Chapter Seven Study Guide

States ofConsciousness

CHAPTER OVERVIEW

Conscior-rsrrcss-()Ltr a\\ri lreness of oursclrres ;rnd our'cnvironr-r-rcr-rt cirn Lrc expcriencecl in r. 'arior-rs stirtt 's.C-hapte r 7 cx i r r -n i r - rcs not onlv nornraI conscioLrsrrcss,but also slccp . 'rncl i lrcanring, hypnotic stirtcs, drr.rg-.rltcrecl str.rtcs, ancl ncar-rleath cxpericnccs.

Most of thc tcrnr i r ro logv in t l ' r is c l ' r . rpr to ' is in t ro-. l r rccc l in tht ' scct iorrs on Slcep ancl l ) reams atrd ot rDrugs arrd Corrsci()Llsness. Anrot.tg tlrt ' issues cl is-cr,rssccl arc w,hv i,r,c slccp irncl t lrcanr, whcthcr hypno-s is is a urr iquc state o i cor"rsc iousncss, i rnc l possi l r lepsl rch() l ( )g icaI arr t l soc ia| -cuI t t r raI roots of c l rug r , rsc.

\OTE: Answer gui r le l ines ior a l l Cihaptcr 7 r lucst ionsbeg in o r r ; r age 192 .

CHAPTER REVIEW

[] irst, skiln car-h st'ctiou, notirrg hci.rdir-rgs t-rnd boldfaceitcrns. Aftcr yorr havc rcacl the st-ctit l t.t, rc', ' ir-w, r 'rrclrobje'ctivc bv arrswcling thc fi l l- in .rnd esstry-typecl t rcst ions that fo l lor , r , i t . As yotr procced, cval r . rar tcyotrr perforff l i lnce by crlnsultirrg the i]ns\\ 'ers bergirr-nir-rg orr pirgc lc)2. l)o lrot contintrc with thc ncxt scc-tion untiI vou rrnclerst.rncl errch .]nswer. l i yrlr-r nceclto, rcvicw, or rcrcacl the scction irr the textlrook beforecont int r ing.

Consciousness and Information Processing(pp 271-273)

David Myers at t imes uses iciiorrs that are un-farnil iar to some reaclers. If yotr rlo not knowthe r-neaning of alnv of ther folkrwing r,r,ords,phrases, or expressic' lrrs in the context in whrcthey appe.ar in the text, refer to page 200 for aexplanation (note that one ite'nr appetrrs in thechapter introduction): o fuutlant'rrtoI t1t't sIi1t1tt '

crurscirrtslcss i.s lrrrf t lrc t ip o.f ' t l tc irrJbrrrrntiorr

;rrocr'.ssiirf iL'rl1(t 'g; to lng btlritrd thc brnirr clutst lu t t cztokt ' i t ; l l t t t r r r i t tg ot r ot t torr rnt ic y i lo l .

Obiective 1: Discr-rss thc historv of ;--rsychologl"sstuc ly o i cot tsc iousr tcss, aI rc l c t l t r t rast c t t t tsc i t t t ts r t t tdr . i l t ( ' ( ) l t 5 ( i ( ) t l \ i t t f t r t r t t . t t i 0 t t l r r t l r t ' s s i t t g .

-1 . I hc s tL t t l v o t was ccntr ir l i t - t

tht' earl1,' vcars of psychologv anrl itr rccetrt

clccaclcs, blrt for cltritt ' some tinte it r 'r,as clisplacccl

by the stuc lv o l 'observ. rb lc

2. Advarrces itr rrcrtroscictrcc mirclc it possiblc to

rt ' la tt '

to varior-rs nrcntal states; its tt rcsult,

bcgan

to reenter psychokrgy.

Defirre cortsciousuess iu rr scr-ttetrce.

3. Aske.d to prcss ir br-tttou wherr the1, feel tr ttrp,

peoplc resporrcl (befctre/

after) they become conscious tl-rey have respond-

ed. In comparison lvith unconsciclus prctcessing,

conscious processing has a(n)

(l imited /unlimited) capacity, is relativcly

( fast / s low ) , ( lnd pr( )cesses

pieccs of informatiorr

I

t" 'till.

itI

t

!

ii

t

f,l

$

i

:h:ln

'rvs;

tij

I!i"i

l

I

c tt t r c c Tt t ; Ps rTclro/ogy h t d n t' o r l t1 /os l conscro us rrr's (simultaneously / seri allv ).

177

I

178 Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

4. Novel tasks (require/do not

rcclr,rire) conscious atte.ntion.

Sleep and Dreams @p. 27a-2eo)

I f you do not know the meaning of anv of the if r r l l r r r l r i n c t u r r t r , l q n h r n q r ' q r f r e \ n r r r q s i r ) n s i n f l r c Xfollowirrg rt,orcls, plrrases, or exprc.ssions in the. . , ' ' . , ' ' . ' . t )

contcxt in whichcontcxt in which thc.y appcar in the text, referto pagcs 20()-202 for an c-xplanation: tnoot' irtt' rt r r t' c r t ; b o d q tl c p r c ss t' tl ; w c t r t n t1 fr c t ()r) ( r c () | t c (' r n s :Docs rr lttttus' s;rcf slgrrn/ n split?; Pull ing ltt nll-niglrtcr; jct log; t lrc nrtrclt itrc tot'rtt tpiit l . . . dccTtzr,{.r?gs; irr t lccp slrtttfucr; t lLtrt nscottl frtttrr t lLttt irritinl slct'1t diuc; As thc ilicltt u)clrs ()n; tlrtnusq;slcclt ltnttcrrrs thnt thwttrt . . .; Mtttry fi l l t l t is rttt ' t llr.t/ trslrr,q thcir .f irst r '/r lss./or nrr t 'orlt1 sicsttt ttrtt loftcr-lrrrrclt sttrLlt l lnll .f i tr ' 0 sluutbu lnrtq; "sltrirtg

foru,nrtl" . . . "foll bnckiurd"; ritldlc ttf slt'L':tt; ncrt-dnU I,ltr lts; " srroozirt{ is

"-cr'rurrl orrlq to boozirtg"; ttdrctrrtr prot,idts n pstlchic so.fcttl ttolot'; i t is t itrrc torutl i( ttp; ltu'--.

. . "..-.._.*.,..-iObject ive 2: Dist inguis l r four typers of b io logicalrhythnrs, ant l g ivc . rn cr i rnr ; r i t ' o i each.

1. Otr r bocl ics ' in tcrnal "c lor :ks" contro l seve' ra l

Anrong thcst arc

, r t h i t 'h m.ry g i r t ' r is t ' t t r s t ' . r -

sorrir I vir ri i ' t t ions irr

2. Some pcople, especitrl ly t l.rose irr f.rr northern

rcgions, rnay cxpcricncc a tleLrressecl winter

mood callccl a

4. When people are at their

arousal,

the'

bra in 's

is most accuratc. In contrast

to university students, wlro oftcn are'at their pcak

i r r t he ( rno rn i r t g / t ' r t ' n i ng ) ,

older adults tend to peak in the

5. We may expcrie.nce

i f o t r r c i rc i rd ian rhythnr is

interrrupted by travel .rcross timc zones. C)trr c-ir-

c t rd i t rn rhythm also may bc in tcrr t rptcc l by

r ' l t . t t t g t ' s , s t r t l t . t s l l t t ' o t t t '

that oct -urs in thc s; r r i r lg in mrrnv r re. rs , a l rd bv

w t l r k

6. Rcset t ing of a d isr r - rptcc l b io logical c lock is fac i l i -

tatecl by exposure-- tt'r

, which t r iggerrs prote ins in

of t l-re eycs kr sigr.rir l thc

gland to i r tcrc i rse or

de'cre-'asc its production of

Thc. c lustcr o i cc l ls ca l lcd t l rc

corr t ro ls thc c i rcadiarr r : lock.

Thc longer u,e rcntait-t awakc, the nrort 'our [rr.rit 'rs

accunrulatt ' , which tcrrcls tcr

ccrtain ncLrr()lrs and nr.rkc

us s lecpy. We can a lso rcsct ot r r b io logical c lor :ks

by adjust ing our

Objective 4: List thc sti-rgcs of the slecp cvclc, .rncle.xplain hclw thev differ.

7. The slcep cyclc consists of

distinct st;rges.

8. The rhythnr of sleep cycles was cliscor,'erecl whcrr

Ascrinskv noticed that, at pe'riodic inten'als drrr-

the night, the of rr slecp-

child movcd rapiclly. This st.-rge oi slccp, t ltrr-

which occur, is ci 'r l lcrl

The relatively slow brain wavcs of the awakc but

relaxed state are known as

waves.

dai ly pcak in c i rcadian

is sharpest and

cvclcs last ing

thc fr'rna lc

ancl

the var ious st t rges of

. We may trlso cxpericnce.

c{ays, such as

)-hour cyc les of vary ing

;-minutc cvc les. such as

sleep. mgirui.gObjective 3: Describe the cvcle of our circadian

rhvthm, ancl idcntify some events that can disruptthis biological clock.

3. The sleep-r,vaking cycle follows a 24-hour clock

cal l t 'd thc

9.

I

10. During Stage 1 slecp, pcople oftcn experience

sensations similar to

Ihese sensations may late.r

be incorporate.d into

11. The btrrsts clf brairr-war,'e. activitv that occur dur-

irrs Stact' 2 slt ' t 'r 'r .rrt ' c.r I led

12. l , trrge, slow brain \\ra\/cs arc cal lccl

\vi,lvcs. First in Stage

, anei incrc.as ingly dur ing

slee'p, wlrich nrc-

sleep. A pers()n in tlre' latter

stirgc of slce.p gorcrirl ly r, l, i l l bc

(easv /d i ff icr-r lt) to t.trvaken.

I t is c iur ing t l r is s tage t l ra t pcoplc nraV e ng.rgr- in

s l t r '1 t

Descr ibc thc bodi lv charrgcs t l . ra t accomparry REMsleep.

13. Dr-rr ing REM slccp, thc motor cortcx is

(actir , 'e/ rcl trxecl ), w.i le t^e:

mt rsc lcs a rc (ac t i vc /

reltrxercl). l ror t l .r is re.asorl, I t l rM is often reierred to

ats sleel-r

14. The rapricl erye movements generi,rl ly signal the

beginning of a . PET scans

rcvc.al hcightcncd activity irr the

a trcl

arcr.rs of thc brain clr-rring REM slcep.

15. T'he slecp cycle rerpeats itself about every

n r i n t r t es . As the n i *h t p r t r -

gresses, Stage'1 sleep becomes

periods become

(longer/bricfer).

(krnger/briefer) and l{EM

Approximately

percent of a night's sleep is

Sleep and Dreams 179

Objective 5: Explain whv sleep patterns and durationvary from person tcl person.

16. Newborns spend nearly

(hou, much?) of their dary aslcep, while acl-rlts

spend no morc than

17. Sle.ep pattcrns are iniluencecl bv

, as incl icir te'd by the. fact

that sleep p.rttcrns i lm()ltg

( ident ica l / f raternal ) twins are verv s imi l i l r . S lerep

is also infh-rer"rcccl bv

18. A l krwccl to sle'epr ut'rh i r"rtl crccl, rnost ;reopl t' w i l l

sleep c) hours a night. I 'e'oprle lt ' l to slccp less than

that for scvcral nights in a ror'r ' oftctr shon' si$trs

o f

Objective 6: l l isctrss scveral risks ttssociittetl n,it l .rs leep c lcpr ivat io t r .

19. Tcurragcrs typ ical ly neecl

hours of s lccp br- r t l row averagc near lv

hours lcss slcc;r thirt.t

teernagcrs oi l l0 ycars ago. Ttl psvchologist

Wi l l i i rm , th is i r rc l icates that

ther vast nra jor i tv of s tudt 'n ts arc dangcr t t r - rs ly

s lcep-c iepr ivcc l . ( )uc i t rc l ic t r t ior t o i thc hazarc ls t t f

t lr is statc is t l-rirt t lrc rrrtt ' of

tcncls to ittcrcitsc inrnrcciiately .rftcr thc sPl' ittg

time chtrngc in Canadr.r and thc Unitcc'l Statcs.

Anotl.rcr is thirt sleep clcprivttt ion rnay stlPPrcss

t l . rc i r - rnct ioning of thc body 's

system trncl alter tnettrbolic ancl hornrttual

iunctiorring irr wirys thirt rnirnic

ancl are conclLrcive to

, . l r f d

Describe thc c.ffects of sleep clcprivatiolr.

Stage.

tht'rcforc. cirIIc.d

spent in REM sleep.

I


Objective 7: Identify four theories of whv we sleep.

20. Two possible reasons for sleep are tc'r

us and to help restore body

tissue-s, especiallv those of the

Animals wi th h igh waking

Droduce an abundance of

chemical

thtrt trrc toxic tcl

f i . rc i l i ta tes ot r r

expericnces irncl stimulates

th ink ing .

21. During sleep a growth hormone is released by the

gland. Adul ts spend

(morc/ lcss) t imc in dcc.p

sleep tharr children ancl so re le.ase

(more / lcss) growth hormonc.

Object ive 8: Ident i fy t l . rc major s lccp c l isordcrs.

22. A ; rcrs is tcnt c l i f f ic t r l ty i r r fa l l ing or s tay ing as leep

i s t l t . t r . r t t t ' r i s t i t o f . S l t ' ep ing

pr i l ls ancl a lcohol mirv makc thc pnrb lcm worse

sincc thcy tcnrl t() (incretrse/

recltrce) IIEM slec.p.

23. T l ie s leep d isorder in whic l r a

uncor. r t ro l lab l r ' s leep at tacks is

I 'eople witlr this clisorcler miry coll irpse dircctly

problems that (run/do not

run) in families. These sleep episodes are most

likely to be experienced by

(young children/adolescents/older adults), in

whom this stage tends to be the

a n d

Objective 9: Describe the mctst common cctnterrt ofdreams.

25. Dreams expcrienced during

sle'ep arc' r, ivid, crnotional, trncl bizarre. I)trrirrg

dreams, thc c-lre.rtner may Lrc

strff icicntly aw.rre to r, 'n'ondcr whethcr l-t" . ' ,r. .h"

is, i lr fact, clrcamit.rg.

27, Fctr both me'n and w<tmcn, tl irr 10 clrcirnts itre

marker l by (pt rs i t ive/negi r -

t ivc) cmotiorts, such as fears of bcing

28. Although females tencl to rlreanr cclually oitcrr

about males arrcl fermalcs, malcs tt 'ncl to clrcam

. Sleep also

of the dav's

Pe.rson experrrencc.s

sleep and erxperience a

that pro

morc about

ferrencc

cul t r r res wor lc lwide

30. According to Fr t 'u t l ,

. This gendcr c l i f -

( is / is not) for- r r rc l in

Thc bra ins of pcoplc wi th th is d isordcr lack a

ncural ccntcr in t l r t '

d uces tl.re neu rotransmitter

24. lndividr-rals sr-rffering from

stop breirthing while

slet'ping. 'I 'his

disorder is erspccirrl ly prev;-rlent

( l n l ( ) n I

25. Tire sleep disorder charactc-rize.d by extreme

fright and rapid hc.artbcat and bre.athing is called

. Unlike

nightmarcs, thcsc episodes usutrl ly happen early

i n t hc r r i sh t . d r r r i nu S t . r ce

sleep. Tlre strme is trtre of episodes of

and

Objective 10: Compare the nrajor pcrspcctives orrwhy wc c l rcam.

29. Freud referred to the'actual contcnt of a clre.tt ' tt as

its content. Fre'ud bclievt'cl

that this is a ccnsored, symbolic versit 'rt.t oi tht'

true nte.rning. t lr

of the clretrm.

most of the drcanrs of ac l t r l ts

reflect wishes ancl arc tht' kcr, '

Io u nd e rs ta nr i ing in ne r

31. Freud's theory has givcn way to the thcory th.rt

dreams scrvL 'an -L)r()ccss l t l t

functiorr. Support for this theory is proviclecl bv

the fact that REM sleep facilitates

Other theories propose that dreaming scrvcs

some fttnctittn, for exirmplc',

that REM sleep provides the brain with ne'c'ded

. Such an explanation is

i n to

Ioss < l f

32.

supportcd by the fact that

(infants/adults) spend the most time in REM

sleep.

33. Still other theories propose that dreams are elicit-

ed bv r . rnt lonr bursts of actlv-

i ty originating in lowe.r re'gions of the brain, such

as the . According to the- thcory,

dreams are the. brairr 's attempt to mtrke scnse ttf

this activity. The bursts are' bclieved to be given

the ir cmotiorrirl tone by the' brain's

system. I)E'f scirns of sle'cping peopler reveal

incrcascd act iv i ty in thc bra in 's

systcnr, cspccially thc. . Othcr

theorists sct' clrcatns irs ir natural part of brair.t

ancj

tlcvclopnrcnt.

34. Rescarchcrs agrcc tl 'rat wc

(rrccci /clo r"rot lreecl) RIIM slccp. Aftcr bcing

clcpriverl of l l l lM sk't 'p, a pers()n sperncls morer

timc irr l l l- iM slecl-r; this is thc

cifcct.

35. RI IM s lccp (doers/docs not)

occur i l r o thcr mammi ' r ls . Ar . r imals such as f ish,

whosc l rchavior is lcss i r r f l r . re 'ncccl by lcarr r ing,

(do/c lo r . rot ) drcam. This f i r rc l -

i r r g s t rp l x r r ( s [ 111 '

t l r t 'ory of d r t ' , r rn ing.

Hypnosis (pp.2e0 2e6)

l f you tlo r"rot knou, thc meaning of rrr.ry of t l"rcfo l lowir rg words, phrr rses, or crPr t 'ss ior ts in thecontcxt in which thcv appear irr t lrc text, referto pngc 202 f or irrr cxprlirnation: or nt..:ttt( 'r isnt, 0sit tpus tlrcrr t-ollcLl; pstlchologicol trttth strurrt . .c()nsiLlcrlblc tuischicf; rrtight thc tioo i,it'rus . . . ItcItrid,gt'd?

,.^-3

Objective 11: Dcfine lryltttosis, nnd noter somc similirri-t ies between the behavior of hypnotized people andthat of motivated r"rnhypnotizcd pcoplc.

1. Hypnosis is a

in which a hypnotist sug-

gests that a strbjcct n,i l l experience certain feel-

irrgs or thoughts, for ext.rmplc. lts discoverv is

Hypnosis 181

attributed to , who claimed to

have discovered an "

2. The weight of research evidcnce suggests that

lrypnosis (cloes/does not)

allow tr person to perform fetrts that are impossi-

ble in the normal waking state'. The strength, sta-

mina, lcarning, trrrd perceptllal abil it ies of hypno-

tizerd people (arc./are not) l ike

those of motiv;rtc'cl unhypnotized peopIc.

Objective 12: Discuss thc charactttristics of peoplen,ho arc susce pt ib le to l rypr . r t ts is , arrd cvalut t t ( 'c l i l imsthat hypnosis carr in f l t rcncc people 's mcrnt l ry , wi l l ,hcalth, r.rnd pcrcc'ption of pain.

3. Most pcople are (s t tmc-

what/not at aI l ) l rypnot icaI ly s t rggcst ib le.

Describc pcople wlto trre thc most strscc'prtible kl hyp-

rrosis.

4. If pcoplc irrc lccl to cxpcct t lrat thcy are l 'rvpnotiz-

able, thc i r resporrs ivetrcss r - tnder l rypn<ts is

(wi l l /wi l l r rot ) i t ' rcrcasc.

5. ' fhe

hvpnot i r ' r l t 'mol ts t rat io t r i t r whic 'h a subject

s l rpposecl ly re l ives ear l icr expt ' r icnces is rc fcrret l

l t l , t s

l l t 'scirrclr str.rdir-s show that t lre strbjects in sucl.t

cler-nonstratiorts It itt 'c nre mttries that are

(rnore/ rro more) accttra tc

th.rn thc metlorics of ftr l ly conscious pcrsolls.

6. An pcrs()n irr a lcgitimatc

can i r rduce pcople-

hypnotized or not-to perform stlme unlikc'ly

i ' lcts.

Hypnotherapists have helpeci sorne peclplc' allt:vi-

ate lreadaches, asthma, trtrd stress-relatecl skin

disordcrs through the use of

suggestions.

For sllch as smoking ;rnd

drug use, a subjcct's hypnotic responsiveness

7.

8.


(does /does no t ) make a d i f -

ference in the effectiveness of hypnosis.

One statistical digest shor,t,cd that hypnosis

( is l is not) especia l ly l rc lpfu l

for thc trcirtrnerrt clf obesitv.

Hvnnosis (c t rn /cr rnnot)

relie."'e pirirr. Ont- theory of l-rypr.rotic pain relief is

t l ra t hypn l 15 is 5 ( ' [ ) . l r , l l r ' s , ( ) r

thc sensorv ;rnc1 e motion;rl trspccts of pain.

Arrothe r is that hypuot ic pai r r re ' l ie f is c luc to

seiecti'r'r' , that is, to the per-

son's foc l rs i r . rg on st imul i o ther than pain.

11. PET scans show that hypnosis rcduces br . r iu

.rctivity in a region ir.rvolvecl ir.r

t o pa in fu l s t imu l i , bu t no t i n

cortex tl'rat rccerivers ther

inpr-rt.

Discuss the current view oltwo views.

hypnosis as a blend of the

9 .

10.

Object ive -13:

Cl ive argt rments for ancl agai t rs t l rypno-sis rrs irn altered strrte of cor-rsciousncss.

-12. Skcptics bclicvt' thi-rt hypnosis miry rcflcct the'

w,ork ings of

. Thcsc f i r rd i r rgs pnrv idc su1-r-

nort for thc

theory of hypr-r<lsis.

Surrrn. r r izc thc i r rgumcnt tht r t hyprros is is not au.r ltercci sta te of consciousrress.

13. Hi lgard has advanced thc ic lca that dr" r r ing hyp-

rrosis the.rc is a , or split,

bc.twcen diffe.rent levels of consciousness.

14. l"he cxistencc of a scparatc conscioLrsness, which

is nr.t,are of what takes place cluring hypnosis, is

exprcssed in the concept of the

Although this theory has provokcd controvcrsy,

therc. is l i tt le doubt that

Drugs and Consciousness (pp. 296-30:l)

If yotr clo nclt know thc rne'ttning tlf i.rny ttf tl'rt' :following words, phrasc's, or erprcssit 'rns in thc Icontext in which thev appcar in tl"rc tcxt, refer ito pagcs 202-203 for un explanation: t i1tstl ort :()trc c(ut o.f ltccr; kickt't l t lrc hfuit; t ipstl rL'strtttrnttt ,potrctrrs IL'oz,c t ' ttr lttttwnt t i:rts;d st/l{ 'gcri, lr ' l trol)- lItnr; t lrrickt'r TtickJrcr-rrppcr; ott( pttt ls i l lottq-t(rttt ' ,

prict . . . prazuirt* svl:pinq.fitr onttthcr.f ir; t-rnck; i, ,nc idt r ip ' , ; | | t0r i j t t0 t10nnqs1lc l l rc l i t ' . f .

Objective 14: Defirre' ltstlchotcti itc dnrt.

1. l)rtrgs that rrlter mottds ar-rcl pcrcetptittns i.rrc callecl

cl rr-rgs.

Objective 15: Discuss thc nature of clrr-rg tlcpetrcle'ncc,and i d cn ti fv three' com mttn nt isconccptions abotr ti rddic t ion.

2. Drug uscrs rvho recltt ire incrcasit-rg closcs tt l expe-

riencc a drug's eifccts lrave rlcvelopetl

for thc c i rug. Thc l tscr 's bra in

counteracts the clisrtrption to its norrnit l ftrnctit lrr-

i r rg; th t rs , th t ' t rs t ' r ( ' \P( ' r i ( ' l lc ( 's

3. After ceasitrg to use a drug, . l L)crson who ttxpcri-

synrptorrrs has clcvcl-

thc

raw

ences

oped tr physical . I(cgnlar usc

of a drug to relicvc stress is trn e'xample ttf a

dc'pe'ndence. A pcrstrn wht' l

has a compulsiver craving for a sltbstancer c-lcspite

advcrse. consequences is tt'r

that substance.

Briefly state three common miscor-rceptions aboutarddiction.

e.nces do play an inrportant role in hypnosis

influ-

Obiective 16: Name the main categories clf psychoac-tive drugs, and list three ways these substances caninterfere with ner-rrotransmission in the brain.

4. The three broad categories of clrugs discussed in

Drugs and Consciousness

8. Tranquil izers, which are also known as

have effects sirnilar to those

of alcohol.

9. Opium, morphine, and heroin all

bra in evcntual ly s tops produci r rg

Object ive 18: ldent i iy thc nt t r jor s t imtr larr ts , i rnc lexpla in l row thcy i r f fect nct t ra l act iv i ty at rJ behavior .

10. Thc most widc ly r - tsed st imul t r t t ts are

183

the text incltrcle , which tend (excite/depress) ne'ural

to slow body functionsi

which speed body functions; and

, wh i ch a l t c r pe rccp t i o r r .

Thesc drr-rgs all work by minricking, stimulating,

or inh ib i t ing thc act iv i ty of the bra in 's

. Psychological ly , our

r r lso p lay a nr lc .

Objective 17: Ex;rlain how clcprerss.rnts nffect lrerv()ussystcrrr activity alrcl bchavior, i.tttcl sln-ttmarizc. thcf inc l i r rgs on ; r lcohol use and abusc.

functioning. I 'ogethcr, these tlrugs are called the

. When the'y rrre prcsent, thc

ncrv()Lls sysrcnl

bor,1y iurrction.

thc

Stirn r.r ltr rrts

ircld ictiver.

13. The c l rug

is both a

and r t

of

, n,aa,5. Dcpressants

activity i 'rrrcl

ttf

7. Exct'ssive.

L'Y

l .ow c loscs of a lcohol , which is c lass i f icc l as a

, s low the act iv i ty of thc:

Il0rv()Lrs systcllr.

6. Alcohol nray nraker a L)crs()Il m()rc

n10rc da ring. A lcohol rr ffccts

m('mory by interfcring with thc process of trans-

ferring cxpericnces irrto

llcln()ry. Also, blackouts

af ter dr i r rk i r . rg resuI t f ronr a lco l ro l 's sr - rppressi t ln

r-rsc of alcohol ci ' rr .r alst 'r i r f fect cognit ion

re.Ll Llces

trttcntion on thc'

and away f rom

thc brrrir.r, c.spccially ir.r

(nror / wonrcn). Alcohol .-r lso

r-rncl focuscs one.'s

Describe how ir pcrson's expect.rt iolrs catr infltrencethe bc l rav iora l ef fects of a lcohol .

( i r rc /are r rot )

11. Cocainc i rnr l crack dcplcte thc br i t i t r 's s t rpply t l i

the ncu rotra nsnr ittcrs

, J l l t l

and rcstrlt in clcpression as tlrc clrugs' t ' ffccts

wear of f . Thcy c lo th is by b lock ing tht '

of t lre ncu rotrirtrsnr i ttcrs,

which re nt i t i r t in the ncrvc ce l ls '

12. Cocainer's psyclrological cffects clepcrrcl trot otrly

on closirgc and iorm bltt also tttr

, and thc

, or MDMA,

This drug triggcrs the reletrse of t lre ncltrtttratrs-

mitters rrnd

arrd blocks the re'absorptiorr

. Among the adverse

cffects of this drr-rg are disruption of the body's

clock, suppression of the

, trnd

and othe'r

functions.

imoaired


Objective 19: Describe the physiological and psycho-logical effects of hallucinogens, and summarize theef fects of LSD and mar i juana.

14. Hallucinogens are also referred to as

. Two common synthetic hal-

lucinogens are and

LSD, which is chemical ly s imi lar to a subtype of

the neunrtrausmitter . LSD

works bv the actions of this

nctr rotransrn itter.

15. Thc active. ir-rgreclient in marijuana is abbreviated

. M . r r i j u . rn . r i s bc ing r r s t ' d

thcrapcut ica l ly wi t l r those whct suf fcr f rom

. However, thcsc mcclical

Llscs .rre' compIicatccl by marijuana's toxicity,

which cirn cause

Dcscribc sonrt'oi the physicirl arrcl psvchologicaleffects of nrarif uanrr.

16. 'fhe

rregativc afte'reffr 'cts of drr-rg r-rsc may bc

cxpla ined in pt r r t by t l re pr i r rc ip le that emot ions

tr iggt ' r

Objective 20: l) iscuss thc biological, psycl-rological,irrrc' l social-ctrltnral factors thirt contribute to clrug use.

17. Drug trsc by North Americar.r youth

( incrcnst 'd / t lec l ined) r l u r i ng

the 1970s, thcn dc.clinecl untiI the early 1990s dtte

to incrctrsed

.rnd efforts by the media tc'r

deglanror ize c i rug ust ' .

In the tlventv-first century, attitudes toward alcc'r-

hol (have/have not) changed,

with (more/fewer) people

ahsta in ing f r t rm d r i r rk inF, .

Adopted individuals are more susceptible to

alcoholism if they had a(n)

(adoptive/biological) parent with a history of

alcoholism. Boys who at age 6 are

(more/less) excitable are more l ikely as teens ttr

smoke, drink, and use other drugs. Genes that are

more common among people predisposed to

alcoholism may cause deficiencies in the brain's

systenl

ldentify some of the psychological and social-cLrltLrralroots of drug use.

20. Among teenagers, drug usc

(var ies/ is about the same) across

and

groLlPS.

21. Afr ican-American high schttol seniors report t l re

(highcst/ lowest) rates of

drug usc. A major socia l in f luur lcL 'o l t drug t rsc is

the cu Iture'.

Statc three possible clrantrcls ttf infltrc'nce for clt ' trg

pre.rren tion ancl treatmen t progra r-t.ts.

a.

b .

c.

Near-Death Experiences (pp. 30e 310)

* lf you do not know the metrnitrg of any of the

f following words in the contcxt in which they

* appear in the text, refer to p.rge 203 for an

$ expf anation tnkirtg tlrc bttl l lnt thc lrcrtts; ntorrists

$ ' gcrcrolltl ltaliaw tlnt dt'ttth is rcsl ortd tlmt ioithortt

8 bodies rua trultl nrc rutbotlits.

Objective 21: Describc the near-death elxperience ancl

the controversy over whether it provides evideuce ft lr

. r m ind -body dua l i sm.

1. 'Ihe

reports of people who have had near-death

experiences are very similar to the'

rcported bv drug trscrs. Tht'sc19.

I

experiences may be the result of a deficient sup-

plv of or other insults to the

brain.

2. That thc mincl and bodv are distinct entit ies is thc

position of the theorists known as

. In contrast, the

believe thart the. mind and

body arc. one.

PROGRESS TEST T

Mu lti p I e - Cho i c e Qu c st i on s

Circlc yoLrr ans\,\rers to tht- following c1r-restions trncichcck thcm r , r , i th thc answers beginning on page 194.If vor-rr Answer is incorrect, reirr-l t lre explantrtion frlrwhy i t is incorrcct ancl then consrr l t the appropr iatepi-rgcs of the tcxt (in parentl"rescs following the c'orrecta r rswcr) .

1. As definecl by thc tcxt, consciotrsrrcss incltrdcswhich of thc fo lkrwing?

a. foctrsed attortion c. hypnosisb. s lcerp ing d. a l l o f the i rbovc

2. The clustcr of brain cells t l 'rat contrcl the circaclitrnrhvthnr is the:

a. arnygdtrlt.r.b. sr.rprr.rclr iasnratic r-ruclctrs.c. aclcnosirrc.d. p int ' i r l .

3. Whcn our is clisrtrptcd, wc cxpe'rierrcc jetlag-

a. Stagc 1 slcc'p c. circadi;rn rhythmb. REM slcep d. Stage, l s leep

4. Slcep spirrcllcs preclomin.rte clrrring which stageof slc.cp?

a. Stager 2b. Stagc '3

c. Stagc 4d. IIEM sleep

5. Dnring which stager of slec.p cftres the body expe-rience increased heart rate, rapid breathing, anclgeni ta l arousal?

a. Stage 2b. Starge 3

6. T l re s l t ' t ' r t cvc l t ' is arrprox inrat t ' lv mir rut t 's .

a. 30 c. 75b. 50 d. 90

Progress Test 1 185

The effects of chronic sleep deprivation include:

a. suppression of the imrnttne svstem.b. altered metarboiic and hormttnrrl functioning.c. impaire'd creativity.d. all of the above.

One. e.ffect of slee'ping pil ls is to:

a. decrcase REM slecp.b. increase REM slee'p-r.c. decreasc Stage'2 sleep.d. incrcase Stage 2 sleep.

Cocaine ancl crack procluce 'a e 'uphor ic r t rs l r by:

a. blocking the actittns of sertttttnirr.b . dcpressing neural act iv i tv in thc bra in.c . b lock i r rg t t re rer . rpt t rkc of c iopamirre in bra in

cel ls .d. s t imulat ing thc bra in 's proc lnct io t t o f cr rc ' l t t r -

phi r rs .

Which of thc fo l lowing is c lass i i icc l as a c lcprcs-

sant?

a . m t ' t h . t r r r g r l t l ' l , t t n i t r t '

b. I ,SDc. mar i j t rani rd. a lcohol

Thr . moclcrn d iscovcrv of hypnosis is gcr . r t ' ra l lyat t r ib t r tcd to:

a. Fretrcl. c. Spirnos.b. Mesmer. d. L l i lgarc l .

Which of the followir-rg sttttcmt:trts cotrct'rtrit.tghypnosis is t ruc?

a. I 'eoprle w,il l do arrything rtrrclcr hyprrttsis.b. Hypnosis is thc s. l t lc i ls s leeping.c. Hypnosis is in par t t rn cxtensiot r of thc c l i r ' ' i -

sion between c()nsciolls rtwarcncss itncl attto-mtr i ic bchavior .

d. Hypnosis improves mem()rv recal l .

I 'coplc who hc.rrcl unusu.rl phrast-'s prrittr tt l slecpwL.re irwakencd eraclr t irnc they began IIEM sleep.The fact that they rcmcnrberecl lcss the rrertm()rning pror,, idcs snpport for the' theoryof dreaming.

a. mani fest contentb. physio logicalc . i r r form.t t ion-processingd . . r c t i r a t i on -syn thcs i s

According to Freud, dreams are:

a. a symbolic fulf i l lment of e rttt ic ' l t ' ishes.

b. the re.sul t o f random neurer l act iv i tv i r r t l rebrainstem.

c. the brain's mcchanism for self-stimulation.d. the disguised expressions of inner conflicts.

,7

8.

9.

10.

11.

t2.

13.

c. Stage 4d. REM sle.ep 14.

I


15. Psychoactive drugs affect behavior and percep- 18. Which of the follou,'ing; is rrot a theorv of clreanr-

tion through: ing mentioned in the tert?

a. the power of suggestion. a. Dreams facil i tate informatiorr processing.b. the placebo effect. b. Dreaming stimulates the developing brain.

c. alteration of neural activity in the brain. c. Dreams result from randonr neltral .rctir itv

d. psychological, not physiological, influences. originating in the brainstem.d. Dreaming is an attempt tt) cscafre ftttnr social

16. All of the follclwing are common misconceptions stimulation.abcrut addictit'tt^r, cxcc1tt the statement that

a. to overcome iln addiction a person almost 19. The sleep-waking cycles of yourrg pe'tlple r'r 'hcr

always needs professional therapy. stay up too late typically arc hclttrs irr

b. psychotrctive and medicinal drugs very quick- duration'

ly lcad to addiction. a. 23 c. 25c. biological factors place some individuals at b. 24 d. 26

incrcase.d risk ft 'rr addiction.d. mt.rny othcr repetit ive, pleasure-seeking 20. The lowest rates of drug use among high school

bchaviors fit the. clrug-addiction-as-clisease- seniors is reporte'd by:

neecling-tre.atment model. a. white malcs.b. white females.

17. At its bc.ginning, psyc'hology focuscd on the c. blackmales.study of: d. Latinos.a. observ. rb lc br 'h . rv i t r r .b. consciousncss.c. . tL tut r rmal behavior .d. a l l o f the above .

Matching ltems

Match cach tcrm with its appnrpriate. de.finit ion ordcscr ipt ion.

D L,fin it i on s ttr D c sc ri pti o trs-1.

sur facc menning of drcams2. clecpcr rncaning of dreams3. stage(s) of slcep associated with delta c. Stage 1 sleep

WiIVCS d. night terrors4. stagc(s) of slccp associated with muscu- e. m.rnifest conte.nt

lar reltrxirt ion f. cocainc5. sle'c1-r c-lisorclcr in which breathing stops g. narcolepsy6. sleep disordcr occurring in Stage 4 sleep h. sleep apnea

Tcrms

a. mar i juanab. alcohol

i. Stages 3 and 4 sleepj. REM sleepk. latent content

7. depressant8. hal luc inogen9. s t imulant

'10. twi l i t l r t s t . rs t ' o f sk ' r 'o associated wi thimagery resernbling harllucinations

11. d isordcr in which s leep at tacks occur

PROGRESS TEST z

Progress Test 2 should be completed during a finalchapter review. Answer the follor.t'ing questions afteryou thoroughly understand the correct answers forthe section reviews and Progress Test 1.

Multiple -Choice Questio ns

1. Which of the following statements regardingREM slecp is true'?

a. Adults spcnd more time'than infants in REMslcc.p.

b. REM slcep deprivation results in a REMrc.bound.

c. Ircople-. clc-.privcd of IIEM sleep adapt easily.d. Slccping medicat ions tend to increase REM

sleep.

2. Which theorists bclicve that the. mincl ;rnd thebody are separate c-ntit ies?

a. the beharvioristsb. the 'monists

c. the-. dualistsd. the Freudians

3. Alcohol has thc most profound cffe'ct on:

a. the trtrnsfcr of cxpcricnccs to long-te.rmlnem()ry.

b. immediatc mcmory.c. previrlr-rsly cstabl ishc.c{ krng-tcrm me.morie.s.d . . r l l o f I h t ' , r b o v t ' .

4. A persorr whosc EEG shows a high proportion ofa lpha waves is most l ike ly :

Progress Test 2

b. the female menstrual cyclec. the five sleep stagesd. sudden sleep attacks during the day

Which of the following is characteristic of REM

sleep?

a. genital arousalb. increased muscttlar tensionc. night terrorsd. alpha wavcs

Which of thc following is nof a stimulant?

amphetamincscaffeine

c, n icot ined. trlcohol

Hypnot ic r t 'spol rs ivct rcss is :

a. the samc in all peroplc.b. gcncrally greater in women than men.c. generally grerrter in men than wttmen.d. grcater when pcoplc are led to cr;;ccf it.

According kr Hilgard, hypnosis is:

a. no different frctm a state clf hcightened mclti-vat ion.

b . t he s . l n ( ' Js d r t ' . rm ing .c. a dissociation Lrctwc'en cliffe.rcrrt levels of ctttr-

sciousness.d. a type. of "anirnal magtretism."

Which of the folkrwing was rrof cited in the'text t-rseviclencc that hereclity ir.rf luences r.rlcohol use?

a. Childrer-r whose-. parents abr-rsc' alcohol have ttlower tolcrancc for rnultiple alcoholic drinkstaken overr a slrort period of t ime.

b. Boys who are' implrlsivet and fearless at i lge 6are morc l ikcly b drink as teenagers.

c. Ltrbrlratory mice havc beren selectivcly bred tctorefcr alcohol tcl watcr.

d. Adopted children are more susceptible if oneor both of their biological paretrts has tr histo-ry of alcoholism.

As a form of therapy for rclieving proble'ms suchas warts , hypnosis is :

ineffective.no more effective' than positive suggcstionsg i vcn w i thou t hypnos i s .highly effective.more effective with adults than childre'n.

Which of the following is usually the most pow-erful determinant of whether teer-ragers beginusing drugs?

U.

9.

10.

"11..

a.

b .

12.

a . d rcaming .b. in Stagc 2 sle.e.p

c. in Stage 3 or 4 sleep.d. trwake ancl relaxc-d.

5. Ci rcadian r l - ry thms are ' thc:

a. brain wavcs that occur during Stage 4 sleep.b. muscular tremors thirt occur during opii 'rte

w i t l r dmwa l .rcgular body cycles thart occur on a 24-hourscheclr-rle.brain wirves th;rt trre indicartive of Stage 2 13.

s lccp.

6. A perrson who requires increasing amounts of adrug in order to fe.el its effect is said to havedeveloped:

a. tolerance.b. physical dependency.c. psychological dependency. 1,4.d. resistance.

7. Which of the following is nof an example of a bio-logical rhythm?

a. feeling depressed during the winter months

c.

d.

a.

b .

c.d.

a. family strengthb. religiosity

c. school adjustmentd. peer influence


15. THC is the major act ive ' ingredient in : According to the acti\:ation-synthesis theory,

dreaming represents:

a. the brain's efforts to integrate unrelated bursts

of activity in visual brain areas with the emo-

tional tone provided by l imbic system activity.

b. a mechanism for coping with the stresses of

daily l i fe.c. a symbolic depiction of a person's unfulfi l led

wishes.d. an information-processing mechanism for

converting thc dtry's experic'nces inttl long-

term memory.

How a particular psychoactive drug affects a per-

son depends on:

a. the dosage and form in which thc drug is

taken.b. the user's expectations and persilnality.c. the'situation in which tl.rer drug is taken.d. all of the above.

19.

16. Those n'l-ro bclieve th;rt hvpnosis is a social phe-nornr.lr()n .rrguc th.rt "hvpnotized" individualsa r€.:

a. c t rusc iouslv fak ing thei r behavior .b. rlt 'r-clr ' .rcting ottt tr rolc.c. trnrlcr.rchie.r'ers striving to plcase the hypno-

i l s t .

d . a l l o f t hc above .

Cr)//Sr-itrr/:r lt ' .ss is defined in the. text as: 20-

a. nrcnta l l i ie .b. sclcctive .rttcntittn ttt ongoing pcrcc-ptions,

thorrgl"r ts, arrcl feelings.c . i r r f t r I r n , r t i o r t P |oc t ' ss in t .d. otrr cl\\/arL'ncrss of oursc'lvers and our envirttn-

nr en t.

18. I . r r l a svnthct ic s t imulant and mi ld hal luc inogenthat produccs euphor i t r ancl socia l in t imacy bytriggcring thc-. rclcasc of d<lpamirrc' ttnd serotonin.\Vh.r t arn I?

a . l .SDb . M D M A

,)Intclrirrg ltems

\ l . r tch cach ternr wi th i ts appropr iate c lef in i t ion orclescripr t ion.

D e.fin i ti o rr s or D c script tio ns

l. drug that is both a stimr-rlant and mildhal luc inogen

2. clrugs that incrctrse energy and stimu-late neural act iv i ty

3. brain wave of awake, relaxed person4. brtrin-wave activity dr-rring Stage 2 sle'ep5. slererp stirge associttte'cl with dre'rrming6. drugs that reduce anxiety and depress

central ner\/ouil system activity7. natural painkil lers produced by the

brain8. neurotransmitter that LSD resembles9. our awareness of ourselves and our

c.nvironment10. theory that dreaming refle'cts our erotic

drirres11. a split betwcen clifferent levels of cotr-

sciousness

a. nicotineb. MDMA

c. lTlarr]ual la.

d. cocaine.

c. THCd. coctrinc

17 .

Tcnns

a. Freud's the'oryb. serotoninc. Ecstasyd. a lphae. dissociationf. amphetaminesg. consclousnessh. sleep spindlei. endorphinsj . REM

k. barbiturates

PSYCHOLOGY APPLIED

Answer these questions the day befttre an exam as a

final chcck on your understtrnding of the chapter's

terms and concepts.

Multipl e - Ch oic e Que sti o n s

1. A persorr who falls asleep irr the midst of a heatedirrgument probably suffers frttm:

Psychology Applied 189

Dan has recently begun using an addictive,

euphoria-producing drug. Which of the following

will probably occur if he repeatedly uscs this

drug?

a. As tolerance to the drug devclops, Dan wil l

experience increasinglv pleasurable "hi gl-rs. "

b. Thc dosage ncc.decl ttt producc the desirccl

ef fect wi l l incre, tse.c. Afte'r etrch ttse, he. rt'ill bectlme more and mclrc

elated.d. Dependence wil l be'come le'ss tlf a problem.

Although hcr cyers are closccl, Adcle's brain is

generating bursts of electricirl activity. It is l ikely

thirt Adele is:

a. under tlre infltrence ctf a tlepressatrt.b. undcr the influence ttf atr opii lte .

c . in REM sleep.d. lravir.rg a rrcar-deirth expcrience.

Conclucling his prcsentatittu tln lcvels tlf informa-

tion proccssing, Migucl states that:

a. humans proccss bttth conscit-rtts atncl Lll lcon-

sc iot - ts in forrnt r t ion in par t r l le l .b. corrsciotrs proccssiug ()cctlrs irr parallel, wlri lc

ur.tcot"tsci<'rus prctccssing is serii 'r l .c . consciot - ts proccssing is scr ia l , whi le l tnct ln-

scit 'rtts processing is parallel.d . a l l in format ion processing is scr i t r l i l r l la tL l re.

Roberto is rnocieratcly irrtoxicatcci by i l lctlhol.

Which of the io l lowir rg chi rnges in l . r i . bchavior is

l ikely to occrtr?

a. If angc-red, he is mttre' l ikely to becorne. aggrcs-

sive thatr whc.n her is sober.

b. Hc wi l l be lcss sc l f -conscious abcl r . r t h is

bchrrvittr.c . l f sexual ly arot tsed, he wi l l be lerss i r lh ib i te t l

about errgaging in scxt t i l l act iv i ty .

d. Al l o f the above arc l iker ly .

9. J i l l drcams that shc t r ips i rnc l fa l ls t ls she wt- r lks up

the steps trt t l-re stage to rcceivc her ctl l lege diplo-

ma. Her psychtttrnrl lyst strggcsts tht.rt thtl drcam

might slrmbolize hcr fear tlf mtlving <ln to tlre'

nerxt stirge ctf he'r l i fe.-a career. The trntrlyst is evi-

dently attempting to interpret the' ctlrrtent

of J i l l 's drcam.

a. manifestb. la tent

a. sleep apnea.b. narcole.psy.

night terrors.insomnia.

c.d.

6.2. Whiclr of the following n its rtof sr-rggested by the

text as an intport;rtrt trspcct of drug prevcntit lnand trca tnrent programs?

a. cducatiot.t about thc lttng-term costs clf aclrug's temporary plcastrres

b. cfforts to boost pcople's self-csteem and pur-posc in l i fe

c. attempts to rnodify peer asst'rciirt iousd. "scarc tactics" that frighten preprtrbescetrt chil-

c l rcn in to avt t id ing drng cxper imentat i t ln

3. ItEM sleep is refcrred tit as ptrrttt loxit ' t l slcc1tbecausc:

a. str-rdie's of pcol-rle deprivetl of ItEM sleep intl i-

cate ' that REM sleep is unuecessary.b. thc body 's mttsc les rcnta in re laxecl whi le thc

brair.r ancl eyL's are activc.c. it is verry casy to awatken a Persolt

sleep.d. t lre body's mttscles irre r' 'ery terrse

brain is in a near ly mecl i ta t ive st t t te .

4. An attorrrt 'y wants to know if the details i 'rncl.rccllracy of an eycwittress's mL'rnory for a crimewould be irnprovec'l l tnc'lcr hypnosis. Civcn thcresults of relevarrt researclt, wl.rtrt should you tell

thc rrttorney?

a. Most hyprnotictrl ly re tricvecl metntlries .treeithcr f ir lsc or ct'rt.tta minatcd.

b. Hypnot ica l ly ret r icvcd mcmor ies arc usual lymr)r t ' i lccurdLt ' tharr c t tnsc i t r t ts tn t 'mt l r i t 's .

c. Hypnotictrl lv rctricved me.mttric's are purelythe prodtrct of t lre strbject's imagination.

d. Hypnosis only impllrq'( '5 mcm()ry of anxiety-provoking childhood evetrts.

7

inrrn REM

r.t,hile the

8.

c. d issociatedd. ove'rt

190

10.

Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

Barry has participated in a sleep study for the lastfour nights. He was awakened each time heentered REM sleep. Now that the experiment isover, which of the following can be expected tooccur?

a. Barry wil l be too tired to sleep, so he'l l contin-ue to stay awake.

b. Barry wil l sleep so deeply for several nightsthat drearnine wi l l be min imal .

c. There wil l be rrn increase in sleep Stages 1-4.d. l-herc wil l be an increase in Barry's REM

s leetl-r.

Of the fo l lowing indiv iduals, who is l ike ly to bethc most hvpnotictrl ly suggestible?

a. Bil l, a reality-oriented stockbrokerb. Janicc, an actress with a rich imaginationc. Mcgirn, a sixth-graclcr who lras troubkr focus-

ing hcr attention on a taskd. Darrren, who has never been able to rcally "get

involvcd" i r r movies or novels

Which of thc following statements concernit.tga lcol ro l ism is r rof t ruc?

a. Adopted indiv iduals are more suscept ib le toalcoholism if thcy had .rn trcloptive part'utwi th ; r lcohol ism.

b. Har.' ing an idcntic.rl twin with ;rlcoholism putsit person at incrcirscd risk for ;1lcoh1)l nroh-

lerns.c. Clernc't icists have identif ierd geues that are

m()re common am()ntj p-rcoplc predisposccl tcra lcohol isnr .

d. Rcscarchers have brcd rats th.rt prefer alcohttlto wirter.

Research stuc'l ies of the effectivenc'ss of hypntrsisirs ir fornr of t lrerarpy have. dc'monstrtrted that:

a. for problems of self-control, such as smoking,hypnosis is equally effccti",e with people whcrcan be rlceply hyprrotize'd and those who can-not.

b. posthypnotic sr"rggestions have helped allevi-ate head;rches, asthma, trnd stress-related skinclisorders.

c. as a form of therapy, hypnosis is no morecffective than positive' suggestions given with-out hypnosis.

d. all of the above are true.

A I']ET scan of a sleeping person's brain revealsincreased activity in the visual and auditoryareas. This most l ikely indicates that the sleeper:

a. has a neurological disorder.b . i s no t t r u l v as leep .

c. is in REM sleep.d. suffers from narcolepsy.

Levar believes that once the body has died, the

mind also ceases to exist. Er,' idently, Levar is a(rr):

a. behaviorist. c. dualist.b. monist. d. athe'ist.

L6. Which of the following statemcnts concerningmarijuana is true?

a. The by-products cti marijuana are. cleare'd

from the body morc qr-rickly than trrc' t l-rer bv-products of alcohol.

b. Regular users mav neecl tt larger ciosc tlf thc

drug to achievc a high tl-ran occtrsiotri l l ttscrs

would necd to gct the sirme effe'ct.c . Mar i juana is as ac ld ic t ivc i ls n ic t l t i t re ( ) r

cocaine.d. Everr small doses of mariitr i-rnir Irastcrr thc lt lss

of brarin cclls.

Which of the following statctnents ctltrct 'rtr itrgnear-death cxperienccs is truc?

a. Fewcr thtrn .l

pcrcerlt tlf patic-'rrts whtl cot't'ttr

c lose to dy ing repor t having therr r .b. They typ ical ly consist of f i rn tast ic , myst ic t r l

imagcry.c.

' Ihey are more c()mmonly expe ricncetl bv

femalcs than by males.d. Thc.y are more commtttrly cxpericrrcecl bv

males than by females.

Those who cctnsic-ler hyplrosis a social phetronrc-non contend that:

a. hypnosis is an altere'cl state tlf ctlnscii 'rt-tstrerss.b. hypnotic phcnomcna are ttniqr-te to hyprrosis.

c. hypnotizecl subjects bccttmc ltnrcspotrsivtwhcn they arc no lclngt'r motivate'ci to i lct t lsinstructed.

d. all of the' above are' trtre.

Which of thc following sttrtements concemirrg the

roots of drug ttse is true?

a. Heavy users of alcohol, marijutrna, t ltrd ct'r-

caine often arc always on a high.

b. If an adolescent's friends usc drugs, t lc' lds tlrt l

that he or she. wil l, too.c. Teenagers who are acardemicarlly average str-t-

dents seldom use drugs.d. It is nearly impossible to predict whether or

not a par t icu lar adolesccnt wi l l exper imentwith druss.

15.

11.

17.

12.

18.

13.

19.

t4.

Key Terms 191.

20. Concluding her presentation on contemporarytheories of why sleep is necessary, Marilynnmakes all of the following points except'.

a. Sleep may have evolved because it kept ourancestors safe during potentially dangerousperiods.

b. Sleep gives the brain time to heal, as itrestores and repairs dtrmaged neurons.

c. Slcep encor-rrages growth through a hormonesecreted during Stage 4.

d. Slow-wave sleep provides a "psvchic safetyvalve" for stressful waking cxpcricnccs.

Essaq Question

You have. just been trssignecl the task of writ ing anarticlc tcntativcly tit lecl "Alcohol and Alcoholism:Roots, Effects, ancl Prevcntion." What informationsl-ror-rld you include in yor-rr irrt icle.? (Use the space'below to l ist the points you wtrnt to rnakc, arrd orga-nize them. The-'rr write the essay on ar separate piece ofpaper. )

KEY TERMS

Writirrg Definitions

Using your own words, on a separate piece of paperwriter i 'r brief dcfinit ion or cxplanation of cach of thcfollowing terms.

1. consciousness

2. biologict'rl rhythm

3. circadian rhythm

4. REM sleep

6.

,7

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15 .

\6.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

J J .

34.

35.

36.

3 / .

38.

alpha waves

sleep

hallucinations

delta warres

insomnia

narcolcpsy

slecp apnea

night terrors

drcam

manifest contcnt

latcnt content

REM reborrnd

hypnosis

posthypnotic snggcstion

dissociation

psychoarctive cirugs

tolcrtrnce

wi thdrawal

physica I clcpcnclt 'nce

psychologicaI dependeuce

aclciiction

derpre.ssan ts

barrbitnrates

opiates

stimtr lants

amphctamines

mc.thampl.tetanr ines

Ecstasy (MDMA)

hal luc inogens

LSD

THC

ncar-dea th c'xpcrience

dual ism

monism

I

Chapter 7 States of Consciousness

Cross-Check

As you learned in the Prologue, review-ing and overlearnin5i of material areimportant to the learning process. Afteryou have written the clc.firritic'rns of thekey terms in this chapter, you shouldcomplete the crosswc'rrd puzzle to ensurethat you can reversc the proccss-recognize the term, give'n the definit ion.

ACROSS1. Tcrrn for REM sleep reflecting that

the. body is arouscd but thc musclesare re laxed.

7. Ncurotransmitter whclse rer-rptake' isblocked by cocaine.

8. Widerly uscd stimr-rl irnt th.rt is inhale'cl.10. Dret.rms in which thc drcame.r is suffi-

cierrtly awarc to wondcr if hc or she isdrcaming.

12. Powerfu l hal luc inogen f i rs t used byAlbcrt Hofmann.

13. Typc. of proccssirrg thirt describeslrow wc dcirl with consciotrs informa-t ion.

14. Typc. of brain w.r',,c. that occurs dur-ing Stage 2 sleepr.

17. Drug catcgory that includcs alcohol.18. Stagc I drcarn scnsat iorr s imi l t r r to i r

ha l l uc ina t i on .19. Also known as t ranqui l izers.21. T imc of day at which the th ink ing and memory of

olclcr irclults tend to bc'best.22. Timc of day at which the thinking and mcmory of

collcgc stuclents tenc-l to be best.

DOWN2. ln hypnosis, the suppose'cl rclivirrg of earlier

experienccs.Drugs that "speed up" ne.ural activity.Drugs that dcprcss neural activity, temporarri lylessening pain.'Iheory

suggesting that rlreams help fix dailyerper i t 'nct 's in our mt 'mrrr i t 's .Drug that disrupts the procc.ssing of recent expe-r iences in to l r ln t ] - term memor ies.Emest Hilgtrrd's term describing a hypnotizedsubject's awareness of unreported experiences.Brain wa'n'e that predominates in Stage 4 sleep.Divided consciousness (as during hypnosis).I lelatively slow brain waves of a relaxed, awakestate.

18. Depressant that causes a rush of euphoria.20. Active ingredient in marijuana.

ANSWERS

Chapter Review

C onsci ou sn e ss and lnfo rm ati on P r o c e ssing

1. consciousness; behal' ictr

2. brain activity; menttrl corrcepts

Consciousness is our awareness ttf tturselves ancl ttur

environmcnt.

3. before; l imited; slow; succe'ssively

4. require

Sleep and Dreams

1. biological rhythms; annual cycles; appetite, sleeplength, and moods

2. seasonal affective disordcr; 28; menstrual cyclc;24; alertness, body temperature, and growth hor-mone secretion; 90

3. circadian rhythm

3.4.

6.

9.

11.15.t6.

4. thinking; memory; evening; morning

5. jet lag; t ime; shifts

6. bright light; retinas; pineal; melatonin; suprachi-asmatic nucleus; adenosine; inhibiq sleep sched-r,rles

8. eyes; dreams; REM sleep

9. ;rlpha

10. hypnagogic; hallucinations; memories

11. sleep spindlcs

12. c lc . l ta ; 3; 4; s low-wave; d i f f icu lU walk ing

During REM slecp, brain wavcs bccome as rapid asthose of Stagc. 1 sleep, hcart rirtc and breathingbecome rnrlre rapid urnd irregular, and genital arousalarrci rt-rpicl cyc movemerlts occLtr.

13. active; relaxcd; paracloxical

14. c l rcarn; v isut ' r l ; a t rd i tory

15. 90; br ic fer ; longcr ;20 b 25

16. two-thirds; olrc-thircl

17. gene's; id t :nt ica l ; cu l ture

18. slecp dcprivrrtiot'r

19. B or 9; 2; Demen| accidcnts; immune; aging; itbc-sity; hypcrtctrsittn; me'mory imptrirmcnt

Thc nrajor eficct of slccp cle'prrivt.rt ittn is slt 'cpiness.Other effects includer impaircd crc.ativity, concerntra-tion, ancl conrmtrnictrt ion; slowcd performance; andi r r i tab i l i ty .

20. protect; brairr; rnctabolism; free radicals; nerur()ns;memory; crcat ivr '

2 -1 . p i l u i t , r r y ; l t ' s s ; l t ' s s

22. insornnia; rcclltce:

23. narcolcpsy; REM; muscular tcnsion; hypot l ra la-mus; hypocretirr

24. sleerp apnea; overweight mcn

25. rright ternrrs; 4; slecpwalking; sleerptalking; run;young chilclrerr; lcngthiest; deepest

REM; luc id

ncgativc; atttrcked, pursucd, or rejecte'd

males; is

manifest; laten t corrtent

crotic; confl icts

information; memory

physiological; stimulation; infants

neural; brt'rinstem; activation-synthesis; limbic;l imbic; trmygdala; maturation; cognitive

need; REM rebound

does; do not; information-processing

Answers 193

Hypnosis

1. social interaction; Mesmer; animal magnetism

2. does not; are

3. somewhat

Those who are most susceptible freque.ntly become

deeply absorbed in imaginative .rctivit ies. They alscl

tend to have rich fantasy l ives.

4. wil l

5. age regre.ssion; no more

6. authoritativc; ctltrte'xt

7. posthypnotic

8. addictions; doers nctt

9. is

10. car-r; cl issociates; attentittn

1-1. attending; sens()ry; sensory

12. normal cc'lt-tsciousncss; social irrf lttencc

The bchavior of hypnotizc.d subjects is trot furrdame.u-

tally cliffcrurt from thitt of othcr preoplc-.. Therefore,hypnosis may bc main ly a s t tc ia l phctrotnent ln, wi thhypnotized subjccts trcting out thc role of a "gotld

hypnot ic subject . "

13. clissoc-iatiotr

14. hidclcn obscrverr; soc-ial

Thc social influence arrd dividcd conscittttsttt- 'ss views

wrlrk togcthcr to explain hypnosis as an cxtensionboth of nornral prirrciples of stlcial irri luettce trrrd tlf

everyday clissociatiorrs betwccn ttur ctlttscit lt ls itwirre-

rrerss and our autttmatic bchavittrs.

Drugs and Consciousncss

1. psychoact ive

2. tole'rance-, ncuritadtrptirt ion

3. witlrcl rawa l; depenclcr.rce'; psychologicirl; ad d ictcd

Thc following myths about addictiou are false:

a. Taking a psychttitctive t ' lrug auttlmaticallyleacis to addiction.b. One caunttt ()vercome an ardclicticln without

professionaI l r t ' lp .c. The addiction-as-disetrse-necding-treatmentmodel is irpplicable to a brctat' l spectrum of

p leasu rc-se'ekin g be'hav iors.

4. depressants; stimulants; hallucinogens; nellro-

transmitters; expe'cttrti ons

5. calm; slow; depressant; sympathetic

6. aggressive; helpful; sexually; long-term; REMsleep

7. shrinking; womeni self-awareness; immediate sit-

uation; future consequences

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

32.

33.

34.

J5,

194 Chaptet 7 States of Consciousness

Studies have found that if people believe that alcoholaffects social beh;-rviclr in certain ways, then, whenthey drink alcohol (or e'r'en mistakenly think that theyhave bc'en clrinking .rlcohol), they wil l behave accord-ing to their expectatiorrs, which vary by culture. For

example, if peopie believe alcohol promotes sexualfeeling, on drinking thev are l ikely b behave in a sex-r.rally aroused n,.-rv.

8. b.-rrbituratcs

9. cleprcss; op-riates; e'ndorphins

10. c;rffcir.rt-; rricotitre; trmphetamincs; coc.tinc;Ecst.r sr'; rncth;r mphe.tamine; are

11. clopr.rnrirlc; norepinephrine; scrotonin; reuptake;sYllal Lrscs

-12. cxpcctat ions; personal i ty ; s i tuat ion

13. [:cst.r sr'; stimu lir nt; milc] h.r l luci nogen; dttpamine;serotonin; serotonin; circ;rdian; immune system;nrenlol'y; cognitive

14. psvcheclclics; MDMA; scrotonin; blocking

15. THC; AIDS; cancer, lung clitmage, and pregnancyconrplica ti()11s

Like alcol-rol, r 'narijuarra relaxes, clisinhibits, and mayproducc a euphor ic feel ing. Also l ikc a lcohol , mar i -juana imparirs pcrceptual and mcttor skil ls. Mariiu;rnitis a mi ld hal luc inogcn; i t can ampl i fy sensi t iv i ty tocolors, sounr ls , tastes, and smcl ls . Mar i juana a lsointerrupts mcmory fornration.

16. op-r1-rosing etnotiotrs

17. incrc.rscd; drug cclucation

18. havt-; nrorc

19. b io logical ; rnorc; dop-raminc rcward

A psychological factor in drug use is the feel ing thatonc's l i fc is me;rningless aucl lacks direction. I legularusers of psychoactive drtrgs often have cxpe'riencedstrcss or failure trnd are somewhat depressed. Drugursc. often begins as a tempc'rrary way to rclie'vedcpression, anUe.r, anxiety, or insomnia. A powerfulsocial factor in clrug Llse, eslrccially among aclctles-cents, is peer infhlcnce. Peers shape trtt itudes aboutdrugs, provide drugs, irnd establish the social contextfor their use.

20. varies; cultural; ethnic

21. lowest; peer

22. a. cducation about the long-term costs of a drug'ste-mpore'rry pleas uresb. efforts to boost people's self-esteem and pur-posc in lifec. attempts to "inoculate" youth against peerprcssures

N e ar-D e ath Exp erienc e s

1. hallucinations; oxvgen

2. dualists; monists

PROGRESS TEST r

Multiple - Cho ice Qu e stions

1. d. is the answer. (p.271)

2. b. is the answer. (p.275)a. The amygc{ala is an ernotion center in the l im-

bic system.c. Adenosine is a brain chcmical t l 'rat makes us

sleepy.d. Thc pineal is a gland that produccs the sleep-

inducing hormone me'l attlnin.

3. c. is the-' answer. Jet lag is e'xpc.rienccd becattsc,

having traveled across time ztlnes, wc .1rc .rw.rkt.

at a time when our biological clock says, "Slccp!"

This biologictrl clock is the circadian rhytl 'rm.(p.275)

4. a. is ther answer. (p.277)

b. & c. Delta waves prc'dominater dr-rring Stage's 3

and 4. Sterge 3 is thc transition betwe'en Stages 2

and ,l and is associated with a pattern that htls

elements of both stagcs.d. Faste'r, nerrrly wakirrg briritr wavcs tlccttr clur-

ing REM sle-ep.


a., b., & c. During non-REM Stage's 1-4 hetlrt rate

ancl brca-rthing are slow and rc'gular arrd thc gcrli-

tals are rrot arouse'cl.

6 . d. is the answer. (p.279)

7. d. is the answcr. (pp.280-281)

8. a. is the answer. Like alcohol, slercping pil ls carry

the undcsirable conscquence of reducing REM

sleep and may make insttmtria worse in the long

run. (p.283)b., c., & d. Sleeping pil ls do not producc thcse

effects.

9. c. is thc answcr. They also block the rcuptakc of

serotonin and norepinephrine'. (p. 301)

a. This answer describes the effect of LSD.

b. Depressants such as alcohol have this effcct.

Cocaine and crack are classified as stimulants.d. None of the psychoactivc drugs htrs this effect.

Opiates, however, suppress the brain's productit ln

of endorphins.

L8.

19.

20.

10.

11 .

12.

13.

74 .

1 5 .

d. is the answer. Alcohol, which slows body func-tions and neural activitv, is a depressant. (p. 298)a. Methamphetamine is a stimulant.b. & c. LSD and marijuana are hallucinogens.

b. is the answer. Hypnosis l,r,;rs originally rcferredto as "mesmer ism." (p.291)a. ln the area of consciousness, Freud is bestknclwn for his theory of drearning.c. Spanos is best known for his corrtention thathypnosis is an extension of cveryclay sclcierlbc.havior.d. Hi lgard is known for h is theorv of c l issociat ionanri the hidden obscrvcr irr hypnosis.

c. is t lrc answer. (p. 295)a. Hypnot ized subjects t rsual ly pcr f ( ) rm only actsthey might L)er fornr nornraI ly .b. Thc tcxt clocs not snggest that slccpir.rg anrlhypnosis arc thc same states. Iu iact , thc bra inwirvcs of hyprrotizccl subjercts arc r.r<lt l ikc thoscassoci i r tec l w i th s lccping.d. Hypnosis typ ical ly d isr r rpts , or contaminate 's ,mem()ry.

c. is the answcr. Thcy rcnrenrbered less than ift l . rcy wcrc awakcnt 'd durr ing ot l ' re r s tagers. (p.287)

a. is the i l lrswer. Fretrd sirlv clrcams as psychicsafcty vrrIr,cs thtrt dischargt: unircceptablc fcelingstl-rat are oiterr relrrtecl to e rotic wishes. (p.2871b. & c. Thcsc physio logical thcor ics o i c l rc . r rn ingarc not trssociated witlr Fretrcl.d. According to frrerucl, cireirrns rcprcsent the inc]i-v ic l t ra l 's conf l ic ts ancl wis l rcs br- r t in c l isguisecl ,ratlrcr than trtrnsprarent, forr"n.

c. is the answcr. Sr- rch c l rugs work pr imar i ly atsynapses, aI tcr ing ncnraI t ransnr iss iorr . (p. 2c)6)a. Whtr t peoplc bel ieve wi l l happcn t r f ter tak ing ac l rug wi l l l ike ly have sorne ef fect on thc i r i r - rc l iv id-r-tir l reactions, but psycl'ro.rctive r-lrr.rgs actr-rir l lywork by a l ter ing ner l r i r l t ransmiss ion.b. Sir.rce ir plrrcebo is ir substance without activeproperties, this irnswe.r is irrcorrcct.d. This answer is incorrcct bccause the effects ofpsychoactive drr-rgs on behavior, prerception, ;rndso forth havc tr physiokrgic.rl basis.

c. is the answer. This is trr-re. l{crcditv. for ex.rl-ple, influences tendencics toward alcclhcll ism.(pp.2e7-2e8)b. is t l re answer. (p.271)a. The belrtrviorists' emphasis on observablebehavior occurred much later in the history ofpsychology.c. Psychology has nevcr been primarily con-cerned n,ith abnormal behavior.

Answers 195

d. is the answer. (pp.287-288)a.,b., & c. Each of these describes a valid theoryof dreaming that was mentioned in the text.

c. is the answer. We can reset our biologicalclocks by adjusting our sleep schednles. Thus,young adults adopt something closer tct a 25-hor-rrday by staying up too late to get f l hours of slcep.(p .276 )

c. is the answcr. (p. 307)

Matching Itcms

1. e (p. 2t36)2 . k (p .287)3 . i (p .277)+ . j (p .276)

5. h (p. 2Ba) e. f (p. 301)6 . d (p .28a) n . [email protected])7 . b (p .2e8) 11 . g (p .2u4)8 . a (p .303)

PROGRESS TEST z

Mu I t ipI e -Choic a Qu asti otrs

1. b. is ther answer. Fol lowing REM dcpr ivat ion,pcoplc tcmporar i ly increase ther i r amount of I tEMsleep, in a phcnonrcnon krrown as IIEM rebotrncl.(p. 2u8)a. Just t lrc' oppositc is trlter:

' fhe trmottnt of REM

slecp-r is grcatcst irr infancy.c. Dcprivccl of IIEM slcep by repeatcd awrtkcn-ings, pcoplc rctunt morc itnd morc rluickly to thcREM stagcs af tcr fa l l ing back to s lccp. Thcy by nomeans aclapt easi ly to t l ' re c lcpr iv i . t t ior rs .d. Just thc oppositc occrrrs: thcv tend t() supprcssREM slc .ep.

2 . c . i s t he a r r swer . ( p .31 ( l )a. Belraviorists ioctrs orr observable belraviors i.rncltrvoid corrccpts sltch as the mirrcl.b. The rnor.rists believc that the nrir.tc' i and boclv

d. Frcuc-lians focus on unconsciot-ts and c()r1sci()Llstrspects of thc mirrcl anci have litt le to say rcgard-in g the rnind-boc1y re.lationshi p-r.

a. is the answer. Alcohol c l isrupts the proccssi r rgof experienccs into krrrg-term mem()ry but htrs l i t-t le eff-ect orr either ir.nmerliate or prcviously estab-lishcd memories. (p. 299)

d. is the. answer. (p.277)a. The brain waves of REM sleep (clrearn slee'p)are more l ike those of Stage 1 sleepers.b. Stage 2 is charractcrized by sleep spindles.c. Sttrges 3 and 4 are chartrcterizecl by slow,ro l l ing del ta waves.

c. is the irnswer. (p.275)

a. is the answer. (p.297)

4.16.

17.

5.

5.


b. Phvsical dependence may occur in the absenceof tolerance. The hallmark of physical depen-dence is the presence of withdrawal symptomsu.herr the Lrerson is off the drug.c. I 'svchologic.rl dependence refers to a felt, orpsvchokrgical, need to use a drug, for example, aclrug thirt relie'u'es stress.d. Thcrc is no such thing as drug "resistance."

7. d. is thc answer. (p.27a)

8. a. is the answer. (p.278)b. During IIEM sleep, muscular tension is low.c. Night terrors are associatecl with Stage 4 sleep.d. Alpha wavcs are characteristic of the relaxcd,.rn';r ke statc.

9. d. is thc answer. Alcolrol is a depressant. (p. 298)

10. d. is the answcr. (p. 2V1)a. Hvprrot ic r t 's1 ' ro6si11 '11t 'ss v . t r iespers()n t() pe rson.b. & c. Thcrc is no c 'v idence of a( 'n( ' ( ' in hypnot ic rcspt tns ivcncss.

greatly from

gendcr differ-

11. c. is the answer. Hilgirrcl bclir..ve's that hypnosisreflects tr clissociation, or split, in consciottsness,irs occurs normally, only to tr much greater exte'nt.

@.20a)12. a. is thc irnswe.r. Comparecl with othe'r childrcn,

clri ldrelr wlrose parents abuse trlcohol havc' a high-cr to lcrancc for mtr l t ip le r ' l r inks, making i t more 'l ikclv that thc1, wil l, in f irct, c()nsunle more'atlco-hol . (p. 305)

13. b. is thc answcr. (p. 293)a. & c. I{yprrosis rlrr be helpftrl in treating the'scproblcrns, but it is l1() m()re effective than othe'rfornrs of thcrapv.d. Adr.rlts are l lot rnorc rcsDonsive than childrerrto hy;-lrosis.

14. d. is the. answer. I i adolc'sccnts' ir icncls use drugs,thc odc'ls .rre that they wil l, kro. (p. 307)a., b., & c. These :rrc rrlso predictors of drug usebtrt seem to opcratc mainly through their effects()n pcer trssociatiorl.

15. c . is the answer. (p.303)

1,6. b. is thc answer. (p.294)a. & c. There is no eviclence that hypnoticallyresponsive indivicluals fake their behaviors orthat they arre undererchievers.


18. b. is the answer. (p. 302)a. & c. Unlike stimulants, LSD and THC do notspeed up body functions.d. Unlike hallucintrgens, cocaine is a stimulantand docs not generally distort perceptions.

19. a. is the answer. (p. 288)b. & c. These essentially Freudian explanations of

the purpose of dreaming are based on the idea

that a dream is a psychic safety valve that harm-

lessly discharges otherwise inexpressible feelings'

d. This explanation of the function of drt'aming is

associated with the informaticln-processing vic'r 'r '-

point.

20. d. is the answer. (pp. 300-302)

Mntching Items

1. c (p. 302) s . j (p .276) e. g (p.271)

2. f (p. 300) 6. k (p. 300) 10. a (p. 2[t7)

3 . d (p .277 ) 7 . i ( p .30 t l ) 11 . e (p .2e3 )

a . [email protected] ) 8 . b (p .3 t l 2 )

Psychotory Applied

Multip Ie - Choic e Que st i orrs

1. b. is the answcr. Narcolepsy is chtrracterizecl byuncontrolltrble slcc'p attacks. (p. 284)a. Sleep aplletl is characterizccl by thc temporilrycessation of breathing whilc aslecp.c. Night terrcrs are'charactcrized by higlr aror-rsaland terrif iecl bchirvior, occttrring clurirrg Stagc tl

sleep.d. lnsomnia rc fcrs to chronic d i f f icu l ty i r r f i r l l i r rg

or s tay ing as lccp.

2. d. is the answer. (p. 307)

3. b. is the answe'r. Although thc boclv is arottseclinternally, the message's tlf thc irctivatetl tntltt lr

cortex do not reach thc mttscles. (p.278)

a. Studies of REM-depr ivcd peopler i r r t l icate just

the opposite.c. lt is diff icult to awake't.t rr pcrson from REN4

sleep.d. Just the opposite occurs in REM sleep: tht' rnus-

cles are relaxed, yct the brain is arottsed,

4. a. is the answer. Although perople recall mtlre

under hypnosis, they "recall" a lot t lf f iction irlongwith fact and appear unable to clistinguishbetween the' two. (p.292)b. Hypnotically refreshe'd memclrie's trre ttsttallv

ng 111)r€ . tccurdtr ' th . tn conscious mt 'mor i t 's .c. Although the hypnotized subject's imagintrtionmay influence the memories retrieved, somc acttt-al memory retrieval also occurs.d. Hypnotically retrieved memories dtln't nclr-mally focus on anxiety-provoking events.

5. b. is the answer. Continued use of a drug prtl-duces a tolerance; to experience the same "high,"

9.

5.

7.

8.

Dan wil l have to use larger and larger doses. (p.2e7)c. is the answer. The rapid eve movements ofREM sleep coincide with bursti of activity in thevisual cortex. (p.278)

c. is the answer. (p.272)

d. is the answer. Alcohol re.duces self-conscious-ness and loosens inhibitions, milking people morelikely to act on their feelings of anger or sexualarousal. It also clisrupts the processing of experi-encc intcr long-tc.rm mcmory. (pp.29t)-299)

b. is the arlswer. The analyst is evidently trying togo beyond tlre events in tlre. dream arrd under-stand the dream's hiclden meaning, or the:c l ream's la tent content . (p.287)a. Thc mani fest content of a dream is i ts actualstorv l inc.c . Dissociat ion refcrs to a snl i t in lcvc ls of con-sc iot rsness.d. There is no such term. ln any case, "ovcrt"r,r,orrlcl be the silme as "rnanifest" conterrt.

10. d. is thc ans\ rL. r . Bccausc of thc Dhcnornerronknown as REM rebt ,und, B.r r ry , i r . rv ing beenrleprivcd of REM slccl-r, wil l now, increase lrisI IEM s lccp. (p.2t3t l )a. lrrcrcirse'cl irritabil i ty is irn cffc.ct of slccp clcpri-vat ion i r r gcncra l , not of REM clerpr ivat ion speci f i -ca l l y .b. REM rc.bound wi l l cat rser Barry to dream morethan normal .c . Thc incrcaser in REM slcep is nc.ccssar i ly accom-

;raniccl by dr.crcases ir-r Stage's 1-4 slee.p.

11. b. is the answer. I 'eoplc wi th r ich f t . rntasy l ivesarrcl thc abil ity to becomc imaginativcly absorbecllrave cssentially the chtrracteristics t 'rssociatedwi th hypnot ic sr - rggest ib i l i ty . The fact that Janiceis an actrcss also sugfaests she possesses sucht ra i t s . ( p .291 )a. Bil l 's re.ality orierntatiorr rnakcs him irn r"url ikelyeand idah' for l rypnosis.c. The hypnoticalJy sr-rggestible are gcrrerally ableto focus on tasks or on imaginative activit ics.d. Perople who are hypnotically suggcstible terrdto becomc dce.ply engrosscd in nol'els trndntotries.

12. a. is the answer. Adopted individutrls are moresusceptible. to alcoholism if they hacl a biologicnlp;rrent with alcoholism. (p. 305)b., c., & d. Each of these is true, which indicatesthat susceptibility to alcoholism is at least partial-ly determined by heredity.

13. d. is the answer. (pp. 292-293)

14. c. is the answer. (p.278)

Answers 197

a. & d. Incre'ased activity in the visual and audito-ry areas of the sleeping brain is perfectly normalduring REM sleep.b. ln fact, people cannot easily be awakened fromREM sleep.

15. b. is the answer. Monists such as Levar believethat the mincl and bodv are inseparablc'. Thus,when the body dies, the mind ceas€'s to exist. (p.

310)a. Behaviorists arvoid re'ferences to the mind.c. Dualists believe that the mincl can exist apartfrom the body.d. The text clcte's not discuss tl.re' relarticlnshipbetwc'en religictus be.l ief ar"rcl near-de'ath expcri-ences.

16. a. is thc answer. TtlC, thc irctive itrgreclicnt inmarijuan:r, ;rncl its by-prurclr-rcts l inger in the bociyfor a month ()r m()rc. (p. 303)

17. b. is the trnsn,c.r. (p. 309)a. Approrirnate.lv l2 to 40 pcrcent of pcoplc whohave' contc close to cleatlr rcport sttme sttrt oineir r-dca th c'xpcrience.c. & d. Thcre. is no gendcr cliffercrrcc ir"r t l 're prcva-lence of nea r-clcath cxpcrict'tccs.

18. c. is thc arrsr,r,er. (p.2Va)

19. d. is thc arrswer. (p. 307)

20. d. is thc answer. Frcucl's theory prttposccl thatdreams, which occt t r c l t t r i t . rg f t rs t -wave, I< l1Mslc.cp, scr\/e as ir p-rsychic safcty l ' i t lvc. (pp

282-283)

Essay Questiorr

As a cleprcssilrt, alcohol slows neurrrl activity anclbody funct ions. Al thougl ' r low c loses o i u lcohol rnayprodur-'r. rerlaxation, lt, i th largcr clost-'s rcactiotts slow,spe.ech slurs, skil lcd performt.rncc clcteriorates, anclthe processing of recent expcrict.tct 's into long-tcrtnmemor ics is d isrupterd. Alcohol a lso rcc l t tccs sel f -awareness ancl may itrcil i t irte' sexual ancl .rggressivt'r-rrges thc irrdivic' lr-rtrl might othcrwisc rcsist.

Some people nray bc biologically vulncrabler tcta lcohol ism. This is ind icatcd by the iact that ind iv idt r -als who havc a biological parcnt lt, i th alcoholism, orpeople who have an it lentictrl twir-r with alcoholism,are more sr-rsce.ptible to alcoholism.

Stress, depression, and thc feeling that l i fe ismeaningless and withor,rt dirc'ction arc common ieel-ings among heavy users of alcohol arrd may create' apsychological ' ' ,ulnerabil ity to alcoholism.

Especially for teenagers, pL'L'r group irrf luence' isstrong. If an adolescent's friends use alcohctl, oclds aretha t he o r she w i l l Loo .

Research suggests three important channe'ls of


influence for drug prevention and treatment pro-grams: (1) education about the long-term conse-quences of alcohol use.; (2) efforts to boost people'sself-esteem and purpt'rse in life; and (3) attempts tocounteract peer pressurc that ieads to experimenta-tion r,r'ith c-lrugs.

KEY TERMS

Writirtg Dcfinitions

1. For rnost psychologists, consciousness is ourcrwttreflcsS of ourselves and our environment. (p.271)

2. Biological rhythms are' periodic fluctuations inor-rr boclics' physiologicirl statcs, including annuaIvariations in appetite, 90-minute sleep cycles, the2E-clay mcnstrual cycle, . 'rnd circ;rditrn rhythms.

@.27a)3. A circadian rhythm is any regular bodily rhythm,

such as bocly tcmpe-rature- and slccp-wakefulness,thtrt follows a 2,1-hour cvclc. (p. 275)

Marnortl nid: ln Latin, circn means "about" and dit 'smeans "day." A c i rcadian rhythm is one that isabout t r t lay, or 24 h i lurs, in durat ion.

4. REM sleep is the sleep stage in which the braintrnd cycs arc ar-tivc, thc muscles erre rclaxed, andvi'" ' id dreanrirrg occurs; also known 'as porntloxicals l tcp. (p.276)

MctttLtrrl airl: REM is an acronym for rapid eyemovcmcnt, thc clistirrguishirrg feature of thisslccp sti-rgc that lccl to its discovery.

5. Alpha waves are the re l t r t ive ly s low bra in wavesclrarirctcristic of rrrr trrt,akc, relaxcd state. (p.277)

6. Sleep is thc nt.rtr-rrtrl, periodic, reversible loss ofconsciousness, ()n which the body and mindclcpcncl for healthy fur-rctioning. (p.277)

7. Hallucinations arc falsc sensory experiences thatoccur wi thout any scnsory st imulus. (p.277)

8. Delta waves are the large, slow brain waves asso-ciated with deep sleep. (p.277)

9. Insomnia is a slccp disorder in which the personregularly has difficulty in falling or stayingasleep. (p. 2U3)

10. Narcolepsy is a sleep disorder in which the vic-tim suffers sudde.n, uncontrollable sleep attacks,oftcn characterized by entry directly into REM.(p.2f la)

11. Sleep apnea is a sleep ciisorder in which the per-son ceases breathing while asleep, briefly arouses

to gasp for air, falls back asleep, and repeats thiscycle throughout the night. (p. 284)

Example: One theory of the sudden infant deathsyndrome is that it is caused by sleep apnea.

A person suffering from night terrors experiencesepisodes of high arousal with apparent tcrror.

Night terrors usually occur during Stage 4 sleep.(p .28a)Dreams are vivid sequences of images, emotions,and thoughts, the most vivid of which occur dur-ing REM sleep. (p. 285)

In Freud's theory of dreaming, the manifest con-tent is the remembered story line. (p. 2tt6)

ln Freud's theory of dreaming, the. latent contentis the underlying but censoreci meaning ttf adream. (p.287)

Mcnutrtl nids Jbr 71 artl '15:

Montfcst mcans "clctrrlv

apparent, obvior.rs"; /rl lcrlf means "hiclclen, con-cealed." A dream's manifest content is thirtwhich is obviclus; its latent content rcmaills hicl-den unti l i ts symbolism is interprctcd.

REM rebound is the tendency for REM slerep toincrcase following I{EM slecp de'privatiorr. (p.

288)

Hypnosis is n social irttererction irr which ()lrc Pcr-son (the hypnotist) suggests to another (thc sub-ject) that ccrtarin perccptions, feelings, thoughts,or behaviors wil l spontane'or-rsly occur. (p. 2cX))

A posthypnotic suggestion is ;r suggestiorr macleduring a hypnosis session that is to be carricd outwhen the subject is no longer hypnotize.d. (pt.292)

Dissociation is a split between different levels ttfconsciousness, allowing a pers()t ' l to dividet attcn-tictn between two or more thoughts. (p. 293)

Psychoactive drugs-which include stimulants,dcpressants, and hallucinogctls-are chcmicalsubstances that alter mctod and perce'ptittn. Tlrevwork by affecting or mimicking the activity ofne-urotransm itters. (p. 296)

Tolerance is the dirninishing of a psychoactivedrug's effect that occLlrs with repetrterd usc,requiring progressively larger doses in ttrder ttrprcrduce the same effect. (p.297)

Withdrawal refers to the discomfort trnd distressthat follow the discontinued urse of addictivcrdrugs. (p.297)

Physical dependence is a physiological need fora drug that is indicated by the presence of with-drawal symptoms when the drug is not taken. (p.

297)

I

12.

13.

1.4.

15.

1.6.

17.

18.

19.

21.

25.

27.

29.

31.

32.

J J .

34.

The psychological need to use a drug is referredto as psychological dependence. (p.297)

An addiction is a cornpulsive craving for a drugdespite adverse consequences and withdrawalsymptoms. (p.297)

Depressants are psychoactive drugs, such asalcohol, opiates, and barbiturates, that reduceneural activity and slow body functions. (p. 298)

Barbiturates are depressants, sometimes used toinduce sleep or reduce anxiety. (p 300)

Opiates are depressants derived from the opiumpoppy, such as opium, morphine, and heroin;thcy reducc neural activity and temporarilyle.sscn pain and anxiety. (p.300)

Stimulants are psychoactive drugs, such as caf-feirre, rricotine, ;rrnphe.tamines, and cocainc, thirtexcite rrcural activity and speed up body func-t ions. (p. 300)

Amphetamines are a type of stimulant and, assuch, spccd up body, functions arnd neural activi-t y . ( p .300 )

Methamphetamine is a powerfully addictivestirnr-rlarrt thtrt spceds up body functions ancl isirssociatcci l,r, ith cncrgy ancl moocl changes. (p.300)

Classificd as both a (synthetic) stimulant and amild hallucinogcn, Ecstasy (MDMA) produccsshort-term cuphoria by increasing serotonin le.v-els in thc brairr. Rcpeatcd use may permanentlydamergc scrotonin ncur()ns, suppress immunity,t rnd d isrupt cogni t ion. (p. 302)

Hallucinogens arc psychoactive clrugs, such asLSD ancl marijuana, that distort perception anclevoke sensory im;rges irr the abserrce of sensoryinpu t . ( p .302 )

LSD (lysergic acid dicthylamider) is a powerfulhallucinogen captrble of producing vivid falseperrccptions and disorganization of thought pro-

Answers 199

cesses. LSD produces its unpredictable effectspartially because it blocks the action of the neuro-transmitter serotonin. (p. 302)

35. The major active inp;redient in marijuana, THC isclassified as a mild hallucinogen. (p. 303)

36. The near-death experience is an altered state ofconsciousness that has been reported by somepeople who have had a close brush with death.(p .30e)

37. Dualism is the philosophical belief that the mindand body are distinct entit ies-the mind non-physical, the body physical. (p. 310)

Exnmpla: Those who believe that near-death expe-riences are proof clf immortality are expressingthe dualist position that mind and body are sepa-rate entit ies.

38. Monism is the philosophical belief thirt thc mindand body are different aspects of the samc. thir-rg.( p . 3 1 0 )

Exnnrplt:: The belief that death is f inal and that noafterl ifc cxists is a reflerction of the monist posi-

tion that mind i,rnd boclv arc. onc.

Cross-Check

ACROSS1. paradoxical7. dopamine8. nicotine

10. lucid dreams12. LSD13. seritrl14. spindle17. depressant18. hypnagogic19. barbiturates21. morninE;22. evening

DOWN2. age regression3. amphetamines4. opiartes5. in f t r rml t i ( )n [ ) r ( ) ( ( 'ss ing6. a lcohol9. hicldcn observer

11. del ta15. d issociat ion16. alpha18. henrin20. THC

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Chapter Seven Study Guide

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