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Chapter Nine:Chapter Nine:
Charlemagne and the Charlemagne and the Rise of Medieval CultureRise of Medieval Culture
Culture and Values, Culture and Values, 66thth. Ed.. Ed.Cunningham and ReichCunningham and Reich
Charlemagne: Charlemagne: Ruler and DiplomatRuler and Diplomat
Charlemagne: Charlemagne: Ruler and DiplomatRuler and Diplomat
Papal Coronation– Leo III, Christmas 800– Revival of Western Roman Empire
Feudal Administration– Legal decrees– Bureaucratic system– Literacy
Foreign Relations– Byzantines, Muslims
Charlemagne: Charlemagne: Economic DevelopmentsEconomic Developments
Stabilized the currency– Denier
Trade FairsJewish merchantsTrade RoutesImport / Export Relationships
– Iron Broadswords
Learning Learning in the Time of Charlemagnein the Time of Charlemagne
“Palace School” at AachenScholar-teachersCurriculum
– Trivium, quadrivium– Mastery of texts
Text reform– Literary revival = Liturgical revival
Literacy as prerequisite for worship
Learning Learning in the Time of Charlemagnein the Time of Charlemagne
Alcuin of York– Sacramentary– Corrected errors in the Vulgate Bible– Developed Frankish school system
Literacy and Women– Dhouda– Illuminated manuscripts
Benedictine MonasticismBenedictine Monasticism
Early monasticism– Varying monastic lifestyles– No predominate rule
The Rule of St. Benedict– “Magna Carta of monasticism”– Poverty, stability, obedience, chastity– Balance of prayer, work, and study– Horarium
Women and the Monastic LifeWomen and the Monastic Life
Scholastica (d. 543)– St. Benedict’s sister
Brigid of Ireland (d. 525)Hilda, abbess of Whitby (614-680)Hildegard of Bingen (1098-1179)
– Writer, painter, illustrator, musician, critic, preacher
– Scivias, Physica, Causae et Curae, Symphonia, Ordo Virtutum
Monasticism Monasticism and Gregorian Chantand Gregorian Chant
Monasteries and Opus Dei– Centrality of liturgy– Lectio divina
Development of sacred music– Gregorian Chant– Ambrosian music– Mozarabic chant– Frankish chant
Monasticism Monasticism and Gregorian Chantand Gregorian Chant
Gregorian chant and Carolingian reformGregorian characteristics
– Monophonic– Melismatic– Acapella– Cantus planus– neums
Liturgical Music Liturgical Music and the Rise of Dramaand the Rise of Drama
The Liturgical Trope– Verbal elaborations of textual content– Added to the long melismas– Aid in memorization– Origin of drama in the West
Quem Quæritis
The Morality Play: The Morality Play: EverymanEveryman
Links liturgical and secular dramaAllegorical, moralistic
– Instructs for moral conversionReligious themes
– Life as a pilgrimage– The inevitability of death (memento mori)– Faith vs. Free Will
Liturgical overtones
Nonliturgical DramaNonliturgical Drama
Hroswitha (d. 1000)– Wrote in Latin – Roman stylistic influences– Poetry, legends, plays
TheophilusThe Conversion of the Harlot Thaïs
– Heavily moralistic to educate and convert
The Legend of Charlemagne:The Legend of Charlemagne:Song of RolandSong of Roland
Charlemagne canonized 1165– Reliquaries and commemoratives
Epic poem– Charlemagne’s battle with the Basques (778)
– Chansons de geste, chansons d’histoireOral tradition, jongleursMilitary and religious ideals
– 11th c. martial virtues and chivalric codeAnti-Muslim bias
The Visual Arts:The Visual Arts:
The Illuminated BookThe Illuminated BookCarolingian manuscripts on parchmentGospel Book of Charlemagne
– Roman, Byzantine, Celtic stylesUtrecht Psalter
– Masterpiece of the Carolingian RenaissanceDagulf Psalter
– Carved ivory book coversCarolingian miniscule
Charlemagne’s Palace at AachenCharlemagne’s Palace at Aachen
Kingdom modeled on ancient RomePalace
– Large royal hall, lavishly decorated– Joined to chapel by a long gallery
Chapel– Church of San Vitale (Ravenna) as model– Altar to the Savior (liturgical services)– Chapel to the Virgin (reliquary)
Charlemagne’s Throne– “…this most wise Solomon.”
The Carolingian MonasteryThe Carolingian Monastery
Monastery as “miniature civic center”– Complexity of function and design– Center of life for rural populations
Saint Gall plan– Basilica style– Designed to house 120 monks, 170 serfs
The Romanesque StyleThe Romanesque Style
Large, “Roman-looking” architectureInfluenced by travel, expansion
– Pilgrimages Heavy stone arches
– Larger, more spacious interiors– Fireproof stone and masonry roofs– Church of Saint Sernin in Toulouse
The Romanesque StyleThe Romanesque Style
Exterior decoration (sculpture)– Lack of interior light– Portal (doorway)– Jamb, capital, trumeau– Tympanum (mandorla, archivolts)
Church of Sainte Madeleine at Vézelay
Chapter Nine: Discussion QuestionsChapter Nine: Discussion Questions
Explain the function of the Song of Roland as both religious and political propaganda during the eleventh and twelfth centuries. What values are extolled within the text that would serve religious and political leaders as they shape their culture? Do we, as a culture, subscribe to these same values today? Why or why not?
Why was Charlemagne so interested in developing literacy? Explain his motives and methods for establishing schools and supporting scholars.
Describe the role of the liturgical trope in the development of drama in the West. For example, how does one begin with the Quem Quæritis trope and arrive at Everyman? Explain the evolution of the art form.