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C H A P T E R L I I I ( i ) 1. ut iniustus : sc. fuit; ut + indicative means “as”
2. belli : locative (‘in war’) or objective genitive (ducit bellum)
3. fuit : the perfect tense is used for a state which no longer exists
4. ea arte : ablative of respect
5. aequasset : = aequavisset; pluperfect subjunctive in the apodosis of an unreal condition referring to past time
6. huic decori : dative object after the compound verb officio
7. offecisset : pluperfect subjunctive in the protasis of an unreal condition referring to past time
8. Volscis : dative of disadvantage
9. vi : ablative of means (an abstract instrument)
10. ubi : connecting relative (= ibi); cf. qui being used to refer back to the previous sentence
11. divendita praeda : ablative absolute (temporal) or ablative of means
12. argenti : genitive of contents (the silver makes up the talents)
13. refecisset : pluperfect subjunctive in a temporal cum clause denoting a prior action in 2° sequence after concepit
14. animo : sc. in + abl. or abl. of means
15. Iovis : genitive of possession
16. templi : genitive of possession
17. quae : nom. fem. sing. relative pronoun introducing a consecutive clause (quae = ut ea)
18. digna : nom. fem. sing. adjective in apposition with quae (the complement of esset)
19. deum : = deorum (archaic genitive); objective genitive (regit deos) or genitive of possession
20. rege : ablative after the adjective dignus (“worthy by”)
21. Romano imperio : ablative after the adjective dignus
22. ipsius loci : genitive of possession
23. maiestate : ablative after the adjective dignus
24. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a consecutive clause denoting a state in the past (no sequence)
25. eius templi : genitive of possession
C H A P T E R L I I I ( i i ) 1. spe : ablative of comparison
2. quo : ablative of instrument (means), or = in quo
3. propinquam urbem : accusative singular in apposition to Gabios
4. vi : ablative of means (abstract instrument)
5. adortus : nominative masculine singular past deponent participle of adorior, agreeing with the subject
6. obsidendi : genitive gerund after spes (objective genitive)
7. pulso : dative singular in agreement with ei (understood); object of the compound verb adimo (dative of disadvantage with a verb of taking away (§301))
8. a moenibus : motion away from with a/ab + abl.
9. adempta esset : pluperfect subjunctive in a causal cum clause denoting prior action in 2° sequence after adgressus est
10. arte Romana : ablative of means
11. fraude ac dolo : ablative of means, in apposition to arte Romana
12. posito bello : ablative absolute (temporal); [posito = deposito]
13. fundamentis iaciendis : dative plural after the adjective intentus (concentrating on)
14. templi : genitive of possession
15. aliis urbanis operibus : dative plural after the adjective intentus (concentrating on)
16. se intentum esse : accusative & infinitive in reported statement after simularet
17. simularet : imperfect subjunctive in a temporal cum clause denoting simultaneous action in 2° sequence after transfugit
18. eius : genitive of possession; [note that se (Tarquinius) changes to eius after the subject is stated]
19. qui : nominative masculine singular relative pronoun; antecedent is filius; subject of erat
20. minimus ex tribus : the usual expression for a number or superlative, cf. unus ex servis
21. Gabios : accusative of motion towards/goal of motion (no preposition with a town)
22. patris : genitive of possession
23. vertisse : Livy breaks into oratio obliqua (reported speech with no main verb of speaking); he leaves out the accusative subject (eum), supplying only the perfect infinitive, vertisse (denoting an original past, ille superbiam in suos vertit)
24. in suos : the reflexive adjective is used to refer to the subject of its own clause, even though it is not the subject of the main clause, a correct use so long as there is no ambiguity (§587)
25. liberorum : genitive of material (the children make up the large number)
26. frequentiae : genitive object after the impersonal verb taedere (§402)
27. taedere : present infinitive in oratio obliqua (denoting an original present, eum taedet); [sc. adeo with taedere]
28. quam solitudinem : accusative feminine singular connecting relative adjective, agreeing with solitudinem, which has itself been drawn into the relative clause (a common Roman practice)
29. fecerit : perfect subjunctive in a subordinate clause in oratio obliqua (sub–oblique) (§591)
30. domi : locative (expressing place where with domus, rus and humus)
31. faciat : present subjunctive in a consecutive clause (no sequence); the verb is present because the original speech would have been: eum [adeo] taedet ut … faciat
32. quam stirpem, quem heredem : after ne, the indefinite adjective (qui, qua, quod) is used instead of ullus (§211)
33. regni : objective genitive (??? regnum)
34. relinquat : present subjunctive in a negative purpose clause in 1° sequence after faciat
35. se : accusative singular reflexive pronoun in oratio obliqua, referring back to Sextus (dixit se … credidisse)
36. patris : possessive genitive
37. elapsum : accusative singular masculine past deponent participle of elabor, in agreement with se
38. nihil [esse] tutum : accusative & (omitted) infinitive in reported statement after credidisse; tutum is the neuter singular complement of nihi (original thought: nihil est tutum)
39. sibi : dative of the person concerned (dative of advantage)
40. Luci Tarquini : genitive of possession
41. credidisse : perfect infinitive in oratio obliqua (denoting an original past, ego credidi)
42. errarent : imperfect subjunctive in a reported command in oratio obliqua (nolite errare); the imperfect is used to denote present time (a present subjunctive would refer to future time) (§584, cf. §392)
43. manere : present infinitive in oratio obliqua (denoting an original present, bellum vobis manet)
44. iis : dative of person concerned (dative of advantage)
45. quod : nominative neuter singular relative pronoun in a sub–oblique relative clause; antecedent is bellum
46. positum [esse] : nominative & passive perfect infinitive after the personalized simuletur (§145)
47. simuletur : present passive subjunctive in a subordinate clause in oratio obliqua (sub–oblique) (§591)
48. eum invasurum [esse] : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement in oratio obliqua
49. incautos : sc. eos (referring to the inhabitants of Gabii)
50. “Meus pater superbiam ab alienis in suos vertit, et quoque liberorum frequentiae eum [adeo] taedet, ut solitudinem, quam in curia fecit, quoque domi facit, ne quam stirpem, ne quem heredem regni relinquat.
“Ego quidem, inter tela et gladios patris elapsus, credidi nihil mihi [esse] tutum, nisi apud hostes L. Tarquini. Nam nolite errare: bellum, quod positum esse simulatur, vobis manet, et ille [vos] incautos per occasionem invadet.”
C H A P T E R L I I I ( i i i ) 1. supplicibus : dative of person concerned (dative of advantage)
2. sit : present subjunctive in the protasis of a real condition, referring to a state existing in the present, in a sub–oblique clause in oratio obliqua (si locus non est, omne Latium pererrabo)
3. se pererraturum [esse] : accusative & infinitive in reported statement in oratio obliqua (denoting an original future)
4. se petiturum [esse] : accusative & infinitive in reported statement in oratio obliqua (denoting an original future, petam)
5. perveniat : present subjunctive in a temporal (donec) clause with additional purpose in 1° sequence after petiturum [esse] (§474)
6. patrum : genitive of possession
7. tegere : prolate infinitive after sciant (scire = to know how to)
8. sciant : present subjunctive in a generic relative clause in 1° sequence after petiturum [esse] (§284)
9. ardoris : partitive genitive after aliquid (§61)
10. ad bellum armaque : ad + accusative denoting the purpose or goal
11. se inventurum [esse] : accusative & infinitive in reported statement in oratio obliqua (denoting an original future, inveniam)
12. morarentur : imperfect subjunctive in the protasis of an unreal condition referring to present time (‘it appeared that, if they didn’t heed him, he would depart from there’)
13. ira : ablative of cause (instrument)
14. abiturus [esse] : nominative & infinitive with the impersonal verb videretur (§146)
15. videretur : imperfect subjunctive in the apodosis of an unreal condition referring to present time
16. ab Gabinis : ablative of the agent
17. mirari : prolate infinitive after vetant (substituting for an indirect command) (§92)
18. qualis … talis : a correlative construction (he was such a man against his children as he was against his citizens) (§371)
19. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a conditional expression after mirari si; usually mirror is followed by quod and a causal clause (§556); the verb becomes subjunctive because it is sub–oblique, and imperfect because the clause functions as the protasis of an unreal condition referring to present time (‘don’t be surprised if he were to act …’)
20. saeviturum [esse] : sc. eum; accusative & infinitive in reported statement in oratio obliqua (denoting an original future, in se saeviet, si alia deerunt); the reflexive pronoun se is used to refer to the subject of its own clause, even though it is not the subject of the main clause, a correct use so long as there is no ambiguity (§587)
21. desint : present subjunctive in the protasis of a real condition in oratio obliqua (sub–oblique) the original condition would have had two future indicatives
22. sibi : dative after the adjective gratus (pleasing to) (dative of person concerned)
23. adventum esse gratum : accusative & infinitive in reported statement in oratio obliqua (denoting an original present, tuus adventus nobis est gratus)
24. eius : genitive of possession
25. [se] credere : accusative & infinitive in reported statement in oratio obliqua
26. futurum ut : a periphrasis for bellum translatum iri (the future passive infinitive), cf. fore ut (§225); the expression futurum esse ut is impersonal
27. brevi : ablative of time within which (= brevi tempore)
28. illo adiuvante : ablative absolute (causal) (denoting simultaneous action)
29. transferatur : present subjunctive in a perphrasis of a future infinitive in a reported statement, in 1° sequence after credere (§225)
C H A P T E R L I V ( i ) 1. adhiberi : historic infinitive; the present infinitive may be used for an imperfect indicative in vivid narrative,
denoting swift or dramatic action
2. ubi : connecting relative (= ibi); cf. qui being used to refer back to the previous sentence
3. adsentire se : accusative & infinitive after diceret
4. veteribus Gabinis : dative of advantage (dative of person concerned) after the compound verb adsentio
5. diceret : imperfect subjunctive in a concessive cum clause in 2° sequence after esse
6. quibus : dative masculine plural relative pronoun; antecedent is Gabinis; dative of advantage or person concerned after the adjective notus
7. essent : imperfect subjunctive in a sub–oblique relative clause
8. belli : objective genitive (aucto bellum)
9. esse & adsumere : historic infinitives
10. sibi : indirect object (dative of advantage)
11. utriusque populi : genitive of possession
12. nosset sciretque : imperfect subjunctives in virtual oratio obliqua, as if Sextus had actually offered the reasons for why he claimed his special expertise; usually quod would be followed by an indicative (§552)
13. superbiam regiam esse invisam : accusative & infinitive after sciret
14. civibus : dative of the person judging (dative of the person concerned)
15. quam : accusative feminine singular relative pronoun; antecedent is superbiam; object of ferre
16. ferre : prolate infinitive after potuissent
17. potuissent : pluperfect subjunctive in a sub–oblique relative clause
18. ad rebellandum : ad + accusative gerund to express purpose
19. Gabinorum : partitive genitive (or genitive of possession)
20. incitaret, iret & adcresceret : imperfect subjunctives in a causal cum clause in secondary sequence (after the historic present legitur)
21. cum promptissimis : ablative of accompaniment
22. iuvenum : partitive genitive
23. praedatum : accusative supine of purpose after a verb of motion
24. dictis factisque omnibus instructis: ablative absolute (causal)
25. ad fallendum : ad + accusative gerund to express purpose
26. belli : objective genitive (ducit bellum)
27. inscia multitudine: ablative absolute (causal)
28. ageretur : imperfect subjunctive in a reported question in secondary sequence, dependent on the verbal idea inherent in inscia (equivalent to a present participle)
29. fierent : imperfect subjunctive in a causal cum clause in secondary sequence after credere (historic infinitive)
30. quibus : place where (in + ablative usually)
31. esset : imperfect subjunctive (why???)
32. Gabinorum : partitive genitive
33. dono : predicative dative
34. deum : = deorum (archaic genitive); subjective genitive (di dant)
35. sibi : reflexive pronoun; dative of goal of motion or indirect object after mitto instead of ad + acc
36. missum : = missum esse; perfect passive infinitive in a reported statement after credere
37. credere : historic infinitive
38. obeundo pericula ac labores : ablative gerund of manner with a direct object instead of gerundival attraction
39. largiendo praedam : ablative gerund of manner with a direct object instead of gerundival attraction
40. tanta caritate : ablative of description (equivalent to tam carus)
41. esse : historic infinitive
42. Romae & Gabiis : locative cases denoting place where with a town (no preposition)
43. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a consecutive (result) clause denoting a continuous action in the past (no sequence)
C H A P T E R L I V ( i i ) 1. virium : partitive genitive after satis
2. conlectum : sc. esse; perfect passive infinitive in a reported statement (acc. subject is satis)
3. videbat : imperfect indicative in a temporal clause (postquam); the imperfect is used to indicate an action preceeding that of the (historic) present tense in the main clause
4. ex suis unum : with expressions involving numbers, e/ex + abl. is used instead of a partitive genitive
5. sciscitatum : accusative supine of purpose after a verb of motion (§352)
6. se facere : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement after vellet; the reflexive pronoun se refers back to the subject of the main verb
7. vellet : imperfect subjunctive in a reported question (after quidnam) in secondary sequence after sciscitatum
8. Gabiis : locative case
9. posset : imperfect subjunctive in a final noun clause (where the ut clause replaces an accusative object and expresses the intention of the main clause) in secondary sequence after sciscitatum
10. ei : irregularly for sibi; dative of advantage
11. dedissent : pluperfect subjunctive in a causal (quando = since) clause where the indicative verb has become sub–oblique because it is part of the original direct speech
12. huic nuntio : dative of advantage (indirect object) after a verb of speaking (responsum est)
13. credo : an interjection (apostrophe) into the narrative by the author
14. dubiae fidei : genitive of description
15. videbatur : imperfect indicative in a causal clause after quia denoting an action simultaneous with that of the main clause
16. nihil : cognate accusative (object) after the impersonal passive responsum est
17. voce : ablative of means (instrument) or manner
18. aedium : genitive of possession (or partitive genitive)
19. sequente nuntio : ablative absolute (the present participle denotes an action simultaneous with that of the main verb)
20. filii : genitive of possession
21. inambulans : nominative masculine singular present participle denoting an action simultaneous with that of the main verb
22. papaverum : genitive of possession (or partitive genitive)
23. dicitur decussisse : nominative and infinitive construction with a passive verb
24. baculo : ablative of instrument
25. interrogando exspectandoque : ablative gerunds; ablatives of cause modifying fessus (tired from); exspectando has a direct object, rather than gerundival attraction, possibly to avoid confusion where one gerund doesn’t have an object
26. re imperfecta : ablative absolute (understand the present participle of the verb to be)
27. Gabios : accusative of goal of motion with no preposition
28. quae : accusative neuter plural interrogative pronoun introducing a reported question
29. dixerit & viderit : perfect subjunctives in a reported question in primary sequence after refert denoting preceding time
30. ira & odio & superbia : ablatives of cause
31. ingenio : ablative after the adjective insita
32. eum emisisse : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement in oratio obliqua after refert
C H A P T E R L I V ( i i i ) 1. Sexto : dative of advantage
2. vellet & praeciperet : imperfect subjunctives in a reported question in secondary sequence after patuit
3. tacitis ambagibus : ablative of means
4. civitatis : partitive genitive
5. criminando alios : ablative gerund with direct object (not gerundival attraction because it goes with two objets, one plural and one singular); ablative of manner
6. sua invidia : ablative of cause
7. in quibus : ablative masculine plural relative pronoun after the preposition in (against); antecedent is quidam
8. minus speciosa : a negative comparative
9. interfecti : sc. sunt
10. quibusdam volentibus : dative of advantage
11. absentium : genitive of possession
12. interemptorum : genitive of possession
13. divisui : predicative dative
14. fuere : = fuerunt (poetic variant of the third person plural perfect indicative active)
15. largitiones: sc. fuerunt
16. dulcedine : ablative of cause
17. privati commodi : genitive of definition (the gain is the sweetness)
18. malorum publicorum : objective genitive (sentiunt mala publica)
19. adimi : historic infinitive
20. consilio auxilioque : ablative after the adjective orba
21. regi Romano : sympathetic dative (dative of possession with a verb other than esse)
C H A P T E R L V I ( i ) 1. intentus : nominative masculine singular adjective used causally
2. perficiendo templo : dative after the adjective intentus; gerundival attraction
3. fabris accitis : ablative absolute (temporal)
4. pecunia publica : ablative after the ablative verb usus est
5. ad id : ad + accusative expressing the goal or purpose
6. operis : ablative after the ablative verb usus est
7. ex plebe : partitive expression using ex + abl.
8. his laboribus : ablative of means
9. exercita plebe : ablative absolute (temporal)
10. urbi : dative of disadvantage
11. multitudinem esse : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement after rebatur
12. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a temporal clause after ubi; the verb is imperfect as it denotes action contemporaneous with that of the main verb (rebatur), and the indicative has become subjunctive in a sub–oblique clause in oratio obliqua
13. oneri : predicative dative
14. rebatur & volebat: imperfect indicatives in causal clauses introduced by quia
15. colonis mittendis : ablative gerundival attraction; ablative of means
16. occupari : prolate passive infinitive after volebat
17. imperii : genitive of possession or partitive genitive
18. Signiam Circeiosque : accusatives of goal of motion (towns take no preposition)
19. urbi : dative of thing concerned (dative of advantage)
20. praesidia futura : accusative neuter plural in apposition with colonos
21. terra marique : ablatives of manner
C H A P T E R L V I ( i i ) 1. agenti : dative singular present participle; dative of person concerned
2. visum : sc. est
3. elapsus : nominative masculine singular past (deponent) participle, agreeing with anguis (subject)
4. fecisset : pluperfect subjunctive in a temporal cum clause in secondary sequence after perculit, denoting a preceding action
5. ipsius regis : genitive of possession
6. tam … quam : correlative construction
7. subito pavore : ablative of means
8. axis curis : ablative of means after a verb of filling
9. adhiberentur : passive imperfect subjunctive in a concessive cum clause in secondary sequence after statuit, denoting a continuous action in the past
10. hoc domestico visu : ablative of cause
11. exterritus : nominative masculine singular adjective agreeing with the subject (Tarquinius)
12. Delphos : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)
13. maxime inclitum : usually only adjectives ending in –us, preceded by a vowel, e.g. idoneus, form their superlative with maxime (comparative with magis)
14. mittere : prolate infinitive after statuit
15. sortium : subjective genitive (sortes respondent)
16. ulli alii : dative singular; indirect object (dative of advantage)
17. committere : prolate infinitive after ausus (est)
18. ausus : nominative masculine singular past (deponent) participle, agreeing with the subject (misit)
19. ea tempestate : ablative of time when
C H A P T E R L V I ( i i i ) 1. profecti : sc. sunt
2. iis : = eis; dative plural; indirect object (dative of advantage)
3. Tarquinia : ablative of origin
4. regis : genitive of possession
5. natus : nominative masculine singular past participle of nascor, –i, natus sum, agreeing with Brutus
6. longe : ablative of measure of difference
7. alius ingenii : genitive of description
8. cuius : gen. sing. fem. rel. pr.; genitive of possession
9. primores interfectum : sc. esse; acc. & infin. in a reported statement after audisset; interfectum agrees with fratrem, the nearest subject, rather than the more distant primores
10. civitatis : partitive genitive (or gen. of possession)
11. quibus : ablative masculine plural relative pronoun after in; antecedent is primores
12. fratrem suum : sc. esset (subjunctive in a sub–oblique clause); = in quibus frater suus esset
13. ab avunculo : ablative of the agent
14. audisset : = audivisset (syncope); pluperfect subjunctive in a causal cum clause in secondary sequence after statuit
15. quicquam : = quidquam; indefinite pronoun after neque (= nihil)
16. regi : dative of the agent with timendum
17. timendum & concupiscendum : future passive participles (rather than gerundives expressive obligation), agreeing with quicquam
18. relinquere : prolate infinitive after statuit
19. contemptu : ablative of cause
20. esse : prolate infinitive after statuit
21. praesidii : partitive genitive
22. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a temporal clause (ubi); the indicative verb is subjunctive because it is virtually sub–oblique (as if Livy is recording Brutus’ reasons)
23. factus : nominative masculine singular past participle (deponent, from fio, fieri, factus sum) agreeing with the subject (Brutus)
24. stultitiae : genitive of definition (stupidity is the form of imitation) (or objective genitive, imitatur stultitiam)
25. praedae : predicative dative
26. esse : prolate infinitive after sineret
27. regi : dative of advantage
28. sineret : imperfect subjunctive in a causal cum clause in secondary sequence after abnuit denoting a simultaneous action
29. Bruti : genitive of definition
30. eius cognominis : subjective genitive (cognomen obtendit) (or genitive of definition)
31. populi Romani : objective genitive (liberat populum Romanum)
32. latens : nominative masculine singular present participle agreeing with ille
33. opperiretur : imperfect subjunctive (deponent) in a purpose clause in secondary sequence after abnuit
34. ab Tarquiniis : ablative of the agent
35. ductus : nominative masculine singular past participle agreeing with is (subject)
36. Delphos : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)
37. ludibrium : nominative neuter singular in apposition with is
38. verius : comparative adverb
39. corneo cavato baculo : ablative of instrument
40. ad id : ad + acc. denoting purpose
41. tulisse : (with is) nominative & infinitive construction after the personal verb dicitur
42. donum : accusative neuter singular in apposition with baculum
43. Apollini : dative of advantage (goes with tulisse, rather than being dependent on donum)
44. dicitur : personalised passive, introducing a nominative & infinitive construction
45. effigiem : accusative feminine singular in apposition with donum
46. ingenii sui : genitive of possession
C H A P T E R L V I ( i v ) 1. quo : connecting relative adverb (= eo)
2. ventum est : impersonal passive, denoting general action; perfect indicative in a temporal (postquam) clause, the narrative tense (§452)
3. perfectis mandatis : ablative absolute (temporal)
4. patris : genitive of possession or subjective genitive (pater mandat)
5. iuvenum : masc. gen. pl., genitive of possession
6. sciscitandi : genitive gerund after cupido (objective genitive)
7. ad quem : accusative masculine singular interrogative pronoun after ad
8. eorum : partitive genitive
9. esset venturum : future subjunctive periphrasis in a reported question in secondary sequence after incessit
10. vocem redditam : sc. esse; accusative and infinitive in a reported statement after ferunt
11. Romae : genitive of possession or locative (no preposition with a city)
12. qui : nominative masculine singular relative pronoun; = is … qui, a correlative construction
13. vestrum : partitive genitive
14. iuvenes : vocative plural
15. matri : indirect object (dative of advantage)
16. tulerit : future perfect indicative in a relative clause denoting action preceding that of the main clause
17. qui : nominative masculine singular relative pronoun; antecedent is Sextus; subject of relative clause
18. Romae : locative
19. relictus fuerat : pluperfect indicative in a relative clause; the form fuerat for erat emphasises that the state has finished, i.e. no longer exists
20. responsi : genitive after the adjective ignarus (objective genitive)
21. imperii : genitive after the adjective expers
22. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a purpose clause in secondary sequence after the historic present iubent
23. summa ope : ablative of manner
24. taceri : prolate infinitive after iubent (equivalent to a reported command)
25. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)
26. redisset : pluperfect subjunctive in a temporal cum clause in secondary sequence after the historic present permittunt, denoting an action prior to daret
27. matri : dative fem. singular indirect object (dative of advantage)
28. daret : imperfect subjunctive in an indirect question in secondary sequence after the historic present permittunt denoting an original future; daturus esset would be expected
29. sorti : dative singular indirect object (dative of advantage)
30. ratus : nominative masculine singular past (deponent) participle agreeing with Brutus (subject)
31. spectare Pythicam vocem : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement after ratus
32. prolapsus : nominative masculine singular past (deponent) participle agreeing with Brutus (subject)
33. cecidisset : pluperfect subjunctive in the protasis of a conditional clause (the apodosis is suppressed) §574
34. osculo : ablative of instrument
35. omnium mortalium : genitive of possession
36. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a causal (quod) clause denoting simultaneous action; the indicative has become subjunctive because it is virtually sub–oblique, giving Brutus’ opinion
37. reditum : sc. est; impersonal passive denoting general movement
38. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)
39. summa vi : ablative of manner
40. parabatur : imperfect indicative in a temporal (ubi) clause denoting contemporaneous action
C H A P T E R L V I I ( i ) 1. gens : in apposition to Rutuli
2. in ea regione : ablative of place where
3. in ea aetate : ablative of time when, used as a locative idea with in + abl.
4. divitiis : ablative of respect
5. praepollens : nominative feminine singular agreeing with gens (subject)
6. belli : genitive of possession
7. ditari : prolate infinitive after studebat
8. exhaustus : nominative masculine singular past participle as an adjective agreeing with rex
9. magnificentia : ablative of means or cause
10. publicorum operum : genitive of definition
11. praeda : ablative of means
12. delenire : prolate infinitive after studebat
13. popularium : genitive of possession
14. studebat : imperfect indicative in a causal (quod) clause denoting a simultaneous action in the past with fuit
15. regno : dative after the adjective infestos (dative of the thing concerned)
16. se habitos : sc. esse; accusative & infinitive in a reported statement after indignabatur
17. fabrorum : genitive of possession
18. ab rege : ablative of the agent
19. indignabatur : imperf. indic. in a causal (quod) clause denoting simultaneous action in the past with fuit
20. primo impetus : ablative of means or time when
21. capi : present passive prolate infinitive after posset
22. posset : imperfect subjunctive in a final conditional clause in secondary sequence after temptata est §573
23. processit : perfect indicative; narrative perfect in a temporal (ubi) clause §452
24. obsidione munitionibusque : ablatives of instrument (hendiadys)
25. coepti : sc. sunt
26. premi : present passive prolate infinitive after coepti sunt
27. fit : present indicative in an ut (as) clause
28. longo : sc. bello; ablative of time within which
29. acri bello : ablative of time within which
30. primoribus & militibus : datives of reference (advantage)
31. conviviis comisationibusque : ablatives of instrument (means) (hendiadys)
C H A P T E R L V I I ( i i ) 1. potantibus his : ablative absolute (simultaneous action)
2. cenabat : imperfect indicative in a temporal (ubi) clause denoting simultaneous action in the past
3. Egeri : genitive of possession
4. laudare : historic infinitive (= laudavit)
5. miris modis : ablative of manner
6. certamine accenso : ablative absolute (temporal)
7. verbis : ablative with opus est (instrument)
8. opus esse : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement after negat
9. paucis horis : ablative of time within which
10. posse : sc. eos; accusative & infinitive in a reported statement (oratio obliqua)
11. sciri : present passive prolate infinitive after posse
12. quantum : adverbial accusative (cognate accusative of praestet)
13. ceteris : dative after the compound verb praesto
14. praestet : present subjunctive in a reported question in primary sequence after negat denoting a simultaneous action
15. iuventae : genitive of possession or subjective genitive (iuventus viget)
16. inest : present indicative in the protasis of a real condition referring action simultaneous with that of the main verb (conscendimus)
17. praesentes : nominative masculine plural present participle agreeing with the subject (invisimus)
18. nostrarum : genitive of possession
19. cuique : sc. uxori; dative feminine singular; dative of reference or person concerned
20. spectatissimum : past participle used as a superlative adjective, then treated as a neuter noun
21. sit : present jussive subjunctive giving a third person command
22. quod : correlative with id; = ‘the fact that’, introducing a noun clause
23. necopinato adventu : ablative of time when
24. viri : genitive of possession
25. occurrerit : future perfect indicative in a correlative noun clause denoting action which precedes the main verb (a jussive subjunctive, like an imperative, refers to future time)
26. oculis : dative plural after the compound verb occurro
27. vino : ablative of cause
28. omnes : sc. dixerunt
29. citatis equis : ablative absolute (temporal)
30. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)
31. quo : = eo; connecting relative adverb
32. primis intendibus tenebris : ablative absolute (simultaneous action)
33. se : accusative feminine plural reflexive pronoun (se intendere = to lengthen)
34. pervenissent : pluperfect subjunctive in a temporal cum clause in secondary sequence after the historic present pergunt
35. Collatiam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)
36. quas : accusative feminine plural relative pronoun; antecedent is nurus; object of viderant
37. cum aequalibus : ablative of accompaniment
38. viderant : pluperfect indicative in a relative clause denoting preceding action
39. terentes : accusative feminine plural present participle agreeing with quas (nurus)
40. nocte sera : ablative of time when
41. deditam : accusative feminine singular past participle agreeing with Lucretiam
42. lanae : dative singular; indirect object (dative of advantage)
43. lucubrantes : accusative feminine plural present participle agreeing with ancillas, accusative after inter
44. aedium : partitive genitive or genitive of possession; in medio aedium is unusual; in mediis aedibus is expected
45. sedentem : accusative feminine singular past participle agreeing with Lucretiam
46. muliebris certaminis : genitive of possession
47. adveniens : nominative masculine singular agreeing with vir (the subject)
48. Lucretiae stuprandae : genitive gerundival attraction after libido (objective genitive)
49. spectata : nominative feminine singular past participle agreeing with castitas (subject)
C H A P T E R L V I I I ( i ) 1. paucis interiectis diebus : ablative absolute (temporal)
2. inscio Collatino : ablative absolute
3. cum comite uno : ablative of accompaniment
4. Collatiam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)
5. ubi : connecting relative adverb (= ibi)
6. exceptus : nominative masculine singular past participle agreeing with the subject (Tarquinius)
7. ab ignaris : sc. eis; ablative of the agent
8. consilii : genitive after the adjective ignarus (objective genitive)
9. deductus esset : pluperfect passive subjunctive in a temporal cum clause in secondary sequence after venit denoting a prior action
10. amore : ablative of cause
11. ardens : nominative masculine singular present participle agreeing with the subject (Tarquinius)
12. tuta : sc. esse omnia
13. sopiti : sc. esse (sopio, -ire = to be in a deep sleep)
14. videbantur : active imperfect indicative in a temporal (postquam) clause denoting action simultaneous with that of the main verb (venit)
15. stricto gladio : ablative absolute (temporal)
16. dormientem : accusative feminine singular present participle agreeing with Lucretiam (accusative after ad); denotes simultaneous action
17. sinistra manu : ablative of instrument
18. mulieris : genitive of possession
19. pectore oppresso : ablative absolute (temporal)
20. Lucretia : vocative singular
21. moriere : = morieris (you will die)
22. emiseris : future perfect in the protasis of a real condition denoting a preceding action
23. videret : imperfect subjunctive in a causal cum clause denoting action simultaneous with that of the main verb (fateri)
24. fateri & orare & miscere & versare : historic infinitives
25. precibus : ablative of means ???
C H A P T E R L V I I I ( i i ) 1. obstinatam : sc eam & esse; accusative feminine singular past participle as complement of the accusative
subject in a reported statement
2. videbat : imperfect indicative in a temporal (ubi) clause denoting a continuous action in the past
3. mortis : objective genitive
4. metu : ablative of cause
5. inclinari : present passive infinitive in a reported statement after videbat
6. cum mortua : ablative of accompaniment; adjective used as a noun
7. iugulatum : accusative masculine singular past participle as adjective agreeing with the object servum
8. positurum : sc. esse; future active infinitive in a reported statement after ait; supply se
9. necata : sc. esse; perfect passive infinitive in a nominative and infinitive construction in a personalised reported statement after dicatur
10. dicatur : present subjunctive in a purpose clause in primary sequence after the historic present ait (may be followed by either sequence)
11. quo terrore : ablative singular connecting relative (= eo terrore); ablative of means
12. vicisset : pluperfect subjunctive in a temporal cum clause in secondary sequence after the historic present mittit
13. vi : ablative of means
14. profectus esset : pluperfect passive subjunctive in a temporal cum clause in secondary sequence after the historic present mittit
15. expugnato decore muliebri : ablative absolute (causal, modifying ferox)
16. tanto malo : ablative of cause
17. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)
18. eundem : not the gerundive form of eo, ire, but the adjective idem, agreeing with nuntium
19. Ardeam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city)
20. cum singulis fidelibus amicis : ablative of accompaniment
21. veniant : present subjunctive in a reported command in primary sequence after mittat; sc. et orat or rogat after mittit
22. facto maturatoque : ablatives of means after opus est (hendiadys)
23. opus esse : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement after an implied orat or rogat with mittit
24. rem atrocem incidisse : accusative & infinitive in a reported statement
25. cum P. Valerio : ablative of accompaniment
26. Volesi : genitive of possession
27. cum L. Iunio Bruto : ablative of accompaniment
28. cum quo : (usually written as quocum); ablative masculine singular relative pronoun; antecedent is Bruto; ablative of accompaniment
29. Romam : accusative of goal of motion
30. rediens : nominative masculine singular present participle, agreeing with Collatinus, denoting simultaneous action
31. ab nuntio : ablative of the agent
32. uxoris : genitive of possession
33. erat conventus : pluperfect passive indicative in a relative clause, denoting preceding action (venit)
34. sedentem : accusative feminine singular present participle, agreeing with Lucretiam, denoting simulaneous action
35. in cubiculo : ablative of place where
C H A P T E R L V I I I ( i i i ) 1. adventu : ablative of cause (ablative of time when)
2. suorum : subjective genitive (genitive of possession)
3. obortae : sc. sunt
4. quaerenti viro : dative of advantage (indirect object after inquit)
5. satin salve : satin = satis ne; understand agis with the adverb salve, i.e. ‘do you do well enough?’ = ‘are you quite well’
6. quid : nominative neuter singular interrogative pronoun; subject of est
7. salvi : partitive genitive after quid
8. mulieri : dative of reference (advantage)
9. amissa pudicitia : ablative absolute (temporal)
10. viri alieni : genitive of possession
11. Collatine : vocative singular, in a direct address
12. in lecto tuo : ablative of place where
13. ceterum : here a conjunction meaning ‘but though’
14. tantum : adverbial accusative (internal accusative) = ‘so greatly’
15. date : plural imperative in a direct command
16. dexteras fidemque : hendiadys = ‘your right hands as a pledge’
17. adultero : dative of disadvantage (reference)
18. fore : = futurum esse; an impersonal future infinitive in a reported statement after date dexteras fidemque, equivalent to a verb of promising; there is no accusative expressed with an impersonal construction
19. qui : nominative mascuine singular relative pronoun; subject of abstulit
20. priore nocte : ablative of time when
21. vi : ablative of means (going with armatus)
22. mihi sibique : dative of reference (advantage)
23. estis : present indicative in the protasis of a real condition denoting a state in the present
24. pestiferum : accusative neuter singular agreeing with gaudium; goes closely with mihi sibique = ‘fatal for me and for him’
25. abstulit : perfect indicative in a relative clause denoting preceding action
C H A P T E R L V I I I ( i v ) 1. ordine : ablative of manner
2. aegram : sc. eam
3. animi : locative, ‘in mind’
4. avertendo : ablative gerund of manner; gerundival attraction would normally be expected with noxam (the direct object)
5. ab coacta : the past participle is used as a feminine noun, ‘from she who had been forced’; ablative of mation away from
6. delicti : objective genitive
7. mentem peccare : sc. dicunt; accusative & infinitive in reported statement with no direct verb of speaking, only an implication from consolantur (virtual oratio obliqua)
8. afuerit : perfect subjunctive in a reported question inside virtual oratio obliqua in primary sequence after dicunt (understood)
9. culpam abesse : accusative & infinitive in reported statement after dicunt (understood)
10. vos : vocative singular in a direct address
11. videritis : perfect jussive subjunctive, equivalent to an imperative; the construction is usually negative, e.g. ne discesseris, ‘do not go away’ (the use of this construction with the positive is rare)
12. quid : nominative neuter singular interrogative pronoun introducing a reported question
13. illi : dative of the person concerned (reference)
14. debeatur : present subjunctive in a reported question in primary sequence after videritis (a jussive command) denoting an original present question
15. peccato : ablative of separation with absolvo
16. absolvo : present indicative in a concessive (etsi) clause denoting action simultaneous with that of the main verb (libero)
17. supplicio : ablative of separation
18. ulla : sc. femina
19. Lucretiae : genitive of definition (Lucretia is the example)
20. exemplo : ablative of cause
21. quem : accusative masculine singular relative pronoun; antecedent is cultrum; direct object of habebat
22. habebat : imperfect indicative in a relative clause introduced by quem
23. eum : Livy repeats the idea of cultrum with a pronoun for emphasis, although it is gramatically unnecessary
24. in corde : ablative of place where, not the expected accusative of goal of motion
25. prolapsa : nominative feminine singular perfect deponent participle (‘falling forward’) agreeing with the subject (Lucretia)
C H A P T E R L I X ( i ) 1. illis occupatis : ablative absolute (with the verb ‘to be’ understood)
2. Lucretiae : genitive of possession (partitive genitive)
3. extractum : accusative masculine singular agreeing with cultrum; the past participle denotes a prior action (a ‘failed’ ablative absolute)
4. manantem : accusative masculine singular agreeing with cultrum
5. cruore : ablative of cause or instrument
6. tenens : nominative masculine singular present participle agreeing with Brutus, denoting a simultaneous action
7. di : vocative plural in a direct address
8. me exsecuturum : sc. esse; accusative and infinitive in a reported statement after vos testes facio
9. cum scelerata coniuge et omni stirpe : ablative of accompaniment
10. liberorum : genitive of material (the children make up the stirpe)
11. ferro igni : ablatives of instrument (note the asyndeton)
12. quacumque vi : ablative feminine singular indefinite adjective agreeing with vi; ablative of means
13. possim : present subjunctive in a sub-oblique clause in oratio obliqua
14. regnare : prolate infinitive after patior
15. Romae : locative singular (no preposition with a city)
16. passurum : sc. esse; future active infinitive (deponent) in a reported statement (with me)
17. Collatino : indirect object (dative of advantage)
18. Lucretio ac Valerio : indirect objects (datives of advantage)
19. stupentibus : dative masculine plural present participle agreeing with Lucretio and Valerio, denoting simultaneous action
20. miraculo : ablative of cause with stupentibus
21. rei : genitive of definition (the incident is the marvel) or objective genitive (mirantur rem)
22. unde : sc. veniat; introduces a reported question in virtual oratio obliqua, i.e. se rogantibus, or some verb of asking, is understood
23. praeceptum erat : pluperfect indicative after ut meaning ‘as’, denoting preceding action
24. ab luctu : ablative of motion away from
25. versi : nominative masculine plural deponent past participle referring to Collatinus, Lucretius and Valerius
26. ad expugnandum regnum : gerundival attraction after ad + acc. to express purpose or goal
27. vocantem : accusative masculine singular present participle agreeing with Brutus denoting a simultaneous action
28. ducem : accusative masculine singular in apposition with Brutum
C H A P T E R L I X ( i i ) 1. elatum : accusative neuter singular past participle agreeing with corpus; a ‘failed’ ablative absolute
2. domo : ablative of motion away from (no preposition with domus, rus and humus)
3. Lucretiae : genitive of possession
4. in forum : in + accusative to express motion towards
5. miraculo : ablative of cause
6. ut fit : ut + indicative, meaning ‘as’
7. rei novae : genitive of definition (the new thing is the wonder)
8. indignitate : ablative of cause
9. patris : genitive of possession (subjective genitive – pater maeret)
10. lacrimarum atque inertium querellarum : objective genitive (castigat lacrimas)
11. quod : sc. eius; nominative neuter singular relative pronoun, introducing a relative clause; subject of deceret
12. deceret : imperfect subjunctive in a sub-oblique clause in virtual oratio obliqua after auctor, as if quoting what Brutus actually said
13. arma capiendi : genitive gerund after auctor (objective genitive), in apposition to the understood eius with the quod clause; Livy retains an accusative object after the genitive gerund instead of using gerundival attraction
14. hostilia : accusative neuter plural adjective for noun; direct object of ausos, not governed by adversus
15. ausos : sc. eos; accusative masculine plural past semi-deponent participle; accusative after the preposition adversus
16. ferocissimus quisque : ‘each’ with a superlative is commonly expressed by quisque (§527)
17. iuvenum : partitive genitive
18. cum armis : ablative of accompaniment
19. patre praeside relicto : ablative absolute (temporal); praeside is in apposition with patre, ‘as a guard’
20. Collatiae : locative singular expressing place where (or genitive of possession after ad portas)
21. custodibus datis : ablative absolute (temporal)
22. quis : the standard word for ‘anyone’ after ne (§211)
23. regibus : indirect object after nuntiaret (dative of advantage)
24. nuntiaret : imperfect subjunctive in a negative purpose clause in secondary sequence after datis
25. duce Bruto : ablative absolute with the verb ‘to be’ understood
26. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a town)
27. profecti : sc. sunt
C H A P T E R L I X ( i i i ) 1. ventum est : impersonal passive (used for general movement); perfect indicative in a temporal (ubi)
clause denoting preceding action
2. anteire primores : accusative and infinitive in a reported statement after vident
3. civitatis : genitive of possession (partitive genitive)
4. vident : present indicative in a temporal (ubi) clause; the narrative present is used for a preceding action (§452)
5. quidquid sit : the relative clause, introduced by the indefinite pronoun, stands as the accusative subject of the accusative and infinitive; sit is present subjunctive in a sub-oblique clause in oratio obliqua
6. esse : the infinitive in a reported statement after rentur
7. animorum : subjective genitive (animi movent)
8. Romae : locative singular
9. Collatiae : locative singular
10. fecerat : pluperfect indicative in a comparison after quam denoting preceding action
11. urbis : genitive of possession (partitive genitive)
12. curritur : impersonal passive denoting general action
13. quo : = eo; connecting relative adverb
14. ventum est : impersonal passive denoting general action
15. Celerum : genitive of possession
16. in quo magistratu : ablative masculine singular relative adjective governed by the preposition in agreeing with magistratu introducing a relative clause
17. erat : imperfect indicative in a relative clause denoting simultaneous action
18. habita : sc. est
19. eius pectoris ingeniique : genitive of description
20. quod : nominative neuter singular relative pronoun; antecedent is pectoris and ingenii, but it agrees only with the nearest; subject of simulatum fuerat
21. simulatum fuerat : pluperfect indicative (the fuerat emphasises that the state no longer exists) denoting preceding action
22. Sexti Tarquini : genitive of possession
23. Lucretiae : genitive of possession (objective genitive – stuprat Lucretiam)
24. Tricipitini : genitive of possession
25. cui : dative masculine singular relative pronoun; antecedent is Tricipitini; dative of reference (disadvantage)
26. morte : ablative of comparison
27. filiae : genitive of possession
28. mortis : genitive of definition (the death was the cause) or genitive of possession
29. esset : imperfect subjunctive in a sub-oblique relative clause in virtual oratio obliqua after oratio habita est, as if reporting what Brutus said
30. addita : sc. est
31. ipsius regius : genitive of possession
32. plebis : subjective genitive (plebs miseretur et laborat) or genitive of possession
33. in fossas cloacasque exhauriendas : gerundival attraction after in + acc. denoting purpose (cf. ad + acc.)
34. demersae : genitive feminine singular past participle modifying plebis, = ‘who has been sent down’
35. Romanos homines factos : sc. esse; accusative and infinitive in virtual oratio obliqua (the verb of speaking is implied)
36. victores : accusative masculine plural noun in apposition with Romanos homines
37. omnium populorum : objective genitive (vincunt omnes populos)
38. opifices ac lapicidas : complement of homines after factos esse (verb of making/creating) in the same case; cf. Cicero consul factus est
39. Servi Tulli regis : subjective genitive (rex caeditur) or genitive of possession
40. memorata : sc. est
41. invecta : nominative feminine singular past (deponent) participle agreeing with filia, = ‘who had been conveyed, who had driven over’
42. corpori : dative singular; dative of disadvantage ???
43. patris : genitive of possession
44. nefando vehiculo : ablative of instrument
45. invocati : sc. sunt
46. ultores : nominative masculine plural noun in apposition with di
47. parentum : objective genitive (ulciscuntur parentes)
C H A P T E R L I X ( i v ) 1. his atrocioribusque aliis memoratis : ablative absolute (temporal)
2. credo : present indicative in an apostrophe (where the author speaks directly)
3. quae : accusative neuter plural relative pronoun; antecedent is aliis; direct object of subicit
4. rerum : genitive of possession (subjective genitive – res indignuntur) ???
5. relatu : ablative supine, ‘in the relating’; ablative of respect with facilia
6. scriptoribus : dative plural of reference, dependent on facilia
7. facilia : accusative neuter plural adjective agreeing with quae
8. regi : dative singular; dative of disadvantage (indirect object) with a verb of taking away
9. abrogaret & iuberet : imperfect subjunctive in a reported command in secondary sequence after perpulit
10. esse : prolate infinitive after iuberet in an indirect command
11. cum coniuge ac liberis : ablative of accompaniment
12. iunioribus lectis armatisque : ablative absolute (temporal)
13. qui : nominative masculine plural relative pronoun; antecedent is iunioribus; subject of dabant
14. dabant : imperfect indicative in a relative clause denoting simultaneous action
15. ad concitandum exercitum : gerundival attraction after ad expressing purpose
16. Ardeam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a town)
17. in castra : in + accusative to express goal of motion; note that the bigger place goes first
18. Lucretio : dative of advantage (indirect object)
19. praefecto : complement of Lucretio in the same case (dative) after the factitive verb instituto; cf. Cicero consul creatus est
20. urbis : genitive of possession
21. ab rege : ablative of the agent
22. domo : ablative of motion away from (no preposition with domus)
23. exsecrantibus invocantibusque viris mulieribusque : ablative absolute (present participle denoting simultaneous action)
24. quacumque : indefinite relative adverb introducing an indefinite relative clause
25. incedebat : imperfect indicative in an indefinite relative clause
26. parentum : genitive of possession
C H A P T E R L X ( i ) 1. harum rerum : genitive of contents (genitive of definition – these things make up the reports) 2. nuntiis perlatis : ablative absolute (temporal) 3. re nova : ablative of cause after trepidus 4. pergeret : imperf. subj. in a causal cum clause in secondary sequence denoting simultaneous action 5. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city) 6. ad comprimendos motus : accusative gerundival attraction after ad to express purpose 7. fieret : imperfect subjunctive in a negative purpose clause in secondary sequence after flexit 8. eodem tempore : ablative of time when 9. diversis itineribus : ablative of road by which (instrument) 10. Ardeam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city) 11. Romam : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city) 12. Tarquinio : dative of reference (disadvantage) 13. clausae : sc. sunt 14. indictum : sc. est 15. urbis : objective genitive (liberat urbem) 16. accepere : = acceperunt (alternative poetic ending) 17. exacti : sc. sunt 18. regis : genitive of possession 19. qui : nominative masculine plural relative pronoun; antecedent is duo; subject of ierunt 20. exsultatum : accusative supine of purpose after a verb of motion (‘who went to be exiles’) 21. Caere : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city) 22. Gabios : accusative of goal of motion (no preposition with a city) 23. profectus : nominative masculine singular past (deponent) participle agreeing with Tarquinius 24. ab ultoribus : ablative of the agent 25. veterum simultatium : objective genitive (ulciscuntur veteres simultates) 26. quas : accusative feminine plural relative pronoun; antecedent is simultatium; object of concierat 27. sibi : dative of disadvantage (indirect object) 28. caedibus rapinisque : ablatives of means 29. concierat : pluperfect indicative in a relative clause denoting preceding action 30. annos quinque et viginti : accusative of extent of time 31. regnatum : sc. est; impersonal passive denoting general action (‘there were kings’) 32. Romae : locative singular indicating place where 33. ab condita urbe : an urbs condita construction, containing a noun and a past participle, where the
emphasis on the participle is so strong that it is best translated by a verbal noun in English (‘the founding of the city’)
34. ad liberatam : sc. urbem; another urbs condita construction (‘the freeing of the city’) 35. annos ducentos quadraginta quattuor : accusative of extent of time 36. comitiis centuriatis : locative plural (in + abl. is expected) 37. a praefecto : ablative of the agent 38. urbis : genitive of possession (or objective genitive – praeficit urbem) 39. Servi Tulli : genitive of possession