Chapter One Notes

State the Problem or Question

Form a Hypothesis

Set Up a Controlled Experiment

Record Results

Draw a Conclusion

Publish Results – NOT considered one of the

primary steps!

Steps to Designing an Experiment – List all 7 steps Sec 1-2

• 1.

• 2.

• 3.

• 4.

• 5.

• 6.

• 7.

Analyze Results

Statement Observation Inference

Object A is round and orange.

Object A is a basketball.

Object C is round and black and white.

Object C is larger than Object B.

Object B is smooth.

Object B is a ping-pong ball.

Each object is used in a different sport.

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

Observation & Inference(This is an activity we will complete in class.)

Shells and Snowflakes

• How can we distinguish between living and nonliving things, such as a radiolarian (left) and a snowflake (right)?

•A radiolarian is a tiny living thing that is covered with a glasslike shell and lives in the ocean. A snowflake is a crystal made of frozen water.

Chapter One ~ The Science of Biology Sec 1-3

• Studying LifeA. Characteristics of Living Things

1.

2.

3.

4.

Made Up of Cells

Able to Reproduce

Based on a Genetic Code

Grows and Develops

Uses Materials and Energy

Responds to the Environment

Maintains Internal Balance

Evolves ` Changes over time

Characteristics of Living Things

• 5.

• 6.

• 7.

• 8.

Biosphere

Ecosystem

Community

Population

The part of Earththat contains allecosystems

Community and its nonliving surroundings

Populations thatlive together in a defined area

Group of organisms of onetype that live in the same area

Biosphere

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass, stream, rocks, air

Hawk, snake, bison, prairie dog, grass

Bison herd

Levels of Organization ~ List from Largest to Smallest pg. 21

• 1.

• 2.

• 3.

• 4.

Organism

Groups ofCells

Cells

Molecules

Individual livingthing

Tissues, organs,and organ systems

Smallest functionalunit of life

Groups of atoms;smallest unit of most chemicalcompounds

Bison

Nervous tissue Nervous systemBrain

Nerve cell

Water DNA

Section 1-3

Levels of Organization continued

• 5.

• 6.

• 7.

• 8.

C. Microscopes Sec 1-4 ~ Write the definition & function of the following microscopes:•1. Light Microscopes

•2. Electron Microscopes

Function ~ Produces magnified images by focusing visible light rays.

Description ~ The compound light microscope allows light to pass through the specimen and uses two lenses to form an image.

Function ~ Produces magnified images by focusing beams of electrons.

Description ~ The best electron microscopes can produce images almost 1000 times more detailed than light microscopes.

D. Laboratory Techniques ~ Describe in detail these techniques.

•1. Cell Cultures

•2. Cell Fractionation

In order to obtain enough material to study: biologists place a single cell into a dish containing nutrient solution.

The cell grows into a group of cells called a culture and this can be used for testing.

Biologists use this technique to study a small part of a cell.

• First the cells are broken into pieces by a special blender.

•the broken bits are added to a liquid and placed in centrifuge to spin the cell parts which makes them separate.

• Then the scientist can remove the specific parts.

Tools and Procedures Sec 1-4

A. A Common Measurement System ~

• 1. Most scientists _______________– ______________________________.

• 2. The _________ is scaled on _____.

when collecting data & performing experiments.

use the metric system

Metric system 10

Tools and Procedures Sec 1-4

B. A Common Measurement System ~ List the common unit of length, mass, volume & temperature

Common Metric Units Table

Length Mass

1 meter = 100 centimeters

1 meter = 1000 millimeters

1000 meters = 1 kilometer

1 kilogram = 1000 grams

1 gram = 1000 milligrams

1000 kilograms = 1 metric ton

Volume Temperature

1 liter = 1000 milliliters 0 degrees C = freezing

100 degrees C = boiling

Video pt.1

Video pt. 2

Scientists at Work Sec 1-2

• For many years, observations seemed to indicate that some living things could just _________ __________:– Recipe for Bees

• 1. Kill a bull during the first thaw of winter• 2. Build a shed• 3. Place the dead bull on branches & herbs inside

the shed• 4. Wait for summer. The decaying body of the

bull will produce bees.

– Maggots on meat, Mice on grain, Beetles from dung, etc.

suddenly appear

• This brought about the question: ________________________________________________________________

• Scholars of the day gave a name to the idea that life could arise from nonliving matter ~ _______________________

“How do new living things come into being?”

Spontaneous Generation

Francesco Redi 1668 pg.8

• An _________ physician proposed a different hypothesis for the appearance of maggots.

• Redi observed _________ appeared on meat a few days after ___ were present.

• Redi proposed that the flies laid _____ too small for people to see.

• Redi’s hypothesis stated that ___________________________

• Next he had to test his hypothesis…

Italian

maggots

flies

eggs

flies produced maggots.

Go to Section:

OBSERVATIONS: Flies land on meat that is left uncovered. Later, maggots appear on the meat.

HYPOTHESIS: Flies produce maggots.PROCEDURE

Controlled Variables:jars, type of meat,location, temperature,Time Same in both TrialsManipulated Variables:gauze covering thatkeeps flies away from Meat The Change

Uncovered jars Covered jars

Several days pass

Maggots appear No maggots appearResponding Variable: whether maggots appear

CONCLUSION: Maggots form only when flies come in contact with meat. Spontaneous generation of maggots did not occur.

Section 1-2

Figure 1-8 Redi’s Experiment on Spontaneous Generation

Redi had to set up a controlled experiment.

Redi published his findings and conclusions in a book for other scientists.

• In the mid 1700’s, another scientist came along and disputed Redi’s findings using Anton van _________________ “lenses”. Pg.11

• Needham (English) saw a tiny world of “____________” in rainwater, pond water,

dust & gravy. Pg. 11

Leuwenhook’s

animacules

• Needham claimed that spontaneous generation could occur under the right ______________.

• Needham sealed a bottle of ______ and heated it, claiming to have killed the little animals, but a few days later, the gravy was___________________. He inferred the animals could have only come from the gravy, thus disproving Redi’s claim.

conditionsgravy

teaming with life

Spallanzani’s Test of Redi’s Findings pg. 11

• Lazzaro __________ (an Italian) read about Redi’s and Needham’s work. Spallanzani thought Needham had NOT heated the gravy long enough and then decided to________

____________________.

Spallanzani

improveNeedham’s experiment

Go to Section:

Gravy is boiled. Flask isopen.

Gravy is teeming with microorganisms.

Gravy is boiled. Flask issealed.

Gravy is free of microorganisms.

Section 1-2

Figure 1-10 Spallanzani’s Experiment

One jar was sealed immediately and one jar was left open.

Concluded that the microorganisms were from the air.

Pasteur’s Work pg. 12• In the 1800’s, some scientists said that air

contained the ___________ needed to produce life and therefore Spallazani’s experiment wasn’t fair.

• ______________(French), in 1864, found a way to settle the dispute.

• Pasteur designed a _________________ that allowed air, but no microorganisms. After a year, he accidentally broke the neck and the flask, and the microorganisms appeared.

“life force”

Louis Pasteur

flask with a long neck

Go to Section:

Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.

Curved neckis removed.

Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

Section 1-2

Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment

Go to Section:

Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.

Curved neckis removed.

Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

Section 1-2

Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment

Go to Section:

Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.

Curved neckis removed.

Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

Section 1-2

Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment

Go to Section:

Broth is boiled. Broth is free ofmicroorganismsfor a year.

Curved neckis removed.

Broth is teeming with microorganisms.

Section 1-2

Figure 1-11 Pasteur’s Experiment

• Pasteur proved that all living things must come from _______________ …which was a major change in the way scientists view living things.

• During his lifetime, Pasteur saved the _______ industry, the _____ industry, and began to uncover the nature of infectious diseases in humans.

• Pasteur was one of the most remarkable _________________ of all time.

living organisms

wine silk

problem solvers

How a Theory Develops pg. 14

• Theory applies to a ___________________ that unifies a broad range of observations.

• Sometimes more than one theory is needed to explain a particular circumstance.

• A useful theory may become the _________ view among the majority of scientists, but no theory is considered absolute truth.

• Scientists analyze, review, and critique theories while adding new evidence along the way. Sometimes scientist resist a new way of looking at nature, but over time new evidence determines which ideas survive and which are replaced.

well-tested explanation

dominant