Additional support can also be had from the

husband‟s friends and their children. This ultimately helps to achieve the task.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

160

6.4.1 : Problems faced by women members in relation to their role as members

Table No. 6.4.1: Problems faced in the Grama Panchayat

Problems faced in the

Grama Panchayat

Chamarajanagara Udupi

Yes No Total Yes No Total

Non co-operation by male

members

02

(01.3)

145

(98.7)

147

(100)

05

(03.5)

136

(96.5)

141

(100)

Non co-operation by the

secretary

00

(00)

147

(100)

147

(100)

05

(03.5)

136

(96.5)

141

(100)

Not informing meeting

agenda in advance

03

(02.1)

144

(97.9)

147

(100)

03

(02.1)

138

(97.9)

141

(100)

Protocol respect was not

given

00

(00)

147

(100)

147

(100)

02

(01.4)

139

(98.6)

141

(100)

Late notice for the

meeting

04

(02.7)

143

(97.3)

147

(100)

02

(01.4)

139

(98.6)

141

(100)

Table 6.4.1 clearly brings out the problems faced by the respondents in the

Panchayat. It is evident from the above data that majority of the respondents of both

the districts did not face any problem in the Panchayat. Only 1.3% of the respondents

of Chamarajanagara district and 3.5% of the respondents of Udupi district mentioned

that there was non co-operation by the male members. As for as the non-cooperation

by the secretary is concerned, 3.5% of the respondents of Udupi district mentioned the

problem, 2.1% of respondents of both the districts mentioned that they were not

informed about the meeting agenda in advance, 1.4% of respondents of Udupi district

mentioned that protocol respect was not given to them, and 2.7% of Chamarajanagara

district and 1.4% of Udupi district respondents mentioned that meeting notice was not

given in advance.

From the above table it is found that majority of the respondents did not face

any problem in the Panchayat.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

161

Table No. 6.4.2 : Efforts made to settle the problems faced in the Grama Panchayat

Type of

problems faced

in the Grama

Panchayat

Effort made to settle the

problems

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Efforts made to

settle the non co-

operation by male

members

Not applicable 147 (100) 136(96.5)

Collective effort of women

members 0(0) 05(03.5)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Effort made to

settle the non co-

operation of

secretary

Not applicable 142(96.6) 136(96.5)

Discussed with CEO and changed

the secretary 05(03.4) 01(0.7)

Collective Effort of Members 0(0) 04(02.8)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Effort made to

settle the problem

of not informing

meeting agenda

in advance

Not applicable 144(97.9) 138(97.9)

Discussed in the meeting and

settled down the problem 03(02.1) 03(02.1)

Total 147 (100) 141(100)

Effort made to

settle the problem

of not giving

protocol respect

Not applicable 147(100) 139(98.6)

Discussion in the Grama Panchayat

meeting 0(0) 02(01.4)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Efforts made to

settle the problem

of giving late

notice for the

meeting

Not applicable 143(97.3) 139(98.6)

Discussed with secretary and

President of Grama Panchayat 04(02.7) 02(01.4)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Table 6.4.2 reveals the efforts made by the women to settle the problems faced

by them in the Panchayat. As for as the efforts made to settle the problems of non co-

operation by male members was concerned the women made collective efforts to

solve the problem. With regard to the problem of non-cooperation by the secretary, in

both the districts they discussed with the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and changed

the secretary and some of the women of Udupi district also made a collective effort to

solve the problem. In relation to settling the problem of not informing meeting agenda

in advance is concerned, in both the districts women have discussed the problem in

the meeting and settled the issue. Women members of both the district also settled the

problem of not giving protocol respect by discussing the issue in the Grama

Panchayat meeting. Few of the women in both the districts were given late notice of

the meeting. In order to solve this problem they discussed it with the secretary and

the President of the Grama Panchayat and settled the problem.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

162

It is clear from the above data that women have taken the initiative to settle the

problems which is a positive sign.

Table No. 6.4.3 : Problems faced by the women

Type of problems

Faced

Chamarajanagara Udupi

Yes No Total Yes No Total

Attending Grama

Panchayat meeting

03

(02.1)

144

(97.9)

147

(100)

06

(04.2)

135

(95.8)

141

(100)

Election canvassing 05

(03.4)

142

(96.6)

147

(100)

06

(04.2)

135

(95.8)

141

(100)

Attending training 05

(03.4)

142

(96.6)

147

(100)

04

(02.8)

137

(97.2)

141

(100)

Attending Programmes 05

(03.4)

142

(96.6)

147

(100)

04

(02.8)

137

(97.2)

141

(100)

To visit the place 06

(04.0)

141

(96.0)

147

(100)

04

(02.8)

137

(97.2)

141

(100)

Initiating Programmes

in the ward

07

(04.7)

140

(95.3)

147

(100)

22

(15.6)

119

(84.4)

141

(100)

Table 6.4.3 reveals that majority of the women members of both the districts

did not express any problem in relation to attending Panchayat meetings, election

canvassing, attending trainings, attending Programmes, to visit the place, initiating

programmes in the ward. Only few of the women members mentioned that they had

problems. The percentage is more or less similar in both the districts.

Figure – 8 : Problems faced in the family after becoming

a Grama Panchayat member

CHAMARAJANAGARA UDUPI

Yes, 5, 3%

No, 142, 97%

Yes, 8, 6%

No, 133, 94%

Data Analysis and Interpretation

163

Figure 8 presents information on the problems faced by women members after

becoming a Panchayat member. It is evident from the above data that majority of the

respondents of both Chamarajanagara (97%) and Udupi district (94%) did not face any

problem in the family. In the Indian situation women concentrate more on household

activities than on activities outside the house. Women play a crucial role in the

development of child and the whole family. If she spends time outside, the entire

family structure will be weakened and the family will face a lot of problems. She has to

balance both work and family which is a great task. From the above data it was

significant to note that majority of the women did not face any problem in the family,

which means that they could manage both house and Panchayat work. Tyagi and Sinha

mentioned that in addition to the household related work now the women also have to

look after the Panchayat work. Will this create adjustment problems in rural home life?

For this question more than half of the men answered in the positive whereas majority

of the women and government officials did not agree. The women and officials said that

Panchayat work is not a full time job and rural women can very well squeeze time for it.

The study also noted that almost one-third of the women agreed that involvement in the

Panchayat activities will create adjustment problems in the domestic life. In this

particular study however it was observed that majority of the women did not have any

problems in the family after they had become a member of the Panchayat.

Table No. 6.4.4 : Type of problems faced by the respondents in the family After

becoming GP Members

Problem faced

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of

Respondents (%)

No. of

respondents (%)

Not applicable 142(96.5) 133(94.3)

Problem to do self employment 02(01.4) 06(04.3)

Childcare and rearing 00(0) 02(01.4)

Unable to concentrate on family matters 02(01.4) 00(0)

Force by the husband to initite

programmes in their ward

01(00.7) 00(0)

Total 147(100) 141(100)

As is evident from Table 6.4.4, only a few respondents faced problems in the

family, mainly due to do self-employment (Chamarajanagara 1.4%, Udupi 4.3%), to

concentrate on family matters (Chamarajanagara 1.4%) and forced by the husband to

initiate programmes in their ward (Chamarajanagara 0.7%).

Data Analysis and Interpretation

164

Figure – 9 : Problems faced while initiating Programme in their ward

CHAMARAJANAGARA UDUPI

Figure 9 reveals information on the problems faced by the members to initiate

the Programmes in their ward. Majority of the women members from both the

districts mentioned that they have not faced any problem and 5% of the respondents

of Chamarajanagara and 5% from Udupi district mentioned that the secretary did not

co-operate in initiating a programme in their ward. Ambedkar and Shailaja (2011) in

their study mentioned that the principal task of the elected representatives is to

enunciate policy and directions for its implementation. The execution should be left

to the public servant. The public servants should be enabled and encouraged to give

the right advice without fear or favour. Once the decision is taken, there should be no

option left to the public servant to withhold execution. He should implement the

decision faithfully and loyally. The elected representatives should recognize that it is

the right of the officers to offer their advice on the policy and that they are expected to

do so. At the same time, it should also be recognized by the officers that it is well

within the right of the elected preventatives to reject their advice. This particular

study rightly identified the importance of elected representatives in offering their

guidance in implementing the programmes. Krishna (1997) revealed in his study of

Karnataka that in respect of many programmes such as drinking water, family

welfare, women welfare, primary education and health care, women members of the

Panchayats give better guidance. The women Panchayat chairpersons in many places

are doing very well, though their success has not been adequately highlighted by the

media.

Not applica

ble, 140, 95%

Non cooperation

by Secreta

ry, 7, 5%

Not applica

ble, 134, 94%

Non coperation By seceretary, 7,

5%

collection of water tax, 1,

1%

Data Analysis and Interpretation

165

Figure – 10 : Status increased after becoming a GP Member

CHAMARAJANAGARA UDUPI

In order to assess the social status of the women members after becoming a

Panchayat member they were asked whether there was an increase in their social

status. Majority (Chamarajanagara and Udupi 81%) of the women members claimed

that their social status has risen after they became a member of the Panchayat.

Naturally the status of the elected representatives increases since they represent their

ward/village. People also consult the Panchayat members in availing various schemes

and benefits, which also gives them a sense of power (Figure -10).

Table No. 6.4.5 : Different positions held and tenure of respondents in the

Grama Panchayat

Positions Number of years

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of

respondents

(%)

No. of

respondents

(%)

Member

One Year 01(00.7) 01(0.7)

Two Year 17(11.5) 01(0.7)

Five Year 127(86.4) 138(97.9)

10 years 01 (0.7) 00(0)

15 years 01 (0.7) 01(0.7)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Yes, 119, 81%

No, 28, 19%

Yes, 114, 81%

No, 27, 19%

Data Analysis and Interpretation

166

Standing Committee

member

Not at all 138(93.9) 114(81.0)

One Year 05(03.4) 16(11.3)

Two Year 01(00.7) 08(05.6)

Three year 03(02.0) 00(0)

Four Year 00(0) 01(0.7)

Five Year 00(0) 02(01.4)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Standing

Committee President

Not at all 136(92.6) 107(76.1)

One Year 06(04.0) 09(06.3)

Two Year 04(02.7) 20(14.1)

Three year 01(00.7) 04(02.8)

Four Year 00 (0) 01(0.7)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Grama Panchayat

President

Not at all 118 (80.3) 104(73.8)

One Year 05(03.4) 04(02.8)

15 months 02(01.4) 00(0)

Two and half Year 22(14.9) 33(23.4)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Vice President

Not applicable 125(85.1) 133(94.4)

One Year 07(04.7) 02(01.4)

Two Year 15(10.2) 06(04.2)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Grama Panchayat

representative

in Taluk Panchayat

Not at all 146(99.3) 138(97.8)

One Year 01(0.7) 02(01.4)

Two Year 00(0) 01(00.7)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Grama Panchayat

Representative in

Zilla Panchayat

Not at all 145(98.6) 135(95.8)

One Year 01(0.7) 02(01.4)

Two Year 01(0.7) 03(02.1)

Three Year 00(0) 01(00.7)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

167

Table 6.4.5 reveals information on the different positions held by the members

and number of years of experience with respect to their positions. It is evident from

the above data that majority of the women of both the districts served as members for

five years (Udupi-97.9% and Chamarajanagara-86%). This is proved in the earlier

studies (Nagendra and Shailaja, 2011). An equal percentage (1%) of members of both

the districts served as members for 15 years. This clearly reveals the fact that soon

after the introduction of the 73rd

Constitutional Amendment the women have

contested the election and won it. As far as representation in the Standing Committee

is concerned, only 1.4% of women members of Udupi districts have served for five

years. Few of the women members of both the districts have served as Standing

Committee President. Comparatively a good number of respondents of Udupi district

(14.1%) served for two years as Standing Committee President. Ghosh‟s study on the

representation of women members in the Standing Committees of PRIs in West

Bengal revealed that though large numbers of women were elected to the Panchayat

Raj Institutions in West Bengal they were not given adequate scope to represent

themselves in the different activities of the Panchayat Samitis and Zilla Parishad. A

good number (23.4%) of women members of Udupi district, followed by

Chamarajanagara district (14.9%) served as President for two and half years. In both

the districts, the percentage of women who served as Vice President was not

satisfactory and the maximum number of years served as Vice President is only two

years and the percentage is 10.2% in Chamarajanagara district and 4.2% in Udupi

district. The percentage of women members represented in Taluk and Zilla

Panchayats as Grama Panchayat representative was also low in both the districts.

Table No. 6.4.6 : Ability to manage their positions in the Grama Panchayat

Position Level of

Management

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Member

Good 103(70.2) 101 ( 71.8)

Satisfactory 31(21.0) 32( 22.6)

Poor 13(8.8)` 08(05.6)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Standing Committee

member

Good 07 (04.7) 19(13.4)

Satisfactory 02(01.4) 08(05.6)

Poor 00(0) 00(0)

No chance given 138(93.9) 114(81.0)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

168

Standing Committee

President

Good 08(05.4) 27(19.2)

Satisfactory 03(02.1) 07(04.9)

Poor 00(0) 00(0)

No chance given 136(92.5) 107(75.9)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Grama Panchayat President

Good 23(15.6) 28(19.8)

Satisfactory 05(03.4) 02(01.4)

Poor 01(0.7) 07(0.7)

No chance given 118(80.2) 104(78.1)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Vice President

Good 14(9.5) 08(05.6)

Satisfactory 07(04.7) 00(0)

Poor 01(0.7) 00(0)

No chance given 125(85.1) 133(94.4)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Grama Panchayat

representative

in Taluk Panchayat

Good 01(0.7) 01(00.7)

Satisfactory 00(0) 02(01.4)

Poor 00(0) 00(0)

No chance given 146(99.3) 138(97.9)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Grama Panchayat

representative

in Zilla Panchayat

Good 01(0.7) 05(3.5)

Satisfactory 01(0.7) 01(0.7)

Poor 00(0) 00(0)

No chance given 145(98.6) 135(95.8)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

It is clear from the above data that majority of the women members could

manage in a good manner as members of the Grama Panchayat scoring 71.8% in

Udupi district and 70.2% in Chamarajanagara district. Majority of the women

members could manage their position in a good or satisfactory way as Standing

Committee members, Standing Committee Presidents, Grama Panchayat Presidents

and Vice Presidents, representatives in Taluk Panchayat and representative in Zilla

Panchayat. From this it can be understood that if any work is given to women they

are capable of handling it. Therefore, it can be said that the main problem faced by

women is lack of opportunity.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

169

Table No. 6.4.7 : Male Co- Member’s outlook towards women members

Male co- member’s outlook Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of respondents (%) No. of respondents (%)

Very good Co-operation 37 (25.1) 80 (57.5)

Co-operative 108 (73.5) 57 (40.4)

Natural 02 (01.4) 02 (01.4)

Neglected 00(0) 01 (0.7)

Total 147(100) 141 (100)

It is evident from the above table that in Udupi district, majority (57.5%) of

the women members get very good cooperation from their male co-members and in

Chamarajanagara district majority (73.5%) of the respondents mentioned that their

male co-members are cooperative. It is clear from the above data that majority of the

women members of both the district are getting cooperation from their male co-

members which is a positive sign.

Figure – 11 : Respondents able to exercise their legitimate power

CHAMARAJANAGARA UDUPI

In a country like India where tradition still continues to be strong it becomes

difficult for women to take decisions and exercise power. It is significant to note

from the study that majority of the women members of both, Chamarajanagara and

Udupi districts, mentioned that they were able to exercise their legitimate power but

the percentage was slightly higher (77%) in Chamarajanagara district (Figure-11) .

Yes , 113, 77%

Sometime , 30,

20%

No , 4, 3%

Yes, 73, 52%

Sometime, 62,

44%

No, 6, 4%

Data Analysis and Interpretation

170

Table No. 6.4.8 : Reasons for their inability to exercise their legitimate power

Reasons

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of Respondents

(%)

No. of Respondents

(%)

Not applicable 143(97.2) 135(95.8)

All the members do not agree with

our opinion 01(0.7) 04(02.8)

Don‟t know much about Panchayat

procedure 02(01.4) 01(0.7)

Son takes care of all the work 01(0.7) 00(0)

Non co-operation 00(0) 01(0.7)

Total 147(100) 141 (100)

Few of the respondents mentioned that they were not able to exercise their

legitimate power, citing reasons for their inability as follows. All the members do not

agree with their opinion, they are not aware about the Panchayat procedures, son takes

care of all the work, and non co-operation by the members.

6.5 : To study the Strategies adopted by the Elected Women Representatives in

Implementing Development Programmes

Figure – 12 : Availability of guidance from the Grama Panchayat officials

CHAMARAJANAGARA UDUPI

For the smooth functioning of the Panchayat, there should be co-operation

between the officials and the people representatives which is reflected in the present

study. Majority of the women members of both the districts mentioned that they get

guidance from the Panchayat officials. The percentage is slight higher in

Yes , 141, 96%

No , 6, 4%

Yes , 133, 94%

No , 8, 6%

Data Analysis and Interpretation

171

Chamarajanagara (96%) as compared to Udupi district (94%) (Figure.12). Nagendra

and Shailaja in their study mentioned that nearly two-thirds of the women Panchayat

Raj leaders expressed that the officials were responsive. The authors also highlighted

that the credibility of a public administrator depends to a large extent on his

responsiveness in giving a sympathetic hearing to the public and sorting out their

problems (Figure 12).

Figure – 13 : Weightage given by the co-members to respondent’s suggestions

CHAMARAJANAGARA UDUPI

Suggestions by the people‟s representative are crucial in implementing any

village development project. Figure 13 tabulates that majority of the women members of

both the districts expressed that their suggestions are considered by the co-members. The

percentage was higher in Chamarajanagara district (76%) when compared to Udupi

district (69%) (Figure.13). It is also significant to note that some of the member‟s

suggestions are still not considered. Though the percentage was low it cannot be ignored.

Figure – 14 : Regularity in attending Grama Panchayat Meeting

CHAMARAJANAGARA UDUPI

Yes , 112, 76%

Sometime , 29,

20%

No , 6, 4%

Yes, 97, 69%

Sometime, 42,

30%

No, 2, 1%

Yes , 136, 93%

Sometime ,

11, 7%

Yes, 134, 95%

Sometime, 7,

5%

Data Analysis and Interpretation

172

Figure 14 depict data on whether the women members attend meetings

regularly or not. In many studies (Buch, 2000; Stephan and Sekaran, 2001; MAARG,

1997) women‟s attendance in the meetings is taken as a common indicator to assess

the participation of women. The study conducted by Khan and Ayeshar revealed that

rural women participation in political institutions shows that they rarely attend the

meetings of the Grama Panchayats. Even when they do attend they do not participate

in the deliberations. The study has shown that it was difficult for women members to

attend the meetings regularly because of their domestic commitments and because of

long distance to be covered. But the data shown in the figure reveals that majority of

the women of both the districts (Chamarajanagara 93%, Udupi 95%) attend the

meetings regularly. This finding is in line with the study conducted by Buch (2000).

As per Buch‟s findings, two-thirds of women attend the meetings.

Table No. 6.5.1 : Response received in the meetings

Receiving good response for

the questions raised in the

meetings

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of

Respondents (%)

No. of

Respondents (%)

Yes 124 (84.4) 123(87.2)

No 23 (15.6) 06(04.3)

Sometimes 00(0) 12(08.5)

Never asked questions 00(0) 00(0)

Total 147(100) 141 (100)

When women start to raise questions at home or in any meeting, it is one of the

stages of empowerment. If they get a proper response to their questions it can be

understood that they are identified in the Grama Panchayat. It is revealed from Table

6.5.1 that majority (Chamarajanagara 84.4%, Udupi 87.2%) of the women members

get a good response for the questions raised by them.

Figure – 15 : Active participation in the meeting

CHAMARAJANAGARA UDUPI

Yes , 107, 73%

sometime ,

32, 22%

No , 8, 5%

Yes, 124, 88%

Sometime, 16,

11%

No, 1, 1%

Data Analysis and Interpretation

173

Figure 15 depicts that majority of the respondents from both the districts took

an active participation in the meeting. Very negligible number of respondents are not

taking an active part may be due to some reason. Otherwise all the respondents have

fulfilled their goal by participating in the Panchayat meeting. In comparison, in Udupi

district majority (88%) of the respondents took active participation whereas

Chamarajanagara had only 73%.

Table No. 6.5.2 : Programmes implemented in the ward

Programmes implemented

in the ward

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of Respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Housing

Yes No Total Yes No Total

Number 63 84 147 24 117 141

Percentage 42.8 57.2 100 17.0 83.0 100

Drainage Number 39 108 147 24.0 117.0 141

Percentage 26.5 73.5 100 17.0 83.0 100

Village sanitation

programme

Number 52 95 147 44.0 97.0 141

Percentage 35.4 64.6 100 31.2 68.8 100

Village cleaning

programme

Number 24 123 147 10.0 131.0 141

Percentage 16.3 83.7 100 7.1 92.9 100

Primary Health

Center

Number 5 142 147 11.0 130.0 141

Percentage 3.4 96.6 100 7.8 92.2 100

Bus stand Number 2 145 147 0 141 141

Percentage 1.4 98.6 100 0 100 100

Road light Number 77 23 147 32.0 109.0 141

Percentage 84.3 15.7 100 22.7 77.3 100

Road repair Number 60 87 147 81.0 60.0 141

Percentage 59.2 40.8 100 57.4 42.6 100

Drinking water Number 98 49 147 78.0 63.0 141

Percentage 66.7 33.3 100 55.3 44.7 100

Electricity Number 34 113 147 33.0 108.0 141

Percentage 23.2 76.8 100 23.4 76.6 100

Small bridge Number 8 139 147 7.0 134.0 141

Percentage 5.4 94.6 100 5.0 95.0 100

Anganawadi Number 5 142 147 8.0 133.0 141

Percentage 3.4 96.6 100 5.7 94.3 100

Data Analysis and Interpretation

174

School building Number 6 141 147 0.0 141.0 141

Percentage 4.1 95.9 100 0.0 100.0 100

Literacy Number 11 136 147 1.0 140.0 141

Percentage 7.5 92.5 100 0.7 99.3 100

Farm pond Number 4 143 147 2.0 139.0 141

Percentage 2.7 97.3 100 1.4 98.6 100

Tank desilting Number 13 134 147 4.0 137.0 141

Percentage 8.8 91.2 100 2.8 97.2 100

Subsidy to SHG Number 1 146 147 0.0 141.0 141

Percentage 0.7 99.3 100 0.0 100.0 100

Library

development

Number 00 147 147 4.0 137.0 141

Percentage 00 100 100 2.8 97.2 100

Table 6.5.2 reveals information about the different programmes implemented

by the members in their respective ward. The Eleventh Schedule of Article 243G

provides power, authority, and responsibilities to the Panchayats subject to the

provisions of the Constitution that the Legislature of a State may, by law, endow as

may be necessary to enable them to function as institutions of self government; and

such laws may contain provisions for the devolution of powers and responsibilities

upon the Panchayats, at the appropriate level, subject to such conditions as may be

specified therein, with respect to -

1) The preparation of plans for economic development and social justice;

2) The implementation of schemes for economic development and social justice

as may be entrusted to them including those in relation to the matters listed in

the Eleventh Schedule (Article 243G in the Constitution of India, 1949).

The Constitution (Seventy–third Amendment) Act 1992 in its Eleventh

Schedule (Article 243G) has given certain provisions to help implement the twenty-

nine different programmes. They are - 1) Agriculture, including agriculture extension,

2) Land improvement, implementation of land reforms, land consolidation and soil

conservation 3) Minor irrigation, water management and watershed development, 4)

Animal Husbandry, dairy and poultry, 5) Fisheries, 6) Social forestry and farm

forestry, 7) Minor forest produce, 8) Small scale industries including food processing

industries, 9) Khadi, village and cottage industries, 10) Rural housing, 11) Drinking

water, 12) Fuel and Fodder, 13) Roads, culverts, bridges, ferries, waterways and other

means of communication, 14) Rural electrification, including distribution of

Data Analysis and Interpretation

175

electricity, 15) Non-conventional energy sources, 16) Poverty alleviation programme,

17) Education, including primary and secondary schools, 18) Technical training and

vocational education, 19) Adult and non-formal education, 20) Libraries, 21) Cultural

activities, 22) Markets and fairs, 23) Health and sanitation, including hospitals,

primary health centers and dispensaries, 24) Family welfare, 25) Women and child

development, 26) Social welfare, including welfare of the handicapped and mentally

retarded, 27) Welfare of the weaker section and in particular of the Scheduled Castes

and Scheduled Tribes, 28) Public distribution system, and 29) Maintenance of

community assets (Mohanpuria, 1993).

As per the 11th

schedule of the Constitution (73rd

Amendment Act) there are lots

of ways for the Panchayat members to implement developmental projects. It is evident

from Table 4.140, that majority of the women members could not implement any

programmes. There were various obstacles in implementing the programmes, but major

problem was the unwillingness of the women members. Majority of the women

members could provide drinking water to their ward. The percentage of women who

availed of the drinking water scheme for their ward was 66% in Chamarajanagara and

55.3% in Udupi district. As far as the road repair project was concerned, 59.2% women

members of Chamarajanagara and 57.4% of Udupi district availed the scheme for their

ward. The housing scheme was availed by 42.8% of the women members of

Chamarajanagara district and 31% of the women members of Udupi district. A majority

(84.3%) of the women members of Chamarajanagara implemented the road light

project but the percentage of Udupi district was very low, i.e., 22.7%.

Table No. 6.5.3 : Frequency of visiting the ward

Frequency of visiting the ward Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of respondents (%) No. of respondents (%)

Every day 76 (51.7) 00(0)

Once a week 23 (15.6) 23(16.3)

Every fifteen days 03(02.0) 20(14.2)

Once in a month 30(20.4) 55(39.0)

Once in six months 08(05.4) 00(0)

Once in a year 06(04.1) 00(0)

Not at all 01(0.7) 01(0.7)

People are coming to my home 00(0) 08(05.7)

Resident of the same ward 00(0) 34(24.1)

Total 147(100) 141 (100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

176

Members‟ visiting their ward is very essential because thereby they come to know

about what is happening in their ward and it also helps in understanding the problems and

the progress taking place in their ward. As for as Chamarajanagara district is concerned a

good number (51.7%) of them visit their ward every day, but in Udupi district no woman

member visited the ward. In Udupi district 39% of the women members visit their ward

once in a month. In both the districts, one member in each of them does not visit the

ward at all. 5.4% of the women members of Chamarajanagara district visit the ward once

in six months and 4.1% visit once in a year.

Table No. 6.5.4 : Conducting regular ward meetings

Regular ward meetings

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of respondents (%) No. of respondents (%)

N=147(100) N=141 (100)

Yes 104(70.7) 90(63.8)

No 43(29.2) 51(36.2)

Total 147 (100) 141(100)

Majority of the women members of Chamarajanagara district (70.7%)

followed by Udupi district (63.8%) said that they conducted ward meetings on a

regular basis. The percentage of women members not conducting regular ward

meetings is 29.2% in Chamarajanagara district and 36.2% in Udupi district.

Table No. 6.5.5 : Number of members attending Grama Sabha Meeting

Number of members attending

Grama Sabha meetings

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of Respondents

(%)

No. of Respondents

(%)

Less than 100 32 (21.8) 50(35.5)

101 – 150 39 (26.5) 29(20.6)

151 – 200 22 (15.0) 22(15.6)

201 – 250 29 (19.7) 07(05.0)

251 – 300 01(0.7) 11(07.8)

301 – 350 08(05.4) 03(02.1)

351 – 400 01(0.7) 02(01.4)

401 and above 09(06.1) 17(12.1)

No meetings 06(04.1) 00(0)

Total 147(100) 141 (100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

177

It is understood from Table 6.4.9 that, 35.5% women members in Udupi

district and 21.8% in Chamarajanagara district mentioned that usually there will be

less than hundred people to attend the meeting of the Grama Sabha. Only 6.1% in

Chamarajanagara district and 12.1% in Udupi district told that more than 400 people

attend the Grama Sabha. It was also significant to note that in Chamarajanagara

district, 4.1% of the women members said that they do not conduct the Grama Sabha

meetings at all.

Table No. 6.5.6 : Do you feel 33% reservation is good enough in Panchayat

Reservation is enough Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of respondents (%) No. of respondents (%)

Enough 23 (15.6) 47(33.3)

Not enough 124 (84.4) 92(65.3)

Reservation not required 00(0) 01(0.7)

Don't know 00(0) 01(0.7)

Total 147(100) 141 (100)

The marginalized sections of the society like the SCs, STs, and women require

reservation in order to represent themselves in main stream society. Misra (1993)

mentioned that reservation has enhanced the self-esteem, self-confidence, and social

prestige of women, significantly. And it has also enabled to them to take up the role of

leadership in the local bodies. The dominant and aspiring women have grasped and

grabbed these political leadership roles at the local level as a “stepping stone” for a

bigger political career at the State or Central level in the long run. We are emphatic

that the Panchayat Raj will produce a long line- up of political leadership. Majority of

the women members of Chamarajanagara district (84.4%) followed by Udupi district

(65.3%) expressed that the reservation was not sufficient. It is clear from the above

data that women are becoming aware of the fact that just 33% of reservation is not

enough for their equal representation.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

178

Table No. 6.5.7 : Reservation Required

Required reservation Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of respondents (%) No. of respondents (%)

35% 01 (0.7) 00

40% 18(12.2) 07(05.0)

45% 00 01(0.7)

50% 115 (78.2) 83(58.8)

75% 00 01(0.7)

Not applicable 13 (08.8) 49(34.8)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Table 6.5.7 presents information on the women members‟ perception about

how much reservation is required in local politics. Majority of the women members

of Chamarajanagara district (78.2%) followed by Udupi district (58.8%) mentioned

that 50% reservation was required. In Bihar, in the year 2006, a second term election

of the new PRIs was held on time after the promulgation of the ordinance, namely,

„The Bihar Panchayat Raj Ordinance, 2006,’ by the Nitish Kumar Government. The

most striking feature of this ordinance is that it made provision for 50% reservation

for women, in general. This type of reservation is the first of its kind in the whole of

the country thereby making it both “historic and revolutionary”. The same percentage

(50%) of reservation is expected by the women members under this study. If the

initiative taken by the Bihar Government during 2006 is followed in all states of the

country, women participation in politics will definitely be higher and they will assume

leadership positions.

Table No. 6.5.8 : Interested to contest in the next Panchayat Election

Contesting for next

election

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of respondents (%) No. of respondents (%)

Yes 102(69.4) 88(62.4)

No 43 (29.3) 52(36.9)

Not decided 02 (01.4) 01(0.7)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

Data Analysis and Interpretation

179

It is evident from the above table that majority of the women members in

Chamarajanagara district (69.4%) followed by Udupi district (62.4%) expressed that

they would like to contest the next Panchayat election. It is positive to note that

though majority of the women are first time entrants to the Panchayat and without any

political background, they still desire to contest the next election. This result is in line

with the study conducted by Nagendra and Shailaja (2011). The result of the study

indicated that majority of the women members would like to contest for the post of

Sarpanch of the Grama Panchayat or for the membership of the Panchayat Samiti. The

Seventy-third Constitutional Amendment Act has provided a platform for the women

to enter politics and it is a “stepping stone” for the marginalized section of the society

like women. Reservation has created a new opening for women like:

1. It has created a place for atleast a few women committed to the cause who

even after working for the party for over 30 years would not have dreamt of

contesting an election. In the case of many such activists their incapacity to

bear the election expenditure did not prove to be a deterrent in securing their

candidature or their success in the election. This alone justifies the reservation,

whatever the other side effects might be.

2. It has widened the base of our democracy by facilitating the representation of

hitherto under-represented section of our society.

3. It clearly legitimises and asserts the role of women as partners in the public

sphere, particularly in operating formal government structures. This will

encourage more women to take up the political life as their career or mission,

and shape their priorities accordingly.

4. It has increased the self-esteem, confidence, and motivation of the women

activists.

5. It has started creating cross-hierarchies that will have the potential of

challenging the hierarchies of patriarchy in the long run.

6. It has initiated the process of empowerment in the political sphere that is liable

to get reflected in all other spheres as well (Nanivadekar, 1998).

Data Analysis and Interpretation

180

Table No. 6.5.9 : Reasons for not contesting the next election

Contesting for next election

Chamarajanagara Udupi

No. of respondents

(%)

No. of respondents

(%)

Not applicable 122(83.0) 91(64.5)

Due to household work 08(05.4) 07(05.0)

Family problems 09(06.1) 11(07.8)

To give opportunity to others 03(02.0) 06(04.3)

Due to job(work) pressure 05(03.4) 02(01.4)

Not interested 00 12(08.5)

Health problems 00 03(02.1)

Left the village(Marriage) 00 01(00.7)

People have not accepted 00 05(03.5)

People are not happy with my work 00 01(00.7)

Party politics 00 02(01.4)

Total 147 (100) 141 (100)

The women who do not want to contest the next election have expressed

various reasons like household chores (Chamarajanagara 5.4% , Udupi 5%), family

problems (Chamarajanagara 6.1%, Udupi 7.8%), to give opportunity to others

(Chamarajanagara 2%, Udupi 4.3%), due to work pressure (Chamarajanagara 3.4%,

Udupi1.4%), not interested (Udupi 1.4%), health problems (Udupi 2.1%), marriage

( Udupi 0.7%), people have not accepted (Udupi 3.5%), people are not happy with

the work of the member (0.7%). In India women play a crucial role in family

development. The Indian mentality is such that women should take care of all the

household activity so they are not free from the clutches of the family. This prevents

the women from concentrating on any activity outside the house.

Data Analysis and Interpretation

181

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Testing of Hypotheses

183

TESTING OF HYPOTHESES

In the following section, the Null Hypotheses have been tested by presentation

of data in a tabular form using the Chi-square test.

Hypothesis 7.1

The independent variable education has no association with the dependent

variable participation, by the elected women representatives of the Grama

Panchayats.

Sl.

No. Variable District

Chi-

square

value

Degrees

of

Freedom

Level of

Significance Result

Test of

Hypothesis

1 NGO

Membership

Chamarajanagar 11.563 6 .072 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 9.345 6 .155 Non-

significant Accepted

2 SHG

Membership

Chamarajanagar 7.957 6 .241 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 11.577 6 .072 Non-

significant Accepted

3 Mahila Mandal

Membership

Chamarajanagar 5.977 6 .426 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 11.952 6 .63 Non-

significant Accepted

4

Temple/Church

Committee

Membership

Chamarajanagar -- -- -- -- --

Udupi 11.866 6 .065 Non-

significant Accepted

5 SDMC

Membership

Chamarajanagar 2.419 6 .877 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 8.135 6 .228 Non-

significant Accepted

6 Milk Diary

Membership

Chamarajanagar 7.279 6 .296 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi -- -- -- -- --

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is fully accepted in both the districts

The Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between education

and the selected variable participation, of the elected women representatives of the

Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar (relatively backward)

and Udupi (developed).

Testing of Hypotheses

184

It is found that the variable education has no association with the variable

participation, viz., NGO, SHG, Mahila Mandal and Temple/Church committee, and

Milk Diary membership in both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar and Udupi (except

the Temple/Church committee membership in Chamarajanagar and the Milk Diary

membership in Udupi). The result indicates the acceptance of the null hypothesis.

The reason for the non-association of the educational background of the

elected women representatives of the Grama Panchayats is that the majority of the

women are educated only to the primary level. Very few women representative have

completed their graduation. Hence, for them their educational background has no

relation with their participation in local organisations.

Hypothesis 7. 2

The independent variable education has no association with the dependent variable

motivating factors, by the elected women representatives of the Grama Panchayats.

Sl. No.

Variable District Chi-

square value

Degrees of

Freedom

Level of Significance

Result Test of

Hypothesis

1 Self -motivation

Chamarajanagar 127.970 48 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 44.647 36 .153 Non-

significant Accepted

2 Husband motivation

Chamarajanagar 71.457 36 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 38.559 36 .355 Non-

significant Accepted

3 Children motivation

Chamarajanagar 90.342 42 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 42.808 36 .202 Non-

significant Accepted

4 Brother/s motivation

Chamarajanagar 92.458 36 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 42.592 36 .209 Non-

significant Accepted

5 Sister/s motivation

Chamarajanagar 81.331 36 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 52.818 42 .122 Non-

significant Accepted

6 Relatives motivation

Chamarajanagar 97.869 42 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 58.954 42 .043 Significant Rejected

7 Villagers motivation

Chamarajanagar 64.403 36 .003 Significant Rejected

Udupi 76.749 54 .023 Significant Rejected

8 Political Party motivation

Chamarajanagar 158.582 48 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 38.810 42 .612 Non-

significant Accepted

9 SHG motivation

Chamarajanagar 192.003 48 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 60.756 36 .006 Significant Rejected

10 NGO’s motivation

Chamarajanagar 24.135 24 .454 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 17.342 12 .137

Non-significant

Accepted

Significant Level: 0.05

Testing of Hypotheses

185

Result : The Null Hypothesis is fully rejected in Chamarajanagar district, but

partially rejected in Udupi district.

Alternate Hypotheses

Education has a positive correlation with the motivation factors of the elected

women representatives in Chamarajanagar district.

Education has a partial positive impact on the motivational factors on the

elected women representatives in Udupi district.

The Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between

Education and the selected variable Motivating Factors, of the elected women

representatives of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar

(relatively backward) and Udupi (developed). It is found that the variable Education

has association with motivating factors such as relatives, villagers, and SHG in both

the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar and Udupi. Thus, the finding calls for a rejection

of the null hypothesis.

In the case of Chamarajanagar district (relatively backward), it is found that

the variable education has association with self-motivation, husband’s motivation,

children’s motivation, brother/s motivation, sister/s motivation, and motivation of

political party to the elected women representatives. Thus, the finding calls for a

rejection of the null hypothesis.

In the case of Udupi district (developed), the variable education has no

relation to the motivating factors such as self- motivation, husband’s motivation,

children’s motivation, brother/s motivation, sister/s motivation, motivation by

political party, and NGO motivation. Thus, the observation calls for an acceptance of

the null hypothesis.

In Chamarajanagar district (relatively backward) too, it is found that the

variable education has no relation to the NGOs motivation in the case of the elected

women representatives of the Grama Panchayats. Thus, the result calls for an

acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Testing of Hypotheses

186

Hypothesis 7.3

The independent variable education has no association with the dependent

variable problems faced, by the elected women representatives of the Grama Panchayats.

Sl. No.

Variable District Chi-

square value

Degrees of

Freedom

Level of Significance

Result Test of

Hypothesis

1 Non co-operation by the male members

Chamarajanagar 4.153 6 .656 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 10.636 12 .560 Non-

significant Accepted

2 Non co-operation by secretary

Chamarajanagar 3.171 6 .787 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 7.416 6 .284 Non-

significant Accepted

3 Not informed agenda for the meeting

Chamarajanagar 20.137 6 .003 Significant Rejected

Udupi 7.416 6 .284 Non-

significant Accepted

4 Protocol respect was not given

Chamarajanagar 12.875 6 .045 Significant Rejected

Udupi 3.909 6 .689 Non-

significant Accepted

5 Late notice for the meeting

Chamarajanagar 9.26 6 .141 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 2.654 6 .851 Non-

significant Accepted

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is mostly accepted in Chamarajanagar district and

fully accepted in Udupi district.

The Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between

Education and the selected variable problems faced, by the elected women

representatives of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar

(relatively backward) and Udupi (developed).

It is found that the variable education has no association with the problems

faced such as non co-operation by the male members, non co-operation by the

secretary, and late notice for the meeting, to the elected women representatives in

both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar and Udupi. Thus, the finding calls for an

acceptance of the null hypothesis.

In the case of Chamarajanagar district (relatively backward), it is found that

the variable education has association with not informed agenda for the meeting and

protocol respect was not given, to the elected women representatives. This calls for

the rejection of the null hypothesis. In the case of Udupi district (developed), the

variable education has no relation with the variable of problems faced such as not

informed agenda for the meeting and protocol respect was not given. This result calls

for an acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Testing of Hypotheses

187

Hypothesis 7.4

The independent variable education has no association with the dependent

variable strategies adopted to solve problems, by the elected women representatives

of the Grama Panchayats.

Sl.

No. Variable District

Chi-

square

value

Degrees

of

Freedom

Level of

Significance Result

Test of

Hypothesis

1

Non co-

operation by

the male

members

Chamarajanagar 4.153 6 .656 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 9.052 6 .171 Non-

significant Accepted

2

Non co-

operation by

secretary

Chamarajanagar 10.699 12 .555 Non -

significant Accepted

Udupi 6.212 12 .905 Non -

significant Accepted

3

Not informed

agenda for

the meeting

Chamarajanagar 20.137 6 .003 Significant Rejected

Udupi 22.456 18 .212 Non -

significant Accepted

4

Protocol

respect was

not given

Chamarajanagar 12.875 6 .045 Significant Rejected

Udupi 3.606 6 .689 Non -

significant Accepted

5

Late notice

for the

meeting

Chamarajanagar 9.626 6 .141 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 2.654 6 .851 Non -

significant Accepted

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is mostly accepted in Chamarajanagar district

and fully accepted in Udupi district.

The Chi-square test was applied to find an association between Education and

the selected variable strategies adopted to resolve the problems, by the elected

women representatives of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz.,

Chamarajanagar (relatively backward) and Udupi (developed).

It is found that the variable Education has no association with the strategies

adopted to resolve the problems such as Non co-operation by the male members,

Non co-operation by the secretary, and Late notice for the meeting to the elected

women representatives in both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar and Udupi. Thus,

the result calls for the acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Testing of Hypotheses

188

In the case of Chamarajanagar district (relatively backward), it is found that

the variable education has association with not informed agenda for the meeting and

protocol respect was not given to the elected women representatives. Thus, the result

calls for the rejection of the null hypothesis.

In the case of Udupi district (developed), the variable education has no relation to

the variable of problems faced such as not informed agenda for the meeting and protocol

respect was not given. Thus, the result calls for the acceptance of the null hypothesis.

All issues discussed in various forums and the problems identified have been

affectively solved and no issue has been kept pending before the tenure of their

membership is completed.

Hypothesis 7.5

The independent variable caste groups/categories have no association with

the dependent variable participation, by the elected women representatives of the

Grama Panchayats.

Sl.

No. Variable District

Chi-

square

value

Degrees

of

Freedom

Level of

Significance Result

Test of

Hypothesis

1 NGO

Membership

Chamarajanagar 9.152 7 .242 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 15.175 7 .034 Significant Rejected

2 SHG

Membership

Chamarajanagar 11.078 7 .135 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 12.722 7 .079 Non-

significant Accepted

3 Mahila Mandal

Membership

Chamarajanagar 3.309 7 .855 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 17.161 7 .016 Significant Rejected

4

Temple/Church

Committee

Membership

Chamarajanagar -- -- -- -- --

Udupi 8.464 7 .293 Non-

significant Accepted

5 SDMC

Membership

Chamarajanagar 3.700 7 .814 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 4.873 7 .675 Non-

significant Accepted

6 Milk Diary

Membership

Chamarajanagar 2.804 7 .903 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi -- -- -- -- --

Significant Level: 0.05

Testing of Hypotheses

189

Result : The Null Hypothesis is fully accepted in Chamarajanagar district and

mostly accepted in Udupi district.

The Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between caste

groups/category and the selected variable participation, of elected women

representatives of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar

(relatively backward) and Udupi (developed).

It is found that the variable caste groups/categories has no relation to the

variable participation, viz., NGO, SHG, Mahila Mandal and Temple/Church

committee, and Milk Diary membership in both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar

and Udupi (except for the Temple/Church committee membership in Chamarajanagar

and the Milk diary membership in Udupi district). Thus, the result calls for the

acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Hypothesis 7.6

The independent variable caste groups/categories have no association with

the dependent variable motivating factors, by the elected women representatives of

the Grama Panchayats.

Sl. No.

Variable District Chi-

square value

Degrees of

Freedom

Level of Significance

Result Test of

Hypothesis

1 Self -motivation Chamarajanagar 163.149 56 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 52.309 42 .132 Non-

significant Accepted

2 Husband motivation

Chamarajanagar 105.657 42 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 39.005 42 .603 Non-

significant Accepted

3 Children motivation

Chamarajanagar 157.020 49 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 60.326 42 .033 Significant Rejected

4 Brother/s motivation

Chamarajanagar 73.139 42 .002 Significant Rejected

Udupi 45.945 42 .132 Non-

significant Accepted

5 Sister/s motivation

Chamarajanagar 83.879 42 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 41.127 49 .781 Non-

significant Accepted

6 Relatives motivation

Chamarajanagar 147.464 49 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 114.394 49 .000 Significant Rejected

7 Villagers motivation

Chamarajanagar 91.195 42 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 82.470 63 .050 Non -

significant Accepted

8 Political Party motivation

Chamarajanagar 180.179 56 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 87.365 49 .001 Significant Rejected

9 SHG motivation

Chamarajanagar 191.647 56 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 47.048 42 .273 Non-

Significant Accepted

10 NGO’s motivation

Chamarajanagar 90.960 28 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 155.772 14 .000 Significant Rejected

Significant Level: 0.05

Testing of Hypotheses

190

Result : The Null Hypothesis is completely rejected in Chamarajanagar district

and partially accepted in Udupi district.

Alternate Hypotheses

Groups/categories have a positive correlation with the motivation factors of the

elected women representatives in Chamarajanagar district.

Groups/categories have a partial positive impact on the motivational factors on

the elected women representatives in Udupi district.

The Chi-square test was applied to find the association between Caste

groups/category and the selected variable motivating factors, of the elected women

representatives of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar

(relatively backward) and Udupi (developed).

It is found that the variable Caste Category has association with the

motivating factors such as children, relatives, political party members, and NGO’s to

the elected women representatives in both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar and

Udupi. Thus, the result calls for a rejection of the null hypothesis.

In the case of Udupi district (developed), the variable Caste groups /

Category has no relation to the motivating factors such as self motivation,

husband’s motivation, brother/s motivation, sister/s motivation, villagers, and SHG’s

motivation. Thus, the result calls for the acceptance of the null hypothesis.

It is also found that the variable caste category has an association with the

motivating factors such as self-motivation, husband motivation, brother/s

motivation, sister/s motivation, villagers and SHG’s motivation in Chamarajanagar

(relatively backword). Thus, the result calls for the rejection of the null hypothesis.

Hypothesis 7.7

The independent variable caste groups / categories have no association with

the dependent variable problems faced, by the elected women representatives of the

Grama Panchayats.

Testing of Hypotheses

191

Sl.

No. Variable District

Chi-

square

value

Degrees

of

Freedom

Level of

Significance Result

Test of

Hypothesis

1 Non co-operation

by the male

members

Chamarajanagar 12.698 7 .080 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 25.526 14 .030 Significant Rejected

2 Non co-operation

by the secretary

Chamarajanagar 37.544 7 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 5.875 7 .554 Non-

significant Accepted

3

Not informed

agenda for the

meeting

Chamarajanagar 12.448 7 0.87 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 9.529 7 .217 Non-

significant Accepted

4 Protocol respect

was not given

Chamarajanagar 1.964 7 .962 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 3.669 7 .817 Non-

significant Accepted

5 Late notice for the

meeting

Chamarajanagar 36.365 7 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 3.012 7 .884 Non-

significant Accepted

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is partially accepted in Chamarajanagar district

and mostly accepted in Udupi district.

Alternate Hypothesis

Groups/categories have a partial positive impact on the problems faced by the

elected women representatives in Chamarajanagar district.

The Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between Caste

groups/category and the selected variable problems faced, of the elected women

representatives of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar

(relatively backward) and Udupi (developed). It is found that the variable Caste

Category has an association with the problems faced such as non co-operation by

the secretary and late notice for the meeting at Chamarajanagar district (relatively

backward); Non co -operation by male members at Udupi district (developed). Thus,

the result calls for the rejection of the null hypothesis.

In the case of Udupi district (developed), the variable caste groups/category

have no relation with the problems faced such as non co-operation by the secretary,

not informed agenda for the meeting, protocol respect was not given, and late notice

for the meeting. Thus, the result calls for an acceptance of the null hypothesis. It is

Testing of Hypotheses

192

also found that the variable caste category has an association with the problems

faced such as non co-operation by the male members, not informed agenda for the

meeting, and protocol respect was not given in Chamarajanagar (relatively backward).

Thus, the result calls for the rejection of the null hypothesis.

Hypothesis 7.8

The independent variable caste groups / categories have no association with

the dependent variable strategies adopted to solve problems, by the elected women

representatives of the Grama Panchayats.

Sl.

No. Variable District

Chi-

square

value

Degrees

of

Freedom

Level of

Significance Result

Test of

Hypothesis

1

Non co-operation

by the male

members

Chamarajanagar 12.698 7 .080 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 20.614 7 .004 Significant Rejected

2 Non co-operation

by the secretary

Chamarajanagar 52.271 14 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 7.406 14 .918 Non -

significant Accepted

3

Not informed

agenda for the

meeting

Chamarajanagar 12.448 7 .087 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 29.558 21 .101 Non -

significant Accepted

4 Protocol respect

was not given

Chamarajanagar 1.964 7 .962 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 3.669 7 .817 Non -

significant Accepted

5 Late notice for

the meeting

Chamarajanagar 36.365 7 .000 Significant Accepted

Udupi 3.012 7 .884 Non -

significant Accepted

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is partly accepted in Chamarajanagar district and

mostly accepted in Udupi district.

Alternate Hypothesis

Groups/categories have a partial positive impact on the problems faced by the

elected women representatives in Chamarajanagar district.

The Chi-square test was applied to find the association between Caste

groups/category and the selected variable problems faced, of the elected women

representatives of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar

(relatively backward) and Udupi (developed).

Testing of Hypotheses

193

It is found that the variable Caste/Category has an association with the problems

faced such as non co-operation by the secretary and late notice for the meeting at

Chamarajanagar district (relatively backward); Non co-operation by the male members

at Udupi district (developed). Thus, the result calls for the rejection of the null hypothesis.

In the case of Udupi district (developed), the variable Caste/Category groups

have no relation to the problems faced such as non co-operation by the secretary, not

informed agenda for the meeting, protocol respect was not given and late notice for

the meeting, respectively. Thus, the result calls for an acceptance of the null

hypothesis. It is also found that the variable Caste/Category has association with the

problems faced such as non co-operation by the male members, not informed agenda

for the meeting, and protocol respect was not given in Chamarajanagar (relatively

backward). Thus, the result calls for the rejection of the null hypothesis.

All the issues discussed in various forums and the problems identified have

been affectively solved by not keeping any issue pending before the tenure of their

membership is complete.

Hypothesis 7.9

The independent variable marital status has no association with the dependent

variable participation, by the elected women representatives of the Grama Panchayats.

Sl. No.

Variable District Chi-

square value

Degrees of

Freedom

Level of Significance

Result Test of

Hypothesis

1 NGO Membership

Chamarajanagar 1.366 2 .505 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 1.001 3 .801 Non-

significant Accepted

2 SHG Membership

Chamarajanagar 3.497 2 .174 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 1.688 3 .640 Non-

significant Accepted

3 Mahila Mandal Membership

Chamarajanagar 1.958 2 .376 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 6.219 3 .101 Non-

significant Accepted

4 Temple/Church Committee Membership

Chamarajanagar -- -- -- -- --

Udupi 1.220 3 .748 Non-

significant Accepted

4 SDMC Membership

Chamarajanagar .722 2 .697 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 1.001 3 .801 Non-

significant Accepted

5 Milk Diary Membership

Chamarajanagar .783 2 .676 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi -- -- -- -- --

Significant Level: 0.05

Testing of Hypotheses

194

Result : The Null Hypothesis is fully accepted in Chamarajanagar and Udupi

district.

The Chi-square test was applied to find the association between Marital

Status and the selected variable participation, of the elected women representatives

of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar (relatively

backward) and Udupi (developed).

It is found that the variable Marital Status has no relation to the variable of

participation, viz., NGO, SHG, Mahila Mandal and Temple/Church committee and

Milk Diary membership in both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar and Udupi (except

for the Temple/Church committee membership in Chamarajanagar and the Milk Diary

membership in Udupi). Thus the result calls for the acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Hypothesis 7.10

The independent variable Marital status has no association with the

dependent variable motivating factors, by the elected women representatives of the

Grama Panchayats.

Sl.

No. Variable District

Chi-

square

value

Degrees

of

Freedom

Level of

Significance Result

Test of

Hypothesis

1 Self -

motivation

Chamarajanagar 7.780 16 .955 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 15.261 18 .644 Non-

significant Accepted

2 Husband

motivation

Chamarajanagar 49.913 12 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 12.570 18 .816 Non-

significant Accepted

3 Children

motivation

Chamarajanagar 33.658 14 .002 Significant Rejected

Udupi 10.918 18 .898 Non-

significant Accepted

4 Brother/s

motivation

Chamarajanagar 33.001 12 .001 Significant Rejected

Udupi 40.514 18 .002 Significant Rejected

5 Sister/s

motivation

Chamarajanagar 42.517 12 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 35.009 21 .028 Significant Rejected

6 Relatives

motivation

Chamarajanagar 16.481 14 .285 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 26.292 21 .196 Non-

Significant Accepted

Testing of Hypotheses

195

7 Villagers

motivation

Chamarajanagar 13.553 12 .330 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 18.683 27 .881 Non-

Significant Accepted

8

Political

Party

motivation

Chamarajanagar 13.858 16 .609 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 7.284 21 .998 Non-

significant Accepted

9 SHG

motivation

Chamarajanagar 27.416 16 .037 Significant Rejected

Udupi 7.381 18 .986 Non-

Significant Accepted

10 NGO’s

motivation

Chamarajanagar 2.153 8 .976 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 45.787 6 .000 Significant Rejected

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is partly accepted in Chamarajanagar district and

mostly accepted in Udupi district.

Alternate Hypothesis

Marital status has a partial positive impact on the motivating factors to the

elected women representatives in Chamarajanagar district.

The Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between Marital

Status and Motivating Factors, of the elected women representatives of the Gram

Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar (relatively backward) and

Udupi (developed). It is found that the variable Marital Status has association with

brother/s motivation and sister/s motivation to the elected women representatives in

both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar and Udupi. Thus, the result calls for a

rejection of the null hypothesis.

In the case of Chamarajanagar district (relatively backward), it is found that

the variable Marital Status has association with the husband’s motivation, children’s

motivation, and SHG motivation to the elected women representatives. Thus, the

result also calls for a rejection of the null hypothesis. At the same time it is found that

in the case of Udupi district, the variable NGO’s motivation to the elected women

representatives. Thus, the result calls for a rejection of the null hypothesis.

Testing of Hypotheses

196

In Udupi district (developed), the variables husband’s motivation and

children’s motivation has no relation the motivating factors. Thus, the result calls for

an acceptance of the null hypothesis. And in Chamarajanagar, the variable NGO’s

motivation no relation to the motivating factor. Thus, the result calls for an

acceptance of the null hypothesis.

In Chamarajanagar district (relatively backward) and Udupi disrict

(developed), it is found that the variable marital status has no relation to Self-

motivation, relative’s motivation, villagers motivation, and political party motivation

to the elected women representatives. Thus, the result calls for an acceptance of the

null hypothesis.

Hypothesis 7.11

The independent variable marital status has no association with the

dependent variable problems faced, by the elected women representatives of the

Grama Panchayats.

Sl.

No. Variable District

Chi-

square

value

Degrees

of

Freedom

Level of

Significance Result

Test of

Hypothesis

1

Non co-

operation by the

male members

Chamarajanagar .132 2 .936 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 3.718 6 .715 Non-

significant Accepted

2

Non co-

operation by the

secretary

Chamarajanagar .722 2 .697 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .482 3 .923 Non-

significant Accepted

3

Not informed

agenda for the

meeting

Chamarajanagar .140 2 .932 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .482 3 .923 Non-

significant Accepted

4 Protocol respect

was not given

Chamarajanagar .283 2 .868 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .285 3 .963 Non-

significant Accepted

5 Late notice for

the meeting

Chamarajanagar .574 2 .751 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 10.445 3 .015 Significant Rejected

Significant Level: 0.05

Testing of Hypotheses

197

Result : The Null Hypothesis is fully accepted in Chamarajanagar district and

mostly accepted in Udupi district.

The Chi-square test was applied to find the association between maritial

status and the selected variable problems faced, of the elected women

representatives of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts viz., Chamarajanagar

(relatively backward) and Udupi (developed).

It is found that the variable marital status has no association with the

problems faced such as Non co-operation by the male members, Non co-operation by

the secretary, Not informed agenda for the meeting, and Protocol respect was not

given, to the elected women representatives in both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar

and Udupi. Thus, the result calls for an acceptance of the null hypothesis.

In the case of Udupi district (developed), it is found that the variable marital

status has association with late notice for the meeting, to the elected women

representatives. Thus, the result calls for a rejection of the null hypothesis. But in the

case of Chamarajanagar district it is found that the variable marital status has no

association with late notice for the meeting, to the elected women representatives.

Thus, the result calls for an acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Hypothesis 7.12

The independent variable marital status has no association with the

dependent variable strategies adopted to solve problems, by the elected women

representatives of the Grama Panchayats.

The Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between maritial

status with selected variable strategies adopted to solve problems, of the elected

women representatives of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz.,

Chamarajanagar (relatively backward) and Udupi (developed).

It is found that the variable maritial status has no association with the

problems faced such as Non co-operation by the male members, Non co-operation by

the secretary, Not informed agenda for the meeting, and Protocal respect was not

given, to the elected women representatives in both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar

and Udupi. Thus, the result calls for an acceptence of the null hypothesis.

Testing of Hypotheses

198

Sl.

No. Variable District

Chi-

square

value

Degrees

of

Freedom

Level of

Significance Result

Test of

Hypothesis

1

Non co-

operation

by the

male

members

Chamarajanagar .132 2 .936 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 3.108 3 .375 Non-

significant Accepted

2

Non co-

operation

by the

secretary

Chamarajanagar .722 4 .949 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .583 6 .997 Non-

significant Accepted

3

Not

informed

agenda

for the

meeting

Chamarajanagar 140 2 .932 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .482 9 1.000 Non-

significant Accepted

4

Protocol

respect

was not

given

Chamarajanagar .283 2 .868 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .285 3 .963 Non-

significant Accepted

5

Late

notice for

the

meeting

Chamarajanagar .574 2 .751 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 10.445 3 .015 Significant Rejected

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is fully accepted in Chamarajanagar district and

mostly accepted in Udupi district.

In the case of Udupi district (developed), it is found that the variable marital

status has association with late notice for the meeting, to the elected women

representatives. Thus, the result calls for a rejection of the null hypothesis. But in the

case of Chamarajanagar district it is found that the variable marital status has no

association with late notice for the meeting, to the elected women representatives.

Thus, the result calls for an acceptance of the null hypothesis.

All the issues discussed in various forums and the problems identified have

been affectively solved by not keeping any issue pending before the tenure of their

membership is completed.

Testing of Hypotheses

199

Hypothesis 7.13

The independent variable employment has no association with the dependent

variable participation, by the elected women representatives of the Grama Panchayats.

Sl.

No. Variable District

Chi-

square

value

Degrees

of

Freedom

Level of

Significance Result

Test of

Hypothesis

1 NGO

Membership

Chamarajanagar 2.100 5 .835 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 6.827 6 .337 Non-

significant Accepted

2 SHG

Membership

Chamarajanagar 3.893 5 .565 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 5.480 6 .484 Non-

significant Accepted

3 Mahila Mandal

Membership

Chamarajanagar 6.176 5 .289 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 8.907 6 .179 Non-

significant Accepted

4

Temple/Church

Committee

Membership

Chamarajanagar -- -- -- -- --

Udupi 14.912 6 .021 Significant Rejected

4 SDMC

Membership

Chamarajanagar 3.681 5 .596 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 5.563 6 .474 Non-

significant Accepted

5 Milk Diary

Membership

Chamarajanagar 2.304 5 .806 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi -- -- -- -- --

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is fully accepted in Chamarajanagar district and

mostly accepted in Udupi district.

The Chi-square test was applied to find the association between Employment

status and the selected variable participation, of the elected women representatives of

the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar (relatively

backward) and Udupi (developed).

It is found that the variable Employment status has no relation to the variable

of participation, viz., NGO, SHG, Mahila Mandal and Temple/Church committee, and

Milk Diary membership in both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar and Udupi (except

for the Temple/Church committee membership in Chamarajanagar and the Milk Diary

membership in Udupi). Thus, the result calls for the acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Testing of Hypotheses

200

Hypothesis 7.14

The independent variable employment has no association with the dependent

variable motivating factors, by the elected women representatives of the Grama

Panchayats.

Sl.

No. Variable District

Chi-

square

value

Degrees

of

Freedom

Level of

Significance Result

Test of

Hypothesis

1 Self- motivation

Chamarajanagar 73.240 40 .001 Significant Rejected

Udupi 41.614 36 .240 Non-

significant Accepted

2 Husband

motivation

Chamarajanagar 37.357 30 .107 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 34.533 36 .538 Non-

significant Accepted

3 Children

motivation

Chamarajanagar 43.677 35 .149 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 29.379 36 .775 Non-

significant Accepted

4 Brother/s

motivation

Chamarajanagar 55.939 30 .003 Significant Rejected

Udupi 48.695 36 .077 Non-

significant Accepted

5 Sister/s

motivation

Chamarajanagar 213.770 30 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 78.809 42 .001 Significant Rejected

6 Relatives

motivation

Chamarajanagar 81.077 35 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 95.398 42 .000 Significant Rejected

7 Villagers

motivation

Chamarajanagar 59.185 30 .001 Significant Rejected

Udupi 133.093 54 .000 Significant Rejected

8 Political Party

motivation

Chamarajanagar 99.344 40 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 49.898 42 .188 Non-

significant Accepted

9 SHG motivation Chamarajanagar 65.905 40 .006 Significant Rejected

Udupi 75.927 36 .000 Significant Rejected

10 NGO’s

motivation

Chamarajanagar 57.569 20 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 24.635 12 .017 Significant Rejected

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is mostly rejected in both the districts of

Chamarajanagar and Udupi.

Alternate Hypothesis

Employment has the most positive impact on the motivating factors, by the

elected women representatives in Chamarajanagar district.

Employment has mostly positive impact on the motivating factors, by the

elected women representatives in Chamarajanagar district.

Testing of Hypotheses

201

The Chi-square test was applied to find the association between employment

and the selected variable Motivating Factors, of the elected women representatives

of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar (relatively

backward) and Udupi (developed). It is found that the variable employment has

association with sister/s, relatives, villages, SHG’s, and NGOs motivation, to the

elected women representatives in both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar and Udupi.

Thus, the result calls for a rejection of the null hypothesis.

In the case of Chamarajanagar district (relatively backward), it is found that

the variable employment has association with self motivation, brother/s motivation

and political party motivation, to the elected women representatives. Thus, the result

calls for a rejection of the null hypothesis.

Further, in Chamarajanagar district (relatively backward) and Udupi district

(developed), it is found that the variable employment have no association with

Husband’s motivation and children’s motivation, to the elected women

representatives. In Udupi district (developed), it is also found that the variable

employment have no association with Self motivation, brother/s motivation and

political party’s motivation to the elected women representative. Thus, the result calls

for an acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Hypothesis 7.15

The independent variable employment has no association with the dependent

variable problems faced, by the elected women representatives of the Grama

Panchayats.

The Chi-square test was applied to find the association between employment

and selected variable problems faced, of the elected women representatives of the

Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar (relatively backward)

and Udupi (developed).

It is found that the variable employment has no association with non-

coperation by the male members, not informed agenda for the meeting, and protocol

respect was not given, to the elected women representatives in Chamarajanagar

district. Thus, the result calls for an acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Testing of Hypotheses

202

Sl.

No. Variable District

Chi-

square

value

Degrees

of

Freedom

Level of

Significance Result

Test of

Hypothesis

1

Non co-

operation

by the male

members

Chamarajanagar 3.885 5 .566 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 27.110 12 .007 Significant Rejected

2

Non co-

operation

by the

secretary

Chamarajanagar 16.110 5 .007 Significant Rejected

Udupi 3.122 6 .793 Non-

significant Accepted

3

Not

informed

agenda for

the

meeting

Chamarajanagar .364 5 .996 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 5.891 6 .436 Non-

significant Accepted

4

Protocol

respect was

not given

Chamarajanagar 3.046 5 .693 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 2.670 6 .849 Non-

significant Accepted

5

Late

notice for

the

meeting

Chamarajanagar 26 5 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 2.305 6 .890 Non-

significant Accepted

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is mostly accepted in Chamarajanagar and Udupi

districts.

But in the case of Udupi district is found that the variable employment has no

association with Non co-operation by the secretary, not informed agenda for the

meeting, protocol respect was not given and late notice for the meeting, to the

elected women representatives. Thus, the result calls for an acceptance of the null

hypothesis.

In case of Chamarajanagar district (relatively backward), it is found that the

variable employment has association with non co-operation by the secretary and late

notice for the meeting, to the elected women representatives. Thus, the result calls for

a rejection of the null hypothesis.

Testing of Hypotheses

203

In Udupi district (developed), it is also found that the variable employment

has association with only non co-operation by the male members, to the elected

women representatives. Thus, the result calls for a rejection of the null hypothesis.

Hypothesis 7.16

The independent variable employment has no association with the dependent

variable strategies adopted to solve problems, by the elected women representatives

of the Grama Panchayats.

Sl. No.

Variable District Chi-

square value

Degrees of

Freedom

Level of Significance

Result Test of

Hypothesis

1 Non co-operation by the male members

Chamarajanagar 3.885 5 .566 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 20.109 6 .003 Significant Rejected

2 Non co-operation by the secretary

Chamarajanagar 31 10 .001 Significant Rejected

Udupi 3.845 12 .986 Non-

significant Accepted

3 Not informed agenda for the meeting

Chamarajanagar .364 5 .996 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 5.891 18 .997 Non-

significant Accepted

4 Protocol respect was not given

Chamarajanagar 3.046 5 .693 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 2.670 6 .849 Non-

significant Accepted

5 Late notice for the meeting

Chamarajanagar 26.364 5 .000 Significant Rejected

Udupi 2.309 6 .890 Non-

significant Accepted

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is mostly accepted in Chamarajanagar and Udupi

districts.

The Chi-square test was applied to find out the association between

employment and the selected variable strategies adopted to solve problems, of the

elected women representatives of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz.,

Chamarajanagar (relatively backward) and Udupi (developed).

It is found that the variable employment has no association with non co-

operation by the male members, not informed agenda for the meeting, and protocol

respect was not given, to the elected women representatives in Chamarajanagar

district. Thus, the result calls for an acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Testing of Hypotheses

204

But in the case of Udupi district is found that the variable employment has no

association with non co-operation by the secretary, not informed agenda for the

meeting, protocol respect was not given, and late notice for the meeting, to the elected

women representatives. Thus, the result calls for an acceptance of the null hypothesis.

In the case of Chamarajanagar district (relatively backward), it is found that

the variable employment has association with non co-operation by the secretary and

late notice for the meeting, to the elected women representatives. Thus, the result

calls for a rejection of the null hypothesis.

In Udupi district (developed), it is also found that the variable employment

has association with only non co-operation by the male members, to the elected

women representatives. Thus, the result calls for a rejection of the null hypothesis.

All the issues discussed in various forums and the problems identified have

been affectively solved by not keeping any issue pending before the tenure of their

membership is completed.

Hypothesis 7.17

The independent variable type of family has no association with the dependent

variable participation, by the elected women representatives of the Grama Panchayats.

Sl. No.

Variable District Chi-

square value

Degrees of

Freedom

Level of Significance

Result Test of

Hypothesis

1 NGO Membership

Chamarajanagar 1.692 2 .429 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 2.549 2 .280 Non-

significant Accepted

2 SHG Membership

Chamarajanagar 1.234 2 .539 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 3.850 2 .146 Non-

significant Accepted

3 Mahila Mandal Membership

Chamarajanagar .934 2 .627 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .190 2 .909 Non-

significant Accepted

4 Temple/Church Committee Membership

Chamarajanagar -- -- -- -- --

Udupi 1.004 2 .605 Non-

significant Accepted

4 SDMC Membership

Chamarajanagar 1.692 2 .429 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .819 2 .664 Non-

significant Accepted

5 Milk Diary Membership

Chamarajanagar 1.437 2 .488 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi -- -- -- -- --

Significant Level: 0.05

Testing of Hypotheses

205

Result : The Null Hypothesis is totally accepted in Chamarajanagar and Udupi

districts.

The Chi-square test was applied to find the association between Type of

Family and the selected variable participation, of the elected women representatives

of the Gram Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar (relatively

backward) and Udupi (developed).

It is found that the variable Type of Family has no relation to the variable of

participation, viz., NGO, SHG, Mahila Mandal and Temple/Church committee and

Milk Diary membership in both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar and Udupi (except

for the Temple/Church committee membership in Chamarajanagar and Milk Diary

membership in Udupi). Thus, the result calls for the acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Hypothesis 7.18

The independent variable type of family has no association with the

dependent variable motivating factors, to the elected women representatives of the

Grama Panchayats.

The Chi-square test was applied to find the association between type of

Family and the selected variable Motivating Factors, of the elected women

representatives of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar

(relatively backward) and Udupi (developed).

It is found that in Udupi district (developed), the variable type of Family has

association with Self motivation, Husband’s motivation, and villager’s motivation, to

the elected women representatives. Thus, the result calls for a rejection of the null

hypothesis. In the case of Chamarajanagar district (relatively backward), it is found

that, the variable type of Family has no association with all the motivating factors.

Thus, the result calls for an acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Further, in Udupi district (developed) the variable type of Family has no

relation to the motivating factors such as children’s motivation, Brother/s

motivation, Sister/s motivation, relative’s motivation, political party’s motivation,

SHG motivation, and NGOs motivation, to the elected women representatives. Thus,

the result calls for an acceptance of the null hypothesis.

Testing of Hypotheses

206

Sl.

No. Variable District

Chi-

square

value

Degrees

of

Freedom

Level of

Significance Result

Test of

Hypothesis

1 Self -

motivation

Chamarajanagar 20.036 16 .219 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 7.222 12 .043 Significant Rejected

2 Husband

motivation

Chamarajanagar 20.066 12 .066 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 21.295 12 .046 Significant Rejected

3 Children

motivation

Chamarajanagar 21.587 14 .088 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 12.130 12 .435 Non-

significant Accepted

4 Brother/s

motivation

Chamarajanagar 5.037 12 .957 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 8.622 12 .735 Non-

significant Accepted

5 Sister/s

motivation

Chamarajanagar 7.851 12 .797 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 9.606 14 .790 Non-

significant Accepted

6 Relatives

motivation

Chamarajanagar 10.473 14 .727 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 12.397 14 .574 Non-

Significant Accepted

7 Villagers

motivation

Chamarajanagar 8.134 12 .775 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 30.829 18 .030 Significant Rejected

8

Political

Party

motivation

Chamarajanagar 10.151 16 .859 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 5.311 14 .981 Non-

significant Accepted

9 SHG

motivation

Chamarajanagar 12.227 16 .728 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 12.221 12 .428 Non -

significant Accepted

10 NGO’s

motivation

Chamarajanagar 5.133 8 .743 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .975 4 .914 Non-

significant Accepted

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is fully accepted in Chamarajanagar district and

mostly accepted in Udupi district.

Testing of Hypotheses

207

Hypothesis 7.19

The independent variable type of family has no association with the

dependent variable the problems faced, by the elected women representatives of the

Grama Panchayats.

Sl.

No. Variable District

Chi-

square

value

Degrees

of

Freedom

Level of

Significance Result

Test of

Hypothesis

1

Non co-operation

by the male

members

Chamarajanagar 1.242 2 .537 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 1.427 4 .839 Non-

significant Accepted

2 Non co-operation

by the secretary

Chamarajanagar .273 2 .873 Non-

Significant Accepted

Udupi 3.621 2 .164 Non-

significant Accepted

3 Not informed

agenda for the

meeting

Chamarajanagar .941 2 .625 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 3.621 2 .164 Non-

significant Accepted

4 Protocol respect

was not given

Chamarajanagar .082 2 .960 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .726 2 .696 Non-

significant Accepted

5 Late notice for the

meeting

Chamarajanagar .166 2 .920 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .480 2 .786 Non-

significant Accepted

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is fully accepted in Chamarajanagar district and

Udupi district.

The Chi-square test was applied to find the association between type of

Family and the selected variable problems faced, of the elected women

representatives of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar

(relatively backward) and Udupi (developed).

It is found that the variable Type of Family has no relation to the variable of

problems faced, viz., Non co-operation by the male members, Non co-operation by

the secretary, Not informed agenda for the meeting, Protocol respect was not given,

and Late notice for the meeting in both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar (relatively

backward) and Udupi districts(developed). Thus, the result calls for the acceptance of

the null hypothesis.

Testing of Hypotheses

208

Hypothesis 7.20

The independent variable type of family has no association with the

dependent variable strategies adopted to solve problems, by the elected women

representatives of the Grama Panchayats.

Sl. No.

Variable District Chi-

square value

Degrees of

Freedom

Level of Significance

Result Test of

Hypothesis

1 Non co-operation by the male members

Chamarajanagar 1.242 2 .537 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .874 2 .646 Non-

significant Accepted

2 Non co-operation by the secretary

Chamarajanagar 1.105 4 .893 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 3.842 4 .428 Non-

significant Accepted

3 Not informed agenda for the meeting

Chamarajanagar .941 2 .625 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi 14.506 6 .024 Significant Rejected

4 Protocol respect was not given

Chamarajanagar .082 2 .960 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .726 2 .696 Non-

significant Accepted

5 Late notice for the meeting

Chamarajanagar .166 2 .920 Non-

significant Accepted

Udupi .480 2 .786 Non-

significant Accepted

Significant Level: 0.05

Result : The Null Hypothesis is fully accepted in Chamarajanagar district and

Udupi district.

The Chi-square test was applied to find the association between type of

Family and the selected variable problems faced, of the elected women

representatives of the Grama Panchayats for both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar

(relatively backward) and Udupi (developed).

It is found that the variable Type of Family has no relation to the variable of

problems faced, viz., Non co-operation by the male members, Non co-operation by

the secretary, Not informed agenda for the meeting, Protocol respect was not given,

and Late notice for the meeting, in both the districts, viz., Chamarajanagar (relatively

backward) and Udupi districts(developed). Thus the result calls for the acceptance of

the null hypothesis.

All the issues discussed in various forums and the problems identified have

been affectively solved by not keeping any issue pending before the tenure of their

membership is completed.


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