Chapter IntroductionSection 1: North America
Before Columbus
Section 2: Europe Begins to Explore
Section 3: Founding the Thirteen Colonies
Section 4:Economics, Trade, and Rebellion
Section 5:A Diverse Society
Visual Summary
Why Do People Migrate to New Lands?Europeans began leaving their continent in the 1500s to settle in the Americas. Their colonies reflected the values and traditions of their homelands, but they were also shaped by the geography of the new land they settled.
• Why do you think Europeanscame to America?
• How might the location of a colony affect its development?
Founding the Thirteen ColoniesWhat were the main causes of English settlement in North America?
Big IdeasGeography and History The headright system provided English settlers with new ways to acquire more land.
Content Vocabulary• joint-stock company• privateer• headright
• proprietary colony• heretic
Academic Vocabulary• migration • grant
People and Events to Identify• Jamestown• Powhatan Confederacy• John Winthrop• Roger Williams• Anne Hutchinson• Henry Hudson
A. AB. B
Do you believe that the benefits of sailing to a new country for religious freedom outweigh the risks? A. Yes
B. No
A B
0%0%
England’s First ColoniesWhile Spain was establishing an overseas empire in the 1500s, England was distracted by problems at home.
• When John Cabot first sailed to America, most of western Europe was Roman Catholic.
• Martin Luther accused the Church of corruption and launched the Protestant Reformation.
• The Anglican Church and the Puritan faith also emerged during this time.
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
• Reasons some of the English sailed to America:
– religious persecution of Puritans and non-Anglican people
– economic changes in England—wool market, joint-stock companies
– rivalry with Spain
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
• The Protestant English wanted to find a water route to Asia through North America, but had to contend with the Catholic Spanish.
• Queen Elizabeth allowed English privateers to attack Spanish ships.
• She also set up outposts in the Americas to help attack the ships.
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
• In the spring of 1607, 104 men founded the settlement of Jamestown.
• Captain John Smith began bartering goods for food with the Powhatan Confederacy.
• Only 60 settlers out of about 400 survived the winter of 1609–1610.
• The colony did survive and made money by selling tobacco.
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
• 1618—the Virginia Company granted the colonists the right to elect a lawmaking body. They also introduced the system of headrights.
• 1619—the first Africans were brought to Virginia.
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
• 1622—more than 4,500 settlers arrived in Virginia; Jamestown was attacked by the Native Americans and the colony was devastated.
– Virginia became a royal colony, run by a governor appointed by the king.
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
• George Calvert—or Lord Baltimore—founded a colony in Maryland for Catholics who were persecuted in England.
– He owned this land and made it a proprietary colony.
– However, most of its settlers were Protestant and in 1649 the Toleration Act was passed to reduce social conflict.
England’s First Colonies (cont.)
A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
Why did Powhatan end trade with the colonists of Jamestown in 1609? A. The number of colonists
overwhelmed him. B. He was not producing enough
food for his own people.C. The colonists stole food from
the Native Americans.D. The colonists were marrying
the Native American women.
Pilgrims and PuritansBoth the Pilgrims and the Puritans founded colonies to escape religious persecution.
• On September 16, 1620, 102 Pilgrims sailed to Plymouth in the Mayflower.
• The Pilgrims joined the Wampanoag in a celebration to give thanks for their harvest and fortune, the basis of our present-day Thanksgiving.
Pilgrims and Puritans (cont.)
The Puritan Migration to America, 1620–1640
• In 1630, 11 ships carrying about 900 Puritan settlers set sail for America to escape religious persecution.– John Winthrop led this expedition.– As economic and religious conditions in
England worsened, large numbers of people began to emigrate, later called the Great Migration.
– People who voiced ideas that contradicted Puritan beliefs could be considered heretics and banished.
Pilgrims and Puritans (cont.)
• Towns, in what became Rhode Island, were established as places where religious freedom could be practiced:
– Providence—founded by Roger Williams– Portsmouth—founded by
Anne Hutchinson– Newport
– Warwick
Pilgrims and Puritans (cont.)
• Reverend Thomas Hooker founded the town of Hartford and helped write the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.
Pilgrims and Puritans (cont.)
• Tensions between the English and Native Americans peaked in 1675 when Plymouth Colony executed three Wampanoag men for murder.
– This sparked what became known as King Philip’s War.
– By 1678, few Native Americans were left in New England.
Pilgrims and Puritans (cont.)
A. AB. BC. CD. DE. E
According to laws of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, which of the following actions was illegal? A. Expression of different
religious ideasB. GamblingC. DrunkenessD. BlasphemyE. All of the above A B C D E
0% 0% 0%0%0%
England’s Civil War and New ColoniesThe English Civil War interrrupted colonization. After it ended, new colonies were founded.
• In 1660, the English government began backing a new round of colonization in America—also known as the Restoration colonies.
• The Restoration colonies included:
England’s Civil War and New Colonies(cont.)
– New York—England took New York from the Dutch in 1664 and continued its focus on trade; Henry Hudson originally found this area for the Dutch.
Settling the Thirteen Colonies, 1607–1750
– New Jersey—the king’s brother, James, granted this area to two of the king’s advisers.
– Pennsylvania—William Penn established this colony in 1681 as a place of religious freedom.
– Delaware—William Penn bought three counties from the Duke of York, which later became Delaware.
England’s Civil War and New Colonies(cont.)
Settling the Thirteen Colonies, 1607–1750
– The Carolinas—this area was chartered in 1663 as a proprietary colony; its proprietors hoped to make money growing cash crops.
– Georgia—James Oglethorpe founded Georgia in 1733 as a refuge for England’s poor.
England’s Civil War and New Colonies(cont.)
Settling the Thirteen Colonies, 1607–1750
A. AB. BC. CD. D A B C D
0% 0%0%0%
The origins of which colony lay in the Quakers and a large unpaid debt? A. New York
B. New Jersey
C. Pennsylvania
D. Delaware
Big IdeasGeography and History Geography shaped the development of distinct regions within the English colonies.
Southern SocietySociety in the Southern Colonies was sharply divided between the wealthy elite and the backcountry farmers.
• Wealthy planters in the south employed indentured servants to help grow tobacco.
• In South Carolina the settlers grew rice and imported enslaved Africans to cultivate it.
Southern Society (cont.)
– They also grew indigo.
The Economy of the Colonial South, c. 1750
• Bacon’s Rebellion, led by Nathaniel Bacon, convinced many wealthy planters that land should be made available to backcountry farmers.
• From the 1680s onward, Virginia’s government generally supported expanding the colony westward, regardless of the impact on Native Americans.
Southern Society (cont.)
• After Bacon’s Rebellion, planters began to switch to enslaved Africans for labor for several reasons:
– They did not have to be freed or given land.
– They could be used as collateral to borrow money or expand their plantations.
– Fewer English settlers were willing to become indentured servants.
Southern Society (cont.)
– In 1672, King Charles II granted a charter to the Royal African Company to engage in slave trade.
Southern Society (cont.)
New England SocietyNew England’s economy was based on fishing, family farms, and lumber mills.
• New England colonists practiced subsistence farming.
• The main crop was wheat.• Fishing and whaling brought the most
prosperity to New England.• Lumber and shipbuilding also became
important industries.
New England Society (cont.)
New England and the Middle Colonies, c. 1750
• New England’s social life centered around towns.
• Townspeople began discussing local problems and issues at town meetings.
• These meetings helped set the stage for the American Revolution and a democratic government.
New England Society (cont.)
• The Puritans valued religious devotion, hard work, education, and obedience to strict rules regulating daily life.
New England Society (cont.)
Trade and the Rise of CitiesCities prospered and grew through trade with England, Africa, and other colonies.
• The Middle Colonies—Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware—combined aspects of New England’s economy with those of the South.
• As in New England, trade led to the rise of large cities along the coast.
• As in the South, colonists benefited from fertile soil and long growing seasons.
• Wheat was in important cash crop.
Trade and the Rise of Cities (cont.)
• Drawbacks to colonies of mercantilism included:
– Colonies prevented from selling goods to other nations, even it they could get a better price.
– If a colony produced nothing the home country needed, it could not acquire gold or silver to buy manufactured goods.
Trade and the Rise of Cities (cont.)
Causes of European Exploration• The Crusades broaden European
horizons and stimulate interest in luxury goods from Asia.
• The rise of towns and the growth of the merchant class enrich monarchs and make them less dependent on the nobility.
• Monarchs want to find trade routes to Asia, by passing Italy and the Muslim states.
• The Renaissance promotes a scientific view of the world.• New technologies like the compass and astrolabe make sea
exploration possible.
Causes of English Colonization• The wealth Spain acquired from
conquering the Aztec and mining gold encourages others to consider creating colonies.
• The Protestant Reformation in England leads to the rise of Puritans who are persecuted by the English government, as are Catholics and others who disagree with the Anglican Church.
• Puritans, Catholics, and other religious dissenters, such as the Quakers, seek religious freedom by migrating to America.
• The growth of trade and the rising demand for English wool leads to landowners evicting peasants so as to raise sheep. Some of the peasants migrate to America to escape poverty and obtain land.
Effects of European Colonization• Europeans explore West Africa;
they begin enslaving Africans and forcing them to work on sugarcane plantations.
• European explorers land in the Americas, map the eastern coastline, and begin exploring the interior.
• Beginning with Cortés, Spanish conquistadors conquer Mexico, Peru, and the Maya people of Central America.
Effects of European Colonization• An exchange of plants, animals,
goods, and ideas begins between Europe and the Americas; European diseases devastate Native American populations; American diseases spread to Europe.
• Spain establishes colonies in the Caribbean; France establishes colonies along the St. Lawrence River; England establishes colonies along the east coast, from Massachusetts to Georgia.
Effects of European Colonization• Cash crops, such as rice,
tobacco, and sugarcane, allow Southern Colonies to flourish; they also lead to the rise of the slave trade.
• Triangular trade allows northern American colonies to prosper and leads to the rise of cities along the American East Coast.
