3
Two gases can coexist indefinitely at 25℃.
To be useful, reactions must occur at a reasonable rate.
p527
2H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2 HCl(g)
2H2(g) + O2(g) → 2H2O(l)
N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
The area of chemistry that concerns reaction rates is
called chemical kinetics.
One of the main goals of chemical kinetics is to
understand the steps by which a reaction rakes place.
4
12-1 Reaction Ratesp527
2NO2(g) → 2NO(g) + O2(g)
Change in concentration (conc.) of a reactant
or product per unit time.
Rate =conc. of A at time conc. of Aat time2 1
2 1
t t
t t
--
At
6
Calculate the average rate at which the concentration
of NO2 changes over the first 50 seconds of the
reaction using the data given in Table 12.1.
p530
23
P537Ex 12.1 Determining a Rate Law
The reaction between bromate ions and bromide ions
in acidic aqueous solution is given by the equation
Table 12.5 gives the results from four experiments.
Using these data, determine the orders for all three
reactant, the overall reaction order, and the value of
the rate constant.
)(OH3)(Br3)(H6)(Br5BrO 223 llaqaqaq
30
P539Ex 12.2 First-Order Rate Laws IThe decomposition of N2O5 in the gas phase was
studied at constant temperature.)()(4)(2 2252 gOgNOgON
Using these data, very that the rate law is first order in[N2O5], and calculate the value of the rate constant, wherethe rate = -Δ[N2O5]/Δt.
32
P540
Ex 12.3 First-Order Rate Laws IIUsing the data giving in Sample Exercise 12.2. calculate
[N2O5] at 150 s after the start of the reaction.Solution:
36
P542Ex 12.4 Half-Life for First-Order ReactionA certain first-order reaction has a half-life of 20.0
minutes.
a. Calculate the rate constant for this reaction.
b. How much time is required for this reaction to be75% complete?
Solution
40
Ex 12.5 Determining Rate Laws P544
Butsdiene reacts to form its dimer according to theequation )()(2 12864 gHCgHC
The following data were collected for thisreaction at a given temperature:
a. Is this reaction first order or secondorder?
b. What is the value of the rate constantfor the reaction?
c. What is the half-life for the reactionunder the conditions of thisexperiment?
41
Solution
a. The data necessary to make these plots are as follows:
b. For a second-order reactions, a plot of 1/[C4H6]versus t produces a straight line of slope k.
p544
52
p548Table 12.6 Summary of the kinetic for reactions of the typeaA → products that are zero, fist, or second order in [A]
53
12-6 Reactions Mechanisms p549
Gaseous NO3 is an intermediate, a species that isneither a reactant nor a product but that is formed andconsumed during the reaction sequence.
54
A Molecular Representation of the
Elementary Steps in the Reaction of NO2
and CO
p549
Figure 12.9
)(2)()(2 222 gFNOgFgNO
FFNOFNO K 2221
P551Ex 12.6 Reaction MechanismsThe balanced equation for the reaction of the gases nitrogendioxide and fluorine is
The experimentally determined rate law is
Rate = k [NO2][F2]
A suggested mechanism for this reaction is
Is this an acceptable mechanism. That is, does it satisfy thetwo requirements?
FNONOF K22
2
59
Solution:
The second requirement is that the mechanism must agreewith the experimentally determined rate law. Since theproposed mechanism states that first rate determining, theoverall reaction rate must be that of the first step. The firststep is bimolecular, so the rate law is
Rate = k1 [NO2] [F2]
p551
Change in Potential Energy
Figure 12.11
(a) The change in potential energy as function of a reaction progressfor the reaction 2BrNO → 2NO + Br2. The activation energy E1represents the energy needed to disrupt the BrNO molecules so thatthey can form products. The quantity △E represents the net changeun energy in going from reactant to products. (b) A molecularrepresentation of the reaction.
p553Transition state
66
P555Ex 12.7 Determining Activation Energy I
)()(4)(2 2222 gOgNOgON
The reaction was studied
at several temperatures,
and the following values
of k were obtained :
Calculate the value ofEa for this reaction. Figure 12.14
Solution
To obtain the value of Ea, we need to construct a plot of In(k )versus 1/T. First we must calculate values of In(k ) and 1/T, asbelow:
p556
68
Ex 12.8 Determining Activation Energy II
sL/mole
P557
The gas-phase reaction between methane and diatomic
sulfur is given by the equation
At 550 ℃ the rate constant for this reaction is 1.1 .
Using these values, calculate Ea for this reaction.
)(SH2)(CS)(S2)(CH 2224 gggg
Effect of a Catalyst on the Numberof Reaction-Producing Collisions
p558
Figure 12.16 Effect of a catalyst on the number of a reaction-
producing collisions. Because a catalyst provides a reaction pathway
with a lower activation energy, a much greater fraction of the collisions
is effective for the catalyzed pathway (b) than for the uncatalyzed
pathway (a) (at a given temperature). This allows reactants to become
products at a much higher rate, even through there is no temperature.
Chlorine atoms can catalyze thedecomposition of ozoneFreon-12(CCl2F2) is used as refrigerants and propellants in aerosol
cans. The chemical inertness of Freons makes them valuable but
also creates a problem, since they remain in the environment a
long time. Eventually, they migrate into the upper atmosphere to
be decomposed by high-energy light. Among the decomposition
products are chlorine atoms:
p561