TELESCOPING THE TIMES The First World WarCHAPTER OVERVIEW After the United States enters World War I and helps todefeat Germany, President Wilson tries to fashion a lasting peace.
Summary
World War I BeginsMAIN IDEA As World War I intensified, the UnitedStates was forced to abandon its neutrality.
Four factors contributed to the outbreak ofWorld War I in Europe:
• Nationalism: tensions grew as nations pursuedonly their own interests.
• Imperialism: rivalries increased as nations jock-eyed for power around the world.
• Militarism: the nations developed strong armedforces to back up their growing empires.
• Alliances: a series of treaties grouped thenations of Europe into two armed camps.
The war broke out in 1914 when a Serb killedthe heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary. Thealliance system resulted in Russia defending Serbiaagainst Austria-Hungary. Germany supportedAustria-Hungary and then declared war on Russia’sally, France. So Great Britain, France’s ally,declared war on Germany. Armies soon opposedeach other across a system of trenches. Althoughneither side gained territory, hundreds of thou-sands of soldiers died.
The United States refused to join either side.Over time, though, stories of German atrocities andclose economic ties to Great Britain and Francemoved Americans toward the Allied camp. A block-ade prevented food and fertilizer from reachingGermany. As thousands of people starved,Germany struck back with submarine attacks onships going to Great Britain.
U.S. public opinion turned against Germanywhen some Americans died in these attacks. Still,President Wilson resisted entering the war, win-ning re-election with the slogan “He kept us out of war.” In January 1917, he suggested that thewarring powers agree to a peace. Germanyresponded that submarine attacks would resume—and sink American ships. Finally, Wilson askedCongress to declare war on Germany. It did onApril 6, 1917.
American PowerTips the Balance
MAIN IDEA The United States mobilized a large armyand navy to help the Allies achieve victory.
The United States was not prepared for war, butit launched a draft and quickly put about 3
million men in uniform. Women were not drafted,but the navy accepted women volunteers as nursesand secretaries. African Americans served in sepa-rate units; some were trained as officers.
The government took steps to increase theamount of shipping available so it could transportthe soldiers and their supplies to Europe. Alongwith Great Britain, the United States began send-ing merchant ships in large convoys guarded bynaval vessels. This change helped cut the numberof ships lost to submarine attacks.
At first, American soldiers were scatteredamong other armies, replacing men killed orwounded. General John J. Pershing insisted thatthe American army fight as a whole. Thesetroops—far fresher than the other Allied soldiers—helped throw back some major German attacks. ByOctober 1918, the Germans were weakened.
New weapons made the fighting in World War Ivery destructive. Machine guns, tanks, and gas war-fare could kill soldiers in large numbers. Fightingtook to the air, as both sides used war planes.Soldiers suffered from disease and hardship as well.While 48,000 American soldiers died in combat,another 62,000 died of disease.
In November of 1918, German sailors, soldiers,and civilians mutinied, refusing to continue thewar. The German kaiser abdicated his throne, andthe new government surrendered.
The War at HomeMAIN IDEA World War I spurred social, political, andeconomic change in the United States.
To fight the war adequately, the United Stateshad to mobilize industry and labor, as well as
the War Industries Board (WIB), the main agencyresponsible for overseeing industrial production. Ithelped boost industrial output by 20 percent. Butprices rose as well.
While some industries—metal work, shipbuild-ing, and meat packing—boomed, workers lost buy-ing power due to higher prices. Union membershipgrew dramatically. The Food Administrationencouraged people to change their eating habits tosave food for soldiers.
The government paid for the war by raisingtaxes and by selling bonds, which celebrities helpedsell. To support the war effort, the Committee ofPublic Information encouraged people to aid thecause.
The war brought an anti-German backlash thatdiscredited things German or people of Germanbackground. Congress passed the Espionage andSedition Acts to punish anyone who interfered withthe draft or the sale of war bonds or who said any-thing that could be defined as disloyal. About 1,500people were convicted under these laws. Somechief targets were socialists and union leaders.
African-American leaders were divided over thewar. Some said that helping the war effort wouldenhance the fight for equality. Others said thatwithout equality, blacks should not help. The maineffect of the war on African Americans was to spurthe Great Migration—the movement of thousandsof blacks from the South to the cities of the North.They tried to escape harsh treatment in the Southand hoped to find jobs and equality in the North.
Women played new roles, taking jobs that hadbeen held only by men in the past. Their contribu-tion helped increase support for woman suffrageand ensured ratification, in 1920, of the NineteenthAmendment giving women the right to vote. About500,000 Americans died in a worldwide flu epidem-ic of 1919.
Wilson Fights for PeaceMAIN IDEA European leaders opposed most of Wilson'speace plan, and the U.S. Senate failed to ratify the peacetreaty.
President Wilson traveled to Europe to push fora peace plan—called the Fourteen Points—
that he hoped would prevent future wars. Hehoped to remove the causes of war by eliminatingsecret treaties and reducing imperialism. Other
points aimed at specific adjustments to boundaries.Underlying these points was Wilson’s goal of allow-ing ethnic groups to determine their own fate.Finally, Wilson proposed creating an internationalorganization called the League of Nations to givenations a chance to discuss and settle their disputeswithout resorting to war.
Wilson lost almost all of his points: GreatBritain, France, and Italy—the victors—weredetermined to punish Germany for the war. TheTreaty of Versailles, which established the peace,created nine new nations in Europe. It carved outparts of the Ottoman Empire—which had alliedwith Germany—to create temporary colonies forGreat Britain and France in the Middle East. Ittook away Germany’s army and navy and forcedGermany to pay war damages, or reparations, tothe victors. In one provision, Germany had toadmit to guilt for causing the war.
The treaty had three weaknesses. One was theharsh treatment of Germany, which weakened thatnation’s economy and aroused resentment there.Second, the treaty ignored the new Communistgovernment in Russia. Third, it did nothing to rec-ognize nationalist desires in the colonies ofEuropean powers.
Many Americans opposed the treaty, which theybelieved was unjust and imperfect. The maindebate was over the League of Nations—the onlyof Wilson’s Fourteen Points contained in the treaty.Many people believed that joining the Leaguewould involve the United States in foreign conflicts.Wilson refused to compromise on the League oraccept amendments to the treaty proposed byRepublican leaders. The Senate failed to ratify thetreaty, and the United States never entered theLeague of Nations.
In Europe, the war created political instabilityand violence that lasted for decades. The unre-solved issues or World War I, along with manyGermans’ desire for vengeance, would plunge theworld into an even greater conflict.
Review1. What factors led to war in Europe?2. What led the United States into World War I?3. How did the war change American society?4. What was contained in the Treaty of Versailles
Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________
CHAPTER 19 Section 1 (pages 578–586)
BEFORE YOU READIn the last section, you learned how Presidents Rooseveltand Wilson used American power around the world.
In this section, you will read how war broke out in Europewhile the United States tried to remain neutral.
AS YOU READUse this diagram to take notes. Fill it in with events thatspeeded up or slowed down the entrance of the UnitedStates into the war. The notes will help you remember thebeginnings of World War I.
THE U .S . ENTRANCE INTO WORLD WAR I
What Speeded It Up? What Slowed It Down?
Many Americans sympathized with the Allies
TERMS AND NAMESnationalism A devotion to theinterests and culture of one’s nationmilitarism Building up armed forces toprepare for warAllies One side in World War I: GreatBritain, France, and Russia, later joinedby the U.S.Central Powers One side in WorldWar I: Germany, Austria-Hungary, andthe Ottoman EmpireArchduke Franz Ferdinand Young heirwhose assassination triggered the warno man’s land The space betweenarmies fighting each othertrench warfare Fighting betweenfortified ditchesLusitania British passenger shipattacked and sunk by GermansZimmermann note Messageproposing an alliance betweenGermany and Mexico
World War I Begins
Causes of World War I(pages 578–580)
What conditions led to war?Four main factors led to the outbreak of WorldWar I in Europe. The first was nationalism—thebelief that the interests of a single country weremore important than cooperation among countries.This led to competition.
The second cause was imperialism. Countriestried to increase the power and influence aroundthe world. This led to conflicts among them.
The third main cause was militarism. Militarismmeant building up armies, navies, and other armed
forces. It also meant using them as a tool for negoti-ating with other countries.
The fourth cause was the alliance system.Some countries in Europe had made treatiespromising to defend each other. These mutual-defense treaties placed European countries in twomain groups. The Allies were made up of France,Great Britain, and Russia. The Central Powerswere made up of Germany, Austria-Hungary, andthe Ottoman Empire.
What sparked the war?In 1914, Archduke Franz Ferdinand was assassi-nated. He had been the heir to the throne ofAustria-Hungary. His killer was a Serb who wantedto unite all Serbs (including those in Austria-Hungary) under one government. This touched offan action to punish Serbia.
The alliance system pulled one nation afteranother into the conflict. If a nation had sworn toprotect another, it had to declare war on thatnation’s enemies. Germany and Austria-Hungarywere facing France, Great Britain, and Russia.
2. Why did the assassination lead to fighting?
The Fighting Starts (pages 580–582)
Where did the fighting begin?Germany began by invading Belgium. It planned tooverrun France and then to attack Russia. TheBritish and French could not save Belgium. Theydid, however, manage to stop Germany’s advance.
By the spring of 1915, two lines of deep trench-es had developed in France. Germans occupied oneline. The Allies occupied the other line. Betweenthe two lines lay “no man’s land.” The soldierswould climb out of their trenches and try to overrunenemy lines. They did this while facing machine-gun fire and poison gas.
This bloody trench warfare continued for morethan three years. Neither side gained territory, butmore than one million soldiers died.
3. Why did the fighting take place in France?
Americans Question Neutrality(page 583)
How did Americans feel?In the United States, public opinion about the warwas strong but divided. Socialists saw the war as animperialist struggle between German and Englishbusinessmen. Pacifists believed that all wars werebad. They urged the United States to set an example
for peace. Many other Americans simply did notwant to send their sons to war.
Many naturalized U.S. citizens still had ties to thecountries they came from. Many immigrants fromGermany, for example, sympathized with Germany.
Americans tended to sympathize with GreatBritain and France. They shared a common lan-guage and heritage with Britain. They were horri-fied at Germany’s brutal attack on Belgium. Andthey had strong economic ties with the Allies.
4. What were three things that influenced Americans’feelings about the war?
The War Hits Home (pages 584–585)
How did the war affect Americans?The war affected American shipping. Great Britainset up a blockade along the German coast to keepgoods from getting through. American ships wouldnot challenge Britain’s blockade. German U-boatsattacked ships from all nations. A U-boat sank theBritish ship Lusitania, killing more than a thousandpeople, including 128 Americans.
5. In what ways did the war affect American citizens?
The United States Declares War(pages 585–586)
Why did the U.S. join the war?Three incidents brought the United States into thewar. First, in January 1917, Germany announced itwould sink all ships in British waters on sight whetherthey were hostile or neutral. Second, British agentsintercepted the Zimmermann note, a telegram thatproposed an alliance between Germany and Mexicoagainst the United States. Third, the replacement ofthe Russian monarchy with a representative govern-ment allowed American to characterize the war as astruggle of democracies against brutal monarchies.On April 6, 1917, at President Wilson’s request,Congress declared war on Germany.
6. What are the three incidents that led the UnitedStates to declare war?
Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________
CHAPTER 19 Section 2 (pages 587–593)
BEFORE YOU READIn the last section, you learned how the United States wasdrawn into the war.
In this section, you will read how Americans prepared tofight and how they helped the Allies win.
AS YOU READUse this web diagram to take notes. Fill it in with problemsthe United States faced as it entered the war.
American Power Tips the Balance
America Mobilizes (pages 587–589)
How did the U.S. prepare for war?The United States first needed to build up its armedforces. When war was declared, only about 200,000men were in service. To solve this problem, Congresspassed the Selective Service Act. It required mento register with the government so that some of themcould be selected for military service. This process—called the draft—put about 3 million men in uni-form.
Many African Americans served in the military.They were placed in separate units, but some blackswere trained as officers. Blacks were among the firstto receive the French honor of the Croix de Guerre.
Women were not drafted. The army would not letthem join. But the navy accepted women in noncom-bat positions. Woman served as nurses, secretaries,and telephone operators.
The U.S. built ships to transport men and sup-plies to Europe. Shipyard workers were exemptedfrom the draft and the importance of their work waspublicized. Prefabrication techniques were used tospeed the production of ships.
1. How did the United States build up its armed forces?
Not enough soldiers
Problems Facedby U.S.
TERMS AND NAMESSelective Service Act Law requiringmen to register for military serviceconvoy system Having merchantships travel in groups protected bywarshipsAmerican Expeditionary Force Thename given to the American militaryforce that fought in World War IGeneral John J. Pershing Thecommander of the AmericanExpeditionary forceEddie Rickenbacker FamousAmerican fighter pilotAlvin York American war heroconscientious objector A personwho believes fighting is wrong andtherefore does not want to serve inthe militaryarmistice Truce agreement
How did the United States help?To reduce the loss of ships to German submarine
attacks, the United States and Britain began to usethe convoy system. In this system, merchant shipstraveled in a large group guarded by naval vessels.
American soldiers helped turn the tide of battlein Europe. The Allies had absorbed many casualtiesand were running out of men. Thousands of freshAmerican soldiers were eager for battle.
2. How did the United States help the Allies?
Fighting “Over There” (pages 590–591)
What new weapons were used?The American Expeditionary Force was led byGeneral John J. Pershing. American infantrymenwere called doughboys because of the white beltsthey wore and cleaned with pipe clay, or “dough.”
New weapons played a decisive role in the war.The two most innovative weapons were the tankand the airplane. Air warfare developed rapidlyduring the war. Pilots went from shooting at eachother with pistols to using mounted machine guns.Eddie Rickenbacker was an American ace pilot.He fought in 34 air battles and shot down 26 enemyplanes.
3. Name two new weapons used in the war.
The War Introduces New Hazards(page 591)
What made World War I hard forsoldiers?New weapons and tactics made World War I verydestructive. Soldiers faced miserable conditions,including filth, trench foot, trench mouth, “shellshock” from constant bombardment, vermin, poi-son gas, and disease.
4. What hardships did soldiers face in World War I?
American Troops Go on theOffensive (pages 592–593)
How did American troops helpend the war?American soldiers arrived in Europe just in time tostop a German advance on Paris. One soldier fromTennessee, Alvin York, became a war hero for hisactions in battle. At the start, York had been a conscientious objector (a person who opposes waron moral grounds), but he then agreed to fight. Forhis actions in battle he was promoted to sergeant andbecame a celebrity when he returned to the U.S.
Germany, exhausted from the war, finallyagreed to an armistice on November 11, 1918.The war took a bloody toll, killing more than 22million and causing untold suffering.
5. How did American troops help end the war?
SkillbuilderUse the chart to answer these questions.
1. Which nation suffered the most casualties?
2. How does the chart reflect America’s late entry into the war?
Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________
CHAPTER 19 Section 3 (pages 594–601)
BEFORE YOU READIn the last section, you learned how the United Statesfought in World War I.
In this section, you will read about how the war changedAmerican society at home.
AS YOU READUse this diagram to take notes. Fill it in with ways in whichAmericans at home supported the war effort.
GROUP OR INDIV IDUAL CONTR IBUT IONS TO THE WAR EFFOR T
War Industries Board
TERMS AND NAMESWar Industries Board Agency toimprove efficiency in war-relatedindustriesBernard M. Baruch Leader of theWar Industries Boardpropaganda A kind of biasedcommunication designed to influencepeople’s thoughts and actions George Creel Head of the Committeeon Public Information (CPI), thegovernment’s propaganda agencyEspionage and Sedition Acts Lawsthat enacted harsh penalties againstanyone opposing U.S. participation inWorld War IGreat Migration Movement of manyAfrican Americans to northern citiesfrom the South in the early 1900s
The War at Home
Congress Gives Power to Wilson(pages 594–596)
How did business andgovernment work together?To fight the war, the United States needed the helpof industry. The economy had to change from mak-ing consumer goods to making weapons and warsupplies. Congress gave President Wilson directcontrol over much of the economy. He had thepower to fix prices and to regulate war-relatedindustries.
Wilson created the War Industries Board(WIB) and named Bernard M. Baruch to run it.This agency helped boost industrial production by20 percent. Other federal agencies also regulatedthe economy for the war effort. The RailroadAdministration controlled the nation’s railroads.
The Fuel Administration watched over the use ofcoal, gasoline, and heating oil.
Wages in some industries went up. But workersin other jobs lost money because of inflation. As aresult, many workers joined unions. Wilson estab-lished the National War Labor Board. This agencyworked to settle disputes between management andlabor. It also helped to improve working conditions.
Another new agency, the Food Administration,was established to help produce and conserve foodsupplies. It encouraged people to grow their ownfood. It taught them to eat differently. Americanswere able to send more food to the Allies.
How did the government win over public opinion?The government needed to raise money for thewar. They did this by increasing several kinds oftaxes and by selling war bonds. Thousands of vol-unteers sold the bonds. Famous people spoke atrallies to promote the sales. Newspapers and bill-boards carried advertisements free of charge.
To popularize the war, the government createdthe Committee on Public Information (CPI). It wasthe nation’s first propaganda agency. The agencywas headed by George Creel. He had been amuckraking journalist. He used artists and advertis-ing people to create thousands of posters, paint-ings, and cartoons to promote the war. He distrib-uted pamphlets in many languages.
2. How did the U.S. government pay for the war?
Attacks on Civil LibertiesIncrease (pages 597–598)
How did the war affect civil liberties?The war brought out anti-immigrant feelings.Immigrants from Germany were often targeted forattack. Americans with German-sounding names losttheir jobs. Orchestras refused to play German music.Some towns with German names changed them.
Congress passed the Espionage and SeditionActs to punish people who did not support the wareffort. People could not interfere with the draft orobstruct the sale of war bonds. They could not evenspeak against the war effort.
These laws violated the spirit of the FirstAmendment, which guarantees freedom of speech.The law led to 6,000 arrests and 1,500 convictionsfor antiwar activities.
The chief targets of the Espionage and SeditionActs were socialists and union leaders. Labor leaderEugene V. Debs was jailed for making a speechabout the economic causes of the war. The
Industrial Workers of the World urged workers tostrike. This was considered an antiwar activity, andthey received jail sentences.
3. How did the Espionage and Sedition Acts contradictthe First Amendment?
The War Encourages SocialChange (pages 598–601)
How did the war affect women and African Americans?The war brought many social changes for AfricanAmericans and women.
African-American leaders were divided over thewar. W. E. B. Du Bois believed that helping the wareffort would help the fight for equality. Othersbelieved that blacks should not help a governmentthat did not support equality for everyone.
The war sped up the Great Migration. Thiswas the movement of thousands of AfricanAmericans from the South to cities of the North.They wanted to escape racial discrimination. Theyalso wanted to find jobs in Northern industries.
American women played new roles during thewar. They did jobs that had previously been doneonly by men. They worked as truck drivers, cooks,dockworkers, and builders. Women volunteered inthe Red Cross and sold war bonds.
Women’s activities made them more visible.They were not paid the same as men. But, soonafter the war, Congress finally passed an amend-ment giving them the right to vote.
Also during the war, a worldwide flu epidemic,probably spread by American soldiers, killed500,000 Americans and caused disruptions in theAmerican economy.
Name ______________________________________________________________ Date ______________________
CHAPTER 19 Section 4 (pages 604–609)
BEFORE YOU READIn the last section, you learned how the war in Europechanged life at home.
In this section, you will read about the treaty that endedthe war and Wilson’s proposal for a League of Nations.
AS YOU READUse this diagram to take notes. Fill it in with details aboutthe Treaty of Versailles. The notes will help you rememberthe consequences of World War I.
TREATY OF VERSAILLES
Provisions Weaknesses
Established 9 new nations
TERMS AND NAMESFourteen Points Wilson’s plan forworld peace following World War ILeague of Nations An internationalpeace-keeping organization proposedby Wilson and founded in 1920Georges Clemenceau French premierDavid Lloyd George British primeministerTreaty of Versailles The 1919 treatythat ended World War Ireparations Payments made bydefeated countries after a warwar-guilt clause Part of the Treaty ofVersailles in which Germany tookresponsibility for the warHenry Cabot Lodge Conservativesenator who wanted to keep theUnited States out of the League ofNations
Wilson Fights for Peace
Wilson Presents His Plan (pages 604–605)
What were Wilson’s peace plans?President Wilson presented his plan for worldpeace to Congress in January 1918. The plan wascalled his Fourteen Points.
The first five points suggested ways that warscould be avoided. They stated that (1) countriesshould not make secret treaties with one another, (2)freedom of the seas should be maintained, (3) tariffsshould be lowered to promote free trade, (4) coun-tries should reduce their arms, and (5) the interestsof the colonial people should be considered.
The next eight points suggested new nationalboundaries. Wilson believed in self-determination:different ethnic groups should be able to decide for
themselves what nation they would belong to.The fourteenth point called for a League of
Nations. This international organization wouldaddress problems between countries before theyled to war.
Wilson met with leaders of France and GreatBritain, George Clemenceau and David LloydGeorge, to discuss the terms of peace. These lead-ers had won the war, and they wanted to punishGermany. Wilson had to give up most of hisFourteen Points. The one he insisted on was theLeague of Nations.
1. What did Wilson’s first first five points address?
What did the treaty say?On June 28, 1919, the leaders of the Allies and theCentral Powers met at the Palace of Versailles inFrance. They were to sign the Treaty of Versailles.
The treaty created new national boundaries by(1) establishing nine new nations, includingPoland, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia; (2) shift-ing the boundaries of other nations; and (3) carvingout parts of the Ottoman Empire to create coloniesin the Middle East for Great Britain and France.
The treaty took away Germany’s army and navy.It forced Germany to pay reparations, or wardamages, to the winners. In addition, the treatycontained a war-guilt clause. Germany had toadmit that it was responsible for causing the war.
The Treaty of Versailles had three basic weak-nesses. The first was its harsh treatment ofGermany. Germany was humiliated. Germany wasnot the only country that had also been militaristic,yet Germany alone was punished. And, Germanywould not be able to pay the huge reparations.
The second weakness was that the Soviet Union(formerly Russia) lost more territory than Germanydid. Russia had been one of the Allies, and had suf-fered more casualties than any other country. TheSoviet Union was determined to get its territoriesback.
The third weakness concerned colonies. Thetreaty did not recognize the claims of colonies forself-determination, in Southeast Asia, for instance.
Wilson brought the treaty back to the UnitedStates for approval. He found several groupsopposed it. Some thought the treaty too harsh.Others thought it favored the imperialists. Someethnic groups objected to the treaty because of theway it treated their homelands.
The main opposition to the treaty was over theLeague of Nations. The League was the only one ofWilson’s Fourteen Points that was included in thetreaty. Conservative senators, headed by HenryCabot Lodge, opposed joining the League. Theydid not like the idea of working with other coun-tries to take economic and military action againstaggression. They wanted the treaty to include theconstitutional right of Congress to declare war.
Wilson refused to compromise on the League.He would not accept amendments proposed byRepublican leaders. As a result, the Senate failed toratify the treaty. The United States never enteredthe League of Nations. It finally signed a separatetreaty with Germany in 1921, when Wilson was nolonger president.
2. Name the three weaknesses of the treaty.
The Legacy of the War (page 609)
What was the legacy of the war?The end of the war made Americans yearn for whatWarren G. Harding called “normalcy.” But the warhad transformed the United States and the world.World War I had strengthened both U.S militarypower and the power of government. It accelerat-ed change for African Americans and women.However, the propaganda campaign left a legacy ofmistrust and fear.
In Europe, the war left a legacy of massivedestruction, loss of life, political instability, and vio-lence. Communists ruled in Russia and soon afterthe war fascist organizations seized power in Italy.
Americans hoped that the war had convincedthe world to never fight again. But in Europe thewar settled nothing. In Germany, Adolf Hitlerexploited Germans’ discontent with the Treaty ofVersailles and threatened to fight again. Hitler wastrue to his predictions; America did have to fightagain years later in a second world war.
3. What were the long-term results of the war?
blockade The blocking of a harboror shipping lanes by hostile shipscasualties People killed orwoundedcelebrity Famous personconsumer goods Things made forhousehold useepidemic A widespread outbreak ofan infectious diseaseexempted Allowed to avoid servingin the armed forces
heir Person who is next in line toreceive a titleinflation A sustained rise in theaverage level of pricesinnovative Introducing somethingnew and differentintercepted Stopped before it wasdeliverednaturalized Naturalized citizens arethose who come to a country fromsomewhere else and become
citizens—as compared with peoplewho are citizens of a countrybecause they are born therenoncombat Not fightingobstruct Get in the way ofpacifist Someone who opposes warand violenceprefabrication Some assembly inadvance, making for easier finalassembly
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