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Chapter 6: Deviance and
Social Control:
Sickos, Perverts, Freaks, and
People like UsSoc 100 Dr. Santos
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Introduction
Deviance-the violation of social norms
Stigma-the disapproval attached to
disobeying the expected norms
Crime-the forms of deviance in whichformal penalties are imposed by the
society
We are all deviant at some time or anotherand in some places
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What is deviance?
Deviance is a violation of ever-changingsocial norms
Deviance is culturally dependent andhistorically located, exists always in
juxtaposition with some normality
Deviance is socially constructed even though
some of it might be characterized as animmoral absolute
Deviance is overlooked in some situations
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Who/what is defined as
deviant? Both acts and individuals (and even entire
groups) can be defined as deviant: Condemnthe sin, love the sinner, aliens, misfits. etc.
Low status persons (e.g. ethnic minorities, poorpeople) are more likely to be perceived asdeviant, their goodbehavior explained away
Higher status persons (e.g. priests, doctors) areless likely to be defined as deviant, their badbehavior explained away
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Structural-functionalist
viewpoint Deviance serves vital functionsfor society
Sets examples of unacceptable behavior
Provides guidelines for (opposite) behavior that isnecessary to maintain social order
Bonds people together through their commonrejection of deviant behavior
Provides jobs for those who deal with deviants
Can signal problems in a society that needaddressed (stimulate positive change)
Opens societies to new and creative paths ofthinking
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Misconceptions about
deviance Some acts are inherently deviant
Those who deviate are socially
identified and recognized Deviants purposely and knowingly
break the law
Deviance occurs because there is adishonest, selfish element to humannature
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Micro-level explanations
of deviance Social control theory - our bonds with
society encourage us to conform; with
fewer bonds, we are more likely to bedeviant
Rational choice theory - the decision to
be deviant depends upon acost/benefit analysis of sanctions
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Differential association theory -conformity or deviance is learned from
those we spend time with Labeling theory - behavior is not
intrinsically deviant, but becomes
deviant because it is labeled as such Members of a society define (label) whatis deviant and impose sanctions for thatbehavior
Individuals who engage in primarydeviance are not labeled, but those whoengage in secondary deviance are
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Labeling theory, cont.
Being labeled can reinforce deviant behavior by: Increasing alienation Forcing increased interaction with deviant peers
Motivating juvenile delinquents to positively value andidentify with the deviant status
Deviance becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy Those with less power in society are more likely
to be labeled as deviants
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Meso and macro-level
explanations of deviance Structural-functionalist theories
Anomie - the breakdown of the norms
guiding behavior leads to socialdisorganization
Strain theory - those with fewer resourcesare less able to achieve societally sharedgoals and may resort to deviant behaviorsto achieve their desired goals
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Mertons ways of adapting to strain
Conformity - embracing the society's definition of
success and adhering to the established andapproved means of achieving success Innovation - use of illicit means to reach
approved goals Ritualism - strict adherence to
culturally- prescribed rules, even thoughindividuals give up on the goals they hoped toachieve
Retreatism - giving up on both the goals and themeans
Rebellion - rejecting the socially approved ideasof "success" and the means of attaining thatsuccess, but replaces those with alternativedefinitions of success and alternative strategiesfor attaining the new goals
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Feminist theory - abuses suffered bywomen are rooted in the patriarchal,
capitalist system The causes include the gendered division
of labor, the separation of spheres, and
the socialization of children Cultural attitudes toward crime against
women differ based on the status ofwomen in that society
Women are less often in a position tocommit crimes and often commit crimesthat are different from mens
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Crime and individuals:
macro-level analysis Laws reflect the current opinion of
what is right or wrong
Consensus crimes - members of asociety are in general agreementabout the serious of the deviant act
Conflict crimes - one group passes alaw over which there is disagreementor which disadvantages another group
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Types of crime
Predatory or street crime
Victimless or public order crimes
Hate crimes
Organized crime
Occupational or white collar crime State organized crimes
Global crimes
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Types of white-collar
crimes Crimes against the company
Crimes against employees (e.g., the
neglect of worker safety) Crimes against customers
Crimes against the public
White-collar crimes are less publicized,but ultimately more costly and moredeadly than violent predatory crimes
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Ways of measuring crime
Uniform crime reports
Self-reported surveys
Victimization surveys
Triangulation is best!
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World systems
perspective The cause of deviance lies in the global
economy, inequalities between countries,
and competition between countries forresources and wealth
Capitalism has caused inequality to risebetween core and periphery nations
Periphery nations may resort tounconventional means to meet their goals
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Dealing with crime
Structural-functionalist- the justicesystem is important for maintaining
order in society Conflict- the criminal justice system
presents crime as a threat from poor
people and minorities anddisproportionately arrests andsentences them
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Prisons and jails
Total institution- completely controls theprisoners lives and regulates all of theiractivities
Degradation- mark the inmate as deviant
Mortification-break down the individualsoriginal self as the inmate experiencesresocialization
Incarceration rates have increased Get tough on crime War on drugs
Preventative policies
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The functions of prisons
Revenge or retribution
Removing dangerous individuals from
society
Deterrence
Despite these, nearly 75% of male
prisoners will re-offend (highrecidivism)
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The rise of the Prison-Industrial Complex in the USA > 1980
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Alternatives to prison Social capital - rebuild social networks,
shared norms, values, and understandingthat facilitate cooperation within or amonggroups and access to important resources
Shock probation - releasing a first timeoffender early in the hope that the shockof prison life would deter them
Day treatment or half-way houses
Restitution - The offender renders moneyor service to the victim or communityunder supervised parole to compensatethe victim