Chapter Outline Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education,...

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present

Chapter Outline

Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914

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I. The Vienna Settlement

II. 1848: The Revolutionary Year

III. Prussia and Austria

IV. France: Second Empire and Third

Republic

V. Italy to 1914

VI. The United Kingdom

VII. The United States

VIII. Russia in Reform and Revolution

IX. The “Eastern Question”

Brummett, et al, Civilization, Past & Present, Part One; Classical Origins


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A. The Congress of ViennaLord Castlereagh, Great BritainCount von Hardenberg, PrussiaPrince Klemens von Metternich,

AustriaTsar Alexander I, RussiaPrince Charles-Maurice de

Talleyrand, France

B. The Congress SystemHoly Alliance, 1815

Tsar Alexander IAll but Britain, Sultan, Pope

Quadruple Alliance, 1815Austria, Prussia, Russia,

Britain> Quintuple Alliance, 1818

France



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C. Return of the BourbonsLouis XVIII (1815-24)Charles X (1824-30)Louis Philippe (1830-48)

D. The French Influence in Belgium and Poland

1831, Belgian National Assemblyelects Prince Leopold of Saxe-

Coburg-Gotha

1839, Belgium recognized“perpetually neutral”

E. German and Italian NationalismBurschenschaften, “liberal societies”

Carlsbad Decrees, 1819repressive

Giuseppe MazziniYoung Italy



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A. France and the Second Republic

1846-47 Depression

Second Republic (1848-51)Louis Blanc (1811-82)

B. Germany and the Frankfurt Assembly

Frederick William IV

Frankfurt AssemblyDeclaration of the Rights of the German People



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C. ItalyUprisings, Sicily, Venice,

Milan

King Charles Albert of Sardinia

new constitution

Pope Pius IX1848, opposition

D. Hapsburg MonarchyLajos Kossuth (1802-94)

opposition

Ferdinand I abdicatesFranz Joseph succeeds

Hungarians defeated1849, Kossuth flees



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A. Bismarck as Prime MinisterOtto von Bismarck (1815-98)

1862, prime minister

Realpolitik

B. The Danish and Austrian Wars1864, war over Schleswig and

HolsteinHolstein to AustriaSchleswig to Prussia

Seven Weeks Waragainst Austria

C. The War with France1870, France declares war

> 1871, Treat of FrankfurtAlsace, part of Lorraine to

Germany



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D. The Second German Reich1871, William I becomes Kaiser

BundesratReichstag

Bismarck as ChancellorKulturkampf

anti-Catholic policies

Social DemocratsFerdinand Lassalle (1825-64)

Kaiser William II, 1888

E. The Decline of AustriaThe Dual Monarchy

1867, Ausgleich (“compromise”)

creation of Austria-Hungary



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IV. France: Second Empire and Third Republic

A. The Second Empire1848, Louis Napoleon elected president1852, declares himself Napoleon III

Second Empire, 1852-70

B. The Third Republic1871, Paris Commune

Communards

C. Boulanger and DreyfusGeneral Georges Boulanger (1837-

91)calls for vengeance against

Germany

Alfred Dreyfus (1859-1935)Major Esterhazy

Émile Zola (1840-1902)J'accuse

> reaction against church

1906, Dreyfus found innocent



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VI. Italy to 1914A. Italian Unification

Victor Emmanuel II, king of Sardinia

Count Camillo Benso di Cavour (1810-61)

1852, Prime Minister of Sardinia

Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807-92)Red Shirts

1861, Kingdom of Italypapal opposition

1870, Rome taken1871, capital of Italy

B. The New Italian State1871, Law of Papal Guarantees

1914, General StrikeBenito Mussolini



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VII. The United Kingdom

A. Tory Dominance1819, Peterloo Massacre

Manchester

WhigsRobert Peel (1788-1850)George Canning (1770-1827)

Lord Charles Grey (1764-1845)becomes prime minister

B. Self-Interested ReformAbolition, 1833

Chartismuniversal manhood suffragesecret ballot

payment for members of Parliament

no property qualifications for MPs

annual electionsequal districts

C. The Irish Dilemma1845, Irish Potato Famine

1829, Catholic Emancipation Act

D. Victorian ReformsLord Palmerston

Prime Minster, 1855-65

E. Gladstone and Disraeli

1867-1880, prime ministers

William Ewart Gladstone (1809-98)

Benjamin Disraeli (1804-81)

Charles Stewart Parnell (1946-91)



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VII. The United Kingdom

F. The New LiberalsGladstone and Home Rule

> Conservative rule

Labour Party1900, Ramsay Macdonald and

Keir Hardie

Liberal PartyPrime Minister Herbert AsquithLloyd GeorgeWinston Churchill

Parliament Bill of 1911Lords loses absolute veto

Women’s Social and Political UnionEmmeline Pankhurst (1858-

1928)1918, women over 30 get the

vote

G. The DominionsSouth Africa

1906, 1908, self-governanceLouis Botha, first prime

minister

Australia1788, first convicts

transportedby 1850, liberal government1901, Commonwealth of

Australia

New Zealand

Canada1763, English control1774, Quebec Act1867, union



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VIII. The United States

A. Free Land and Unfree People

B. Democratic AdvancesDemocracy

1791, Vermont, manhood suffrage

1792, Kentucky

1828, Andrew Jackson elected president

Louisiana Territory1803, from France“manifest destiny”

1846, boundary with Canada determined

Oregon Territory settled

1846, war with Mexico1848, California, Texas to

U.S.



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VIII. The United States

C. The Civil War and Its Results

1861, Fort Sumter> 1865, defeat of Confederacy

Reconstruction, 1865-1877

D. Industrialization, Abuse, and Reform

William”"Boss” Tweed

Theodore Roosevelt, 1901-09

Woodrow Wilson, elected, 1913“New Freedom”Federal Reserve Act, 1913Clayton Antitrust Act, 1914Federal Trade Commission, 1914

E. The United States and the World1844, Treaty with China

1853, Commodore Matthew Perry

to Japanforces opening of harbors

1867, purchases Alaska from Russia



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IX. Russia in Reform and Revolution

A. The Failed Heritage of Catherine IIAlexander I (1801-25)

Nicholas II (1825-55)

B. Enlightenment DreamsNapoleonic Wars

consume resources

1825, death of Alexandersuccession question> Decembrist Revolt

C. Nicholas I and Russian ReactionAlexander Herzen (1812-70)

Kolokol, newspaper, founded 1857

Michael Bakunin (1814-76)

D. The Great ReformsAlexander II (1855-81)

1861, Emancipation Proclamation32 million state peasants20 million serfs

1864, Zemstvo (local boards) Lawlocal self-government

Revolutionariesgo to peasants= narodnik



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IX. Russia in Reform and Revolution

E. Revolution and ResponseSergei Nechaev (1847-82)

Alexander assassinated, 1881

ReactionAlexander III (1881-94)

reactionarychief advisor, Constantine

Pobedonostsevcensorship, etc.

Nicholas (1894-1917)

Liberal Party

Social Revolutionaries

F. Lenin and the BolsheviksVladimir Ilich Ulyanov (1870-

1924)= LeninNadezhda Krupskaia, wifehelp found Iskra (“spark”)

1903, Social Democrats meetdivide:

BolsheviksMensheviks

G. The Revolution of 1905 and Its Aftermath

Soviets, councils of workers

October Manifesto of 1905Nicholas attempts to repress



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X. The “Eastern Question”

A. An Empire in Decline“Eastern Question”

weakened Ottoman Empire

B. The Balkans Awaken1799, Montenegro independent

1774, Treaty of Küchük KaynarcaRussia free to enter

Mediterranean

1829, Treaty of Adrianopletowards Greek independence

1832, Mehmet Aligovernor of Egyptattacks sultanNicholas protects Istanbul



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C. The Crimean War, 1853-561856, Treaty of Paris

attempt to maintain Ottomans

D. The Unanswered QuestionBulgarians independent

Romanians, 1861

Russian-Ottoman War, 1877-78Treaty of San Stefano, 1878

independence of Serbia, Romania

quasi-independent Bulgaria

1899 — Hague Conference



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E. The End of Bismarck’s System1873 — Three Emperor’s League

Prussia, Austria, Russia

1878, Congress of Berlin> Dual Alliance with Austria1882, Italy > Triple Alliance

F. Britain Ends Its Isolation1904 — Entente Cordiale

with France

G. North African Crises1905 — Morocco

meeting at Algeciras, 1906

1911 — Second Morocco CrisisGermans send in gunboatswar avoided

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Chapter Outline Chapter 26: Politics and Diplomacy in the West, 1815-1914 ©2006, Pearson Education,...

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