CHAPTER 22

SECTION 1: MOVING TOWARD CONFLICT PAGE 730

Main Idea: America gets involved in Vietnam to stop the spread of communism

TERMS AND NAMES:

Ho Chi Minh Ngo Dinh Diem

Vietcong Vietminh domino theory

Dien Blen Phu Ho Chi Min Trail

Tonkin Gulf Resolution Geneva Accords

WAR BEGINS

France-Japan-France ruled Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, & Laos)

Ho Chi Minh = leader of the Indochinese Communist Party & later Northern part of Vietnam.

Vietminh = Vietnamese Communist & nationalist groups who fought for Vietnamese independence

WAR BEGINS

USA sent economic aid from 1950- 1975.

USA sent troops from 1965-1973

Domino Theory = idea that a nation falls under communism, near by nations will fall too.

French get out of war after Dien Bien Phu = French post in northwestern Vietnam that was taken over by Vietminh.

WAR BEGINS

Geneva Accords = peace agreement that divided Vietnam at the 17th parallel until unification elections in 1956. North = Communist South = non-communist

NGO DINH DIEM

South Vietnamese President Corrupt, cancelled unification elections and

executed opponents. Jailed Buddhist monks,

destroyed Buddhist temples. Buddhist monks protested by

burning themselves.

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Vietcong (VC) = South Vietnamese communist who fought against South Vietnam, with the support of North Vietnam. National Liberation Front

(NLF)

Ho Chi Minh Trail = trails used by North Vietnam to transport supplies to the Vietcong in South Vietnam.

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August 2, 1964 North Vietnam attacks USS Maddox & losses, Later another attacked occurred & Presidents Johnson finally ordered to bomb North Vietnam.

Tonkin Gulf Resolution = contract by Congress that allowed the president to wage war in Vietnam. USA fully in Vietnam to

contain Communism.

SECTION 2: US INVOLVEMENT INCREASES PAGE 736

Main Idea: The United States involvement in Vietnam quickly turns into a stalemate.

TERMS AND NAMES:

Robert McNamara Napalm

Dean Rusk Agent Orange

William Westmorland Credibility Gap

Search-and-destroy missions ARVN

VIETNAM FOREIGN-POLICY ADVISORS

Robert McNamara = Secretary of Defense that resigned in 1968

Clark Clifford = replaced Robert McNamara as Secretary of Defense in 1968

Dean Rusk = Secretary of State

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General William Westmoreland = Commander of USA in South Vietnam, that kept requesting more troops. Tactics: wear enemy down by

harassment, & destroy morale Started body count

VIETCONG’S SURVIVAL

Lacked high power weaponry, unless stole from dead USA troops

Used hit & run tactics, knowledge of jungle terrain, booby traps, land mines

USA could not tell friend or foe

Elaborate underground tunnel system. Homes, hospitals, storage

USA SOLDIERS SURVIVAL

Dealt with hot weather & leeches

Strategy: keep South Vietnamese on USA side & not Vietcong.

Napalm = gasoline bomb that set fire to jungle

Agent Orange = toxic chemical that destroyed jungle landscaping

USA SOLDIERS SURVIVAL

Morale low: alcoholism, drugs, & murder Search-and-Destroy Missions = uprooting

villagers with suspected ties to Vietcong

Killed livestock Burned villages

USA SOLDIERS SURVIVAL

Ideas split some patriotic & some not

POW: tortured & confined

Gerald Coffee = POW for 7 years, finally released in 1973.

USA DURING VIETNAM WAR: SOCIETY

Inflation & taxes rose Great Society programs

reduced TV media repeatedly

showed stories of Vietnam War, that contradicted government.

Credibility Gap = public distrust of statements made by government

USA DURING VIETNAM WAR: DRAFT

Created draft lottery system, because of the imbalance in the original draft. Most lower class people were being picked.

Some people volunteered or proudly accepted their draft papers. Other people avoided the draft Medical excuses Enrolling in college & had

good academic standing Change residence Joined National Guard or

Coast Guard Fled to Canada & Mexico

USA DURING VIETNAM WAR: OPPOSITION

Protest formed all over dividing the country into supporters & non-supporters.

Doves = person who opposed Vietnam War & thought USA should withdraw

Hawks = person who supported Vietnam War & thought USA should increase military force.

USA DURING VIETNAM WAR: OPPOSITION New Left = youth-dominated

political movement of the 1960’s, embodied such groups as Students for a Democratic Society & Free Speech movement.

Students for Democratic Society = New Left group that called for greater individual freedom & responsibility.

Free Speech Movement = New Left group that clashed between students & administrators at colleges.

USA DURING VIETNAM WAR: OPPOSITION

Protest music formed: Eve of Destruction

People burned draft papers at protest

David Harris = served 20 months in jail for refusal to serve in Vietnam

Reasons for protest: Vietnam was a civil war USA cannot police the

world War draining USA

economy

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Tet = Vietnamese New Year

Tet Offensive = surprise attack of Vietcong on South Vietnamese towns in 1968 on day of Tet

1968 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

Johnson announced he would not run.

Hubert Humphrey = won the Democratic primary election against Eugene McCarthy & lost presidential election against Richard Nixon.

1968 PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION

George Wallace = ran in presidential election on American Independent Party ticket

Reasons Nixon won: Democratic party split vote Riots formed with Democratic

party Yippies = republicans promoted

& provoked violence that made democrats look bad.

VIETNAMIZATION

Gradual withdrawal of USA troops & their replacement with South Vietnamese forces.

Started withdrawing in August 1969

USA REACTS TO NIXON’S PRESIDENCY WITH VIETNAM Silent Majority = Americans who

quietly supported the Vietnam War

My Lai Massacre = March 16, 1968 troops entered My Lai village rounded up villagers & shot them.

USA REACTS TO NIXON’S PRESIDENCY WITH VIETNAM

April 30,1970 USA troops invaded Cambodia to Clear out North Vietnamese & Vietcong. Caused massive protest, to

where Colleges had to close down.

USA REACTS TO NIXON’S PRESIDENCY WITH VIETNAM Protest occurred all over. Kent State & Jackson State ended up

burning buildings, National Guard came out, killed & wounded protesters when a riot broke.

USA REACTS TO NIXON’S PRESIDENCY WITH VIETNAM

Pentagon Papers = 1971 document that leaked to the press by Daniel Ellsberg, which revealed the USA government had not been honest about its intentions in Vietnam War.

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Henry Kissinger = Nixon’s National Security Advisor on Vietnam. Expert in international relations & announced “peace is at hand”

END OF VIETNAM WAR FOR USA

Christmas Bombings = USA bombed Hanoi & Haiphong for 11 days, 100, 000 bombs except on Christmas as a final shot.

January 27, 1973 USA & Vietnam form an agreement to end the war

March 29, 1973 last USA troops leave

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March of 1975, North Vietnamese attack South Vietnam. USA only sent money no troops to help.

Vietnam soon after became communist.

Khmer Rouge = communist group that seized power in Cambodia in 1975.

VIETNAM WARS LEGACY: TROOPS

Veterans coming home faced: hostility & bitterness when

returned home. Delayed stress syndrome Recurring nightmares Migraines Memory lapse Highly apathetic Committed suicide Turned to alcohol & drugs

VIETNAM WARS LEGACY: TROOPS

USA troops: 58,000 dead & 365,000 wounded.

Vietnam Veterans Memorial = located in Washington D.C., built in 1982, 2 granite walls with the names of the dead & missing in action of the Vietnam War.

VIETNAM WARS LEGACY: GOVERNMENT

War Powers Act = limited

president’s right to send troops into battle without consulting congress. Troops can only remain for 90

days without congress consent.

COPY & ANSWER

Short Answer Name 4 things USA soldiers dealt with or did to survive Vietnam

Essay Explain the legacies that Vietnam left behind for the USA. (give at least 6 examples)