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What is the Terminology ???

• Basic Medical language

• Explain body parts

• Pathological conditions

• Diagnostic techniques

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CHAPTER 1

• Word

• Building Rules

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Word Building Rules

Learning rules for combining word parts

First we learn abo

ut the basic parts of medical term)

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• Basic foundation of a word– Component parts are added to change

meaning

• Example word: cardiologist– cardi (word root) = heart– Words with cardi will always refer to the

heart

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• Vowel is called a combining vowel– Usually an o – occasionally an i– Combining vowels join word parts

appropriately

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• When using more than one word root – as in compound word

• i.e. 1.HEPAT-O-2.CYTES

– Combining vowel is needed to separate the different word roots

– Usually done whether or not second or third word root begins with a vowel

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Combining Vowels: Rule

if the second word root begin with vowel...???• Example word: myoelectric

– Breakdown of word: my/o/electr/ic

• Note: root + vowel = combining form– my + o = my/o/electric even second root begin with vowel.

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if the second word root begin with consonant...???

– Breakdown of word: HEPAT/O/CYTES– Root = HEPAT– Combining vowel = o– Root = CYT– Suffix = ES– Here again to separate two root we use vowel

even here second root begin with the consonant.

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Combining Vowels: Rule

• A word cannot end in a combining form to complete term should add suffix.

–Drop the combining vowel

–Add a suffix

–Makes the word a noun or an adjective

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• Example word: megalocardia– Breakdown of word: megal/o/card/ia– Root = megal– Combining vowel = o– Root = card– Suffix = ia

• Note: Word cannot be megal/o/card/o– Must drop combining vowel o– Must add ending

Combining Vowels: Rule

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Suffix

• Attaches to the end of the word root– Makes a word a noun or an adjective

• Meaning of suffix remains the same– Suffix changes meaning of root to which it is

attached

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Suffix: Rule

• If suffix begins with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u,)– Root will attach directly to it

HEPAT/ITIS itis begin with i no need of vowel.

• If suffix begins with a consonant– Root will need a combining vowel before

attaching to the suffix

CARDI/O/CYTES here cytes is begin with c need of vowel.

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Suffix: Rule

• Example word: cardiogram– Breakdown of word: cardi/o/gram– Root = cardi– Combining vowel = o– Suffix = gram

• Note: Suffix begins with a consonantCombining vowel is needed

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Suffix: Rule

• Example word: cardialgia– Breakdown of word: cardi/algia– Root = cardi– Suffix = algia

• Note: Suffix begins with a vowel– Combining vowel is not needed

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Prefix

• Attaches to the beginning of a word

• Meaning of prefix always remains the same– Prefix changes meaning of root to which it is

attached– Not all words have prefixes

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Prefix: Rule

• Example word: endocardium– Breakdown of word: endo/cardi/um– Prefix = endo– Root = cardi– Suffix = um

• Prefix attaches directly to beginning of word – Note: Combining vowel is not needed

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Word Structure

• Review – Prefix is placed at beginning of word– Suffix is placed at end of word root– Combining forms are used when word has

more than one word root = compound word

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• Review – Compound words are usually composed in

the following order:– Combining form + word root + suffix– Example:

– (Combining form) + word root + suffix

Word Structure

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• Review • Defining a medical term:

– Define suffix first– Read from right to left and define each word

element

• Example: carditis– Suffix = itis = inflammation– Word root = card = heart– Definition = inflammation of the heart

Word Structure

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• Review

• Medical words with prefixes– Define suffix first, prefix second, word roots

last

Word Structure

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• Example: intracardiac– Suffix = ac = pertaining to– Prefix = intra = within– Word root = cardi = heart– Definition = pertaining to within the heart

Word Structure

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• Review

• When medical words identify body systems or parts– Define suffix first, body organs in order they

are studied in body system

Word Structure

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• Example: cardiopulmonary– Suffix = ary = pertaining to– Body organ = cardi = heart– Body organ = pulmon = lungs– Definition = pertaining to the heart and the

lungs

Word Structure

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Pronunciation Guidelines

• Pronunciation of medical word

• May be exactly like it sounds– Example: febrile = ‘f’ sound, begins with

‘f’

• May begin with a letter, or letters that produces the same phonetic sound

– Example: physiology = ‘f’ sound, begins with ‘ph’

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Pronunciation Guidelines

• If it sounds like ‘f’– Look for ‘f’ = febrile– Look for ‘ph’ = physiology

• If it sounds like ‘j’– Look for ‘j’ = jejunum– Look for ‘ge’ = genesis– Look for ‘gi’ = gingivitis– Look for ‘gy’ = gyrus

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• If it sounds like ‘k’– Look for ‘k’ = kyphosis (backward curvature

of supine)– Look for ‘c’ = cornea ( part of eye) – Look for ‘ch’ = chorion( fetal covering layer)– Look for ‘qu’ = quadruplet( represent four)

• If it sounds like ‘n’– Look for ‘n’ = neonatal(baby of 28 day)– Look for ‘pn’ = pneumonia( lung infection)– Look for ‘kn’ = knee

Pronunciation Guidelines

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• If it sounds like ‘s’– Look for ‘s’ = sarcoma( connective tissue c

ancer)– Look for ‘c’ = cervix( reproductive part)– Look for ‘ps’ = psychology

• If it sounds like ‘sk’– Look for ‘sk’ = skeleton– Look for ‘sc’ = sclera– Look for ‘sch’ = schizophrenia( psychosis)

Pronunciation Guidelines

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• If it sounds like ‘z’– Look for ‘z’ = zygomatic( cheek bone)– Look for ‘x’ = xanthoma( fat deposition)

Pronunciation Guidelines

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Additional Pronunciation Rules

• Words that begin with ‘c’– If followed by ‘e’, ‘i’, or ‘y’– Pronounced as soft ‘c’ – Has ‘j’ sound

• Examples– ‘ce’ = cervix– ‘ci’ = circumduction( removal of foreskin of pe

nis)– ‘cy’ = cyst( thick wall fluid filled )

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Additional Pronunciation Rules

• Words that begin with ‘c’– If followed by ‘a’, ‘o’, ‘u’, or consonant– Pronounced as hard ‘c’– Has a ‘k’ sound• Examples– ‘ca’ = cancer– ‘co’ = collagen( fibrous protien)– ‘cu’ = cuticle (thin covering)– ‘ch’ = cheiloplasty (Lip Surgery)

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Additional Pronunciation Rules

• Word roots that end in ‘g’– If followed by ‘e’ or ‘i’ – Pronounced as soft ‘g’– Sounds like ‘j’

• Examples– Laryng / ectomy – Pharyng / itis

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Additional Pronunciation Rules

• Word roots that end in ‘g’– If followed by ‘a’, ‘o’, or consonant– Pronounced as hard ‘g’– Has ‘guh’ sound

• Examples– Laryng / algia– Mening / ocele– Glossal

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Possessive Forms

• Some diseases are named after individuals– Pronounced and written in possessive forms

• Eponym (EP-oh-nim)– Name for a disease, organ, procedure, or

body function– Derived from the name of a person

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