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Chapter Six
A New Industrial Age
Chapter SixChapter SixA New Industrial AgeA New Industrial Age
Life in the 1860s
• No electric lights
• No refrigeration
• In 1860, most mail from the East Coast took ten days to reach the Midwest and three weeks to get to the West Coast. A letter from Europe to a person on the frontier could take several months to reach its destination.
Life in the 1900s
• Between 1860 and 1890 the government issued almost 500,000 patents–licenses that gave an inventor the exclusive right to make, use, or sell an invention. Patents were issued for inventions such as the typewriter and the telephone. These inventions increased productivity–the amount of goods and services created in a given period of time.
• Power stations across the country provided electricity for lamps, fans, printing presses, and many other appliances.
• By 1900, there were 1.5 million telephones in use all over the country, and Western Union Telegraph was sending roughly 63 million messages.
People Develop New Forms of Energy
Struck oil in Pennsylvania in 1859. New uses for oil grew rapidly. Oil refineries sprang up around the country as oil became a big business.
Edwin L. Drake
An inventor from New Jersey who experimented with electric light. Developed a workable filament for the light bulb and the idea of a central power station to make electric power widely available.
Thomas A. Edison
Worked in Edison’s lab and patented an improved method for producing the filament in light bulbs
Lewis Latimer
Experimented with a form of electricity called alternating current, which was less expensive and more practical than direct current, which Edison had used. By using a transformer, he improved the capabilities of power stations to make home use of electricity more practical.
George Westinghouse
Thomas Alva EdisonThomas Alva Edison
“Wizard of Menlo Park” “Wizard of Menlo Park”
The Light BulbThe Light Bulb
The Phonograph (1877)The Phonograph (1877)
The Ediphone or Dictaphone
The Ediphone or Dictaphone
The Motion Picture CameraThe Motion Picture Camera
Alternate CurrentAlternate Current
George Westinghouse
George Westinghouse
Communication Advances
1. Samuel Morse perfects the telegraph and invents system of electrical impulses to use as the alphabet.
2. Alexander Graham Bell invented the
telephone in 1876.
Railroads a National NetworkOn May 10, 1869, the transcontinental railroad, extending from coast to coast, was finished with the hammering of a golden spike at Promontory Point, Utah.The growth of railroads led to the development of many towns throughout the western part of the United States.In 1883, the railroads adopted a national system of time zones to improve scheduling. As a result, the clocks in broad regions of the country showed the same time, a system we still use today.
• Railroads played a key role in revolutionizing business and industry in the United States in several key ways.– They provided a faster, more practical means
of transporting goods.– They lowered the costs of production.– They created national markets.– They provided a model for big business.– They encouraged innovation in other
industries.
1. The Bessemer Process was a way burn the impurities out of iron and a lighter, stronger more flexible product….steel.
2. Results-rail lines, sky scrapers, the Brooklyn Bridge
G. Activity Draw the Brooklyn Bridge. (pp.234-5)
Steel makes progress faster and cheaper
John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge,
18831883
John A. Roebling:John A. Roebling:The Brooklyn Bridge, The Brooklyn Bridge,
19131913
Robber Barons or Captains of Industry
A. John D. Rockefeller Creates Standard Oil.-
In 1863 Standard Oil began as Rockefeller bought his first refinery. Over the next few decades Rockefeller bought out all the competition refineries until he eventually owned 90% of the refineries in the entire US. This Horizontal control is a type of monopoly or trust.
Standard Oil Co.Standard Oil Co.
B. Andrew Carnegie built the first Bessemer steel factories in Pittsburg PA.
As his business grew he bought up all the steps of production from the Coal mines to the factories to the ships and rail roads. Like Rockefeller this Vertical Consolidation allowed Carnegie to keep his prices down and defeat the competition.
Chapter 13, Section 2
Horizontal and Vertical ConsolidationCoke fields
purchased by
Carnegie
Coke fields
Iron ore deposits
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
Coke fields
Iron ore deposits
Steel mills
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
Coke fields
Iron ore deposits
Steel mills
Ships
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
Coke fields
Iron ore deposits
Steel mills
Ships
Railroads
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
purchased by
Carnegie
Carnegie’s “Gospel of Wealth” said people can make as much money as possible but then they should give it away.
C. Social Darwinism was the philosophy of survival of the fittest applied to business. As a result government did not interfere with business. It neither taxed profits nor regulated workers/ owner relations.
Many factors combined to make a new kind of business in the United States.
Larger pools of capital — Entrepreneurs had to invest massive amounts of capital or borrow from investors.Wider geographic span — Railroads and the telegraph aided in the geographic expansion of businesses.Broader range of operations — Big businesses often combined multiple operations and were responsible for all stages of production.Revised role of ownership — Owners had less connection to all aspects of their businesses because the businesses were too large. “Professional managers” were hired to run their business.New methods of management — Innovations were also necessary for controlling resources. Big businesses developed new systems of formal, written rules and created specialized departments.
E. The Government’s feeble attempt to regulate business came in the form of the Sherman Antitrust act. For 15 years it was too weak to regulate any monopolies
III. Workers
A. Industrialization meant an increased demand for labor. This demand was met two ways- farm workers moved to town for factory jobs and immigrants came from poorer parts of the world.
B. Factory work was hard and dangerous with low pay and no benefits.
C. Owners wanted to get as much production from their workers as possible so efficiency studies found the best way to get many cheap products was to use division of labor and have one work do a single job over and over again.
Working Families• In the 1880s, children made up more than 5 % of the
industrial labor force.• Children often left school at the age of 12 or 13 to
work.• Girls sometimes took factory jobs so that their brothers
could stay in school.• If an adult became too ill to work, children as young as
6 or 7 had to work.• Rarely did the government provide public assistance,
and unemployment insurance didn’t exist.• The theory of Social Darwinism held that poverty
resulted from personal weakness. Many thought that offering relief to the unemployed would encourage idleness.
A Struggling Immigrant Family
A Struggling Immigrant Family
Struggling Immigrant FamilyStruggling Immigrant Family
IV. The Great Strikes
• A. By 1890 9% of Americans owned 75% of the nation’s wealth. Many of these lived extravagant lifestyles. While the nation’s suffered.
• B. The Marxist philosophy of Socialism was gaining a following in Europe and it lured some workers to the ideas of collective ownership of wealth and means of production.
• C. Most workers chose to improve their lives within the capitalist system by forming labor unions.
Early Labor UnionsBecame strong after the Civil WarProvided assistance to members in
bad timesLater expressed workers’ demands to employer
The Knights of Labor A national unionRecruited skilled and unskilled workers, women, and African AmericansEmphasized education and social reform
The American Federation of Labor (AFL) Led by Samuel Gompers
Was a craft union of skilled workersA bread and butter unionUsed collective bargaining as a strategy
Industrial Workers of the World (IWW)Known as “The Wobblies”Organized unskilled workersHad radical socialist leadersMany violent strikes
Knights of LaborKnights of Labor
Terence V. PowderlyTerence V. Powderly
An injury to one is the concern of An injury to one is the concern of all!all!
Goals of the Knights of Labor
Goals of the Knights of Laborù Eight-hour workday.Eight-hour workday.
ù Workers’ cooperatives.Workers’ cooperatives.
ù Worker-owned factories.Worker-owned factories.
ù Abolition of child and prison labor.Abolition of child and prison labor.
ù Increased circulation of greenbacks.Increased circulation of greenbacks.
ù Equal pay for men and women.Equal pay for men and women.
ù Safety codes in the workplace.Safety codes in the workplace.
ù Prohibition of contract foreign labor.Prohibition of contract foreign labor.
ù Abolition of the National Bank.Abolition of the National Bank.
How the AF of L Would Help the
Workers
How the AF of L Would Help the
Workersù Catered to the skilled worker.Catered to the skilled worker.
ù Represented workers in matters of national Represented workers in matters of national legislation.legislation.
ù Maintained a national strike fund.Maintained a national strike fund.
ù Evangelized the cause of unionism.Evangelized the cause of unionism.
ù Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.Prevented disputes among the many craft unions.
ù Mediated disputes between management and labor.Mediated disputes between management and labor.
ù Pushed for Pushed for closed shopsclosed shops..
The American Federation
of Labor: 1886
The American Federation
of Labor: 1886
Samuel GompersSamuel Gompers
A Striker Confronts a SCAB!
A Striker Confronts a SCAB!
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
The Great Railroad Strike of 1877
Reaction of Employers
Many employers disliked and feared unions. Some took steps to stop unions, such as:• forbidding union meetings• firing union organizers• forcing new employees to sign “yellow dog” contracts,
making them promise never to join a union or participate in a strike
• refusing to bargain collectively when strikes did occur• refusing to recognize unions as their workers’
legitimate representatives
E. Activity (pp.251-253) Search for the details for these three famous strikes
The Haymarket RiotHaymarket, 1886• On May 1, groups of workers mounted a national demonstration for an eight-
hour workday.• On May 3, police broke up a fight between strikers and scabs. (A scab is a
negative term for a worker called in by an employer to replace striking laborers.)
• Union leaders called a protest rally on the evening of May 4 in Chicago’s Haymarket Square.
• A group of anarchists, radicals who oppose all government, joined the strikers.
• At the event, someone threw a bomb that killed a police officer. • The riot that followed killed dozens on both sides.• Investigators never found the bomb thrower, yet eight anarchists were tried
for conspiracy to commit murder. Four were hanged.
Chapter 13, Section 4
Haymarket Riot (1886)
Haymarket Riot (1886)
McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.McCormick Harvesting Machine Co.
Haymarket MartyrsHaymarket Martyrs
Strikes Rock the Nation
• Homestead 1892– In 1892, Andrew Carnegie’s partner, Henry Frick, tried
to cut workers’ wages at Carnegie Steel.– The union called a strike and Frick called in the
Pinkertons.– The union called off the Homestead Strike after an
anarchist tried to assassinate Frick. Even though the anarchist was not connected to the strike, the public associated his act with rising labor violence.
Chapter 13, Section 4
Governor John Peter Altgeld
Governor John Peter Altgeld
Homestead Steel Strike
(1892)
Homestead Steel Strike
(1892)
The Amalgamated The Amalgamated Association of Association of
Iron & Steel WorkersIron & Steel Workers
Homestead Steel Homestead Steel WorksWorks
Big Corporate Profits!Big Corporate Profits!
• Pullman, 1894– Eugene Debs instructed strikers not to interfere with
the nation’s mail.– Railway owners turned to the government for help.
The judge cited the Sherman Antitrust Act and won a court order forbidding all union activity that halted railroad traffic.
– Court orders against unions continued, limiting union gains for the next 30 years.
A “Compa
nyTown”:
Pullman, IL
A “Compa
nyTown”:
Pullman, IL
Pullman CarsPullman Cars
A Pullman A Pullman porterporter
The Pullman Strike of 1894
The Pullman Strike of 1894
President Grover Cleveland
President Grover Cleveland
If it takes the entire army and navy to If it takes the entire army and navy to deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card deliver a postal card in Chicago, that card
will be delivered!will be delivered!
The Pullman Strike of 1894
The Pullman Strike of 1894
Government by injunction!Government by injunction!
Bosses of the Senate
The Protectors of Our Industries
The Protectors of Our Industries