Chapter Nineteen Lipids. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19 | 2 →CO...

Chapter NineteenChapter Nineteen

Lipids

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 19 | 2

→ CO 19.1Fats and oils are the most widely occurring types of lipids. Thick layers of fat help insulate polar bears against the effects of low temperatures.

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Dan Guravich / Photo Researchers


← Fig. 19.1 The structural formulas of these types of lipids illustrate the great structural diversity among lipids.

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→ Fig. 19.2 The melting point of a fatty acid depends on the length of the carbon chain and on the number of double bonds present in the carbon chain.

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← Fig. 19.3Four 18-carbon fatty acids, which differ in the number of double bonds present.

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→ Fig. 19.4 Adipoctyes are the body’s triacylglycerol-storing cells.

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© Manfred Kage / Peter Arnold, Inc.


Fig. 19.5 Structure of the simple triacyglycerol produced from the triple esterification reaction between glycerol and three molecules of stearic acid.

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→ Fig. 19.6 Mixed triacylglycerol in which three different fatty acid residues are present.

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Fig. 19.7 Triacylglycerols from (a) fat and (b) oil.

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→ Fig. 19.8 Percentages of saturated, monosaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids.

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← Fig. 19.9 Fish that live in deep, cold water are better sources of omega-3 fatty acids than other fish.

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© IFA / Peter Arnold, Inc.


← Table 19.2

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CC 19.1 Tree nuts and peanuts

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← Table 19.3

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→ Fig. 19.10 Complete and partial hydrolysis of a triacylglycerol.

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← CC 19.2

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← CC 19.3

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Fig. 19.11 Structural equation for the complete hydrogenation of a triacylglycerol with oleic acid and fatty acid residue.

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← CC 19.4

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→ Fig. 19.12 The oils present in skin perspiration rapidly undergo oxidation.

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BRI / Vision / Photo Researchers


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CAG 19.1


Fig. 19.13 (a) structural formula and (b) molecular model showing the “head and two tails” structure of a phosphatidyl-choline molecule.

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Fig. 19.14 Molecular models for (a) sphingosine and (b) sphingophosopholipid.

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←CC 19.4


← Fig. 19.15 Structural formula and model for the cholesterol molecule.

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→ Fig. 19.16 A severely occluded artery.

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Howard Socurek / Medichrome


← Table 19.4

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← Fig. 19.17 Cross section of a lipid bilayer.

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→ Fig. 19.18 Space-filling model of a section of a lipid bilayer.

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← Fig. 19.19 The kinks associated with cis double bonds in fatty acid chains prevent tight packing of the lipid molecules in a lipid bilayer.

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→ Fig. 19.20 Cholesterol molecules fit between fatty acid chains in a lipid bilayer.

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← Fig. 19.21 Proteins are important structural components of cell membranes.

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Fig. 19.22 Three processes by which substances can cross plasma membrane.

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← Fig. 19.23 Line-angle structural formulas for cholesterol, cholic acid, and two deoxycholic acids.

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→ Fig. 19.24 Structures of glycocholic and taurocholic acid.

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← Fig. 19.25 A large percentage of gallstones are almost pure crystallized cholesterol.

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C. James Webb / Phototake


→ Fig. 19.26 Selected sex hormones and synthetic compounds that have similar actions.

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← CC 19.5

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← Fig. 19.27 Selected adrenocorticoid hormones and related synthetic compounds.

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→ Fig. 19.28 Relationship of the structures of various eicosanoids to their precursor, arachidonic acid.

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CC 19.6


Fig. 19.29 A biological wax has a structure with a small, weakly polar “head” and two long, nonpolar “tails”.

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→ Fig. 19.30 Plant leaves often have a biological wax coating to prevent excessive loss of water.

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© Kevin Schaefer / Peter Arnold, Inc.


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CAG 19.3

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Chapter Nineteen Lipids. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.19 | 2 →CO...

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