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Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS: STATICS Tenth Edition in SI Units Ferdinand P. Beer E. Russell Johnston, Jr. David F. Mazurek CHAPTER © 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 8 Friction
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Page 1: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

VECTOR MECHANICS FOR ENGINEERS:

STATICS

Tenth Edition in SI Units

Ferdinand P. Beer

E. Russell Johnston, Jr.

David F. Mazurek

CHAPTER

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

8 Friction

Page 2: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

© 2013 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

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Contents

8 - 2

Introduction

Laws of Dry Friction.

Coefficients of Friction

Angles of Friction

Problems Involving Dry Friction

Sample Problem 8.1

Sample Problem 8.3

Wedges

Square-Threaded Screws

Sample Problem 8.5

Journal Bearings. Axle Friction

Thrust Bearings. Disk Friction

Wheel Friction. Rolling Resistance

Sample Problem 8.6

Belt Friction

Sample Problem 8.8

Page 3: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Application

8 - 3

Friction is both problematic and

useful in many engineering

applications, such as in tires

and brakes.

Page 4: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Introduction

8 - 4

• In preceding chapters, it was assumed that surfaces in contact were

either frictionless (surfaces could move freely with respect to each

other) or rough (tangential forces prevent relative motion between

surfaces).

• Actually, no perfectly frictionless surface exists. For two surfaces

in contact, tangential forces, called friction forces, will develop if

one attempts to move one relative to the other.

• However, the friction forces are limited in magnitude and will not

prevent motion if sufficiently large forces are applied.

• The distinction between frictionless and rough is, therefore, a matter

of degree.

• There are two types of friction: dry or Coulomb friction and fluid

friction. Fluid friction applies to lubricated mechanisms. The

present discussion is limited to dry friction between nonlubricated

surfaces.

Page 5: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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The Laws of Dry Friction. Coefficients of Friction

8 - 5

• Block of weight W is placed on a horizontal

surface. Forces acting on the block are its

weight and reaction of surface N.

• Small horizontal force P is applied. For the

block to remain stationary, in equilibrium, a

horizontal component F of the surface reaction

is required. F is a static-friction force.

• As P increases, the static-friction force F

increases as well until it reaches a maximum

value Fm. S is coefficient of static friction.

NF sm

• Further increase in P causes the block to begin

to move as F drops to a smaller kinetic-friction

force Fk. K is coefficient of kinetic friction.

NF kk

Page 6: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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The Laws of Dry Friction. Coefficients of Friction

8 - 6

• Maximum static-friction force:

NF sm

• Kinetic-friction force:

sk

kk NF

75.0

• Maximum static-friction force and kinetic-

friction force are:

- proportional to normal force

- dependent on type and condition of

contact surfaces

- independent of contact area

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The Laws of Dry Friction. Coefficients of Friction

8 - 7

• Four situations can occur when a rigid body is in contact with a

horizontal surface:

• No friction,

(Px = 0)

• No motion,

(Px < F)

• Motion impending,

(Px = Fm)

• Motion,

(Px > Fm)

Page 8: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Angles of Friction

8 - 8

• It is sometimes convenient to replace normal force N and friction

force F by their resultant R:

• No friction • No motion • Motion

kk

kkk

N

N

N

F

tan

tan

• Motion impending

ss

sms

N

N

N

F

tan

tan

Page 9: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Angles of Friction

8 - 9

• Consider block of weight W resting on board with variable inclination

angle q.

• No friction • No motion • Motion

impending

• Motion

Page 10: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Problems involving Dry Friction

8 - 10

• All applied forces known

• Coefficient of static friction

is known

• Determine whether body

will remain at rest or slide

• All applied forces known

• Motion is impending

• Determine value of coefficient

of static friction.

• Coefficient of static

friction is known

• Motion is impending

• Determine magnitude or

direction of one of the

applied forces

Page 11: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.1

8 - 11

A 100-N force acts as shown on a 300-N

block placed on an inclined plane. The

coefficients of friction between the block

and plane are s = 0.25 and k = 0.20.

Determine whether the block is in

equilibrium and find the value of the

friction force.

• Determine values of friction force

and normal reaction force from plane

required to maintain equilibrium.

• Calculate maximum friction force

and compare with friction force

required for equilibrium. If it is

greater, block will not slide.

• If maximum friction force is less

than friction force required for

equilibrium, block will slide.

Calculate kinetic-friction force.

SOLUTION:

• Draw the free body diagram for the

block. Remember that the friction

force is opposite the direction of

impending motion.

Page 12: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.1

8 - 12

SOLUTION:

• Determine values of friction force and normal

reaction force from plane required to maintain

equilibrium.

:0 xF 0N 300 -N 10053 F

N 80F

:0 yF 0N 300 54 N

N 240N

• Calculate maximum friction force and compare

with friction force required for equilibrium.

N 60N 240250 .NF sm

What does the sign

tell you about the

assumed direction of

impending motion?

Think about this and

discuss with a

neighbor.

The block will slide down the plane.

What does this solution imply about the block?

Discuss this with a neighbor.

Page 13: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.1

8 - 13

• If maximum friction force is less than friction

force required for equilibrium, block will slide.

Calculate kinetic-friction force.

N 240200.

NFF kkactual

N 48actualF

Page 14: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.3

8 - 14

The moveable bracket shown may be

placed at any height on the 75-mm

diameter pipe. If the coefficient of

friction between the pipe and bracket is

0.25, determine the minimum distance

x at which the load can be supported.

Neglect the weight of the bracket.

SOLUTION:

• When W is placed at minimum x, the

bracket is about to slip and friction

forces in upper and lower collars are at

maximum value.

• Draw a free body diagram of the body

under study (bracket).

• Apply conditions for static equilibrium

to find minimum x.

Page 15: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.3

8 - 15

SOLUTION:

• When W is placed at minimum x, the bracket is about to

slip and friction forces in upper and lower collars are at

maximum value.

BBsB

AAsA

NNF

NNF

25.0

25.0

• Apply conditions for static equilibrium to find minimum x.

:0 xF 0 AB NN AB NN

:0 yF

WN

WNN

WFF

A

BA

BA

5.0

025.025.0

0

WNN BA 2

:0 BM

00375020187502150

0037502500750150

0m03750m0750m150

.xWW.W.

.xWN..N.

.xW.F.N

AA

AA

mm300m30 .xNote that it doesn’t matter what W is… Does this make sense?

Page 16: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Wedges

8 - 16

• Wedges - simple

machines used to raise

heavy loads.

• Force required to lift

block is significantly

less than block weight.

• Friction prevents wedge

from sliding out.

• Want to find minimum

force P to raise block.

• Block as free body

0

:0

0

:0

21

21

NNW

F

NN

F

s

y

s

x

Fx 0 :

sN2 N3 s cos6 sin6 P 0

Fy 0 :

N2 N3 cos6s sin6 0

• Wedge as free body

Page 17: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Square-Threaded Screws

8 - 17

• Square-threaded screws are frequently used in jacks, presses,

etc. Analysis is similar to block on inclined plane. Recall that

friction force does not depend on area of contact.

• Thread of base has been “unwrapped” and shown as straight

line. Slope is 2pr horizontally by L vertically.

• Moment of force Q is equal to moment of force P. rPaQ

• Impending motion

upwards. Solve for Q.

• Self-locking, solve

for Q to lower load.

,q s • Non-locking, solve

for Q to hold load.

,s q

Page 18: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.5

8 - 18

A clamp is used to hold two pieces of

wood together as shown. The clamp

has a double square thread of mean

diameter equal to 10 mm with a pitch

of 2 mm. The coefficient of friction

between threads is s = 0.30.

If a maximum torque of 40 N.m is

applied in tightening the clamp,

determine (a) the force exerted on the

pieces of wood, and (b) the torque

required to loosen the clamp.

SOLUTION

• Calculate lead angle and pitch angle.

• Using block and plane analogy with

impending motion up the plane, calculate

the clamping force with a force triangle.

• With impending motion down the plane,

calculate the force and torque required to

loosen the clamp.

Page 19: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.5

8 - 19

SOLUTION

• Calculate lead angle and pitch angle. For the double

threaded screw, the lead L is equal to twice the pitch.

30.0tan

1273.0mm 10

mm22

2tan

ss

r

L

ppq 3.7q

7.16s

• Using block and plane analogy with impending

motion up the plane, calculate clamping force with

force triangle.

kN8m105

mN 40mN 40

3-

QrQ

24tan

kN8tan W

W

Qsq

kN97.17W

Page 20: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.5

8 - 20

• With impending motion down the plane, calculate

the force and torque required to loosen the clamp.

49tankN9717tan ..QW

Qs q

kN9752.Q

m105N109752

mm5kN9752Torque

33

.

.rQ

mN8714Torque .

Page 21: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Journal Bearings. Axle Friction

8 - 21

• Journal bearings provide lateral support to rotating

shafts. Thrust bearings provide axial support

• Frictional resistance of fully lubricated bearings

depends on clearances, speed and lubricant viscosity.

Partially lubricated axles and bearings can be

assumed to be in direct contact along a straight line.

• Forces acting on bearing are weight W of wheels

and shaft, couple M to maintain motion, and

reaction R of the bearing.

• Reaction is vertical and equal in magnitude to W.

• Reaction line of action does not pass through shaft

center O; R is located to the right of O, resulting in

a moment that is balanced by M.

• Physically, contact point is displaced as axle

“climbs” in bearing.

Page 22: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Journal Bearings. Axle Friction

8 - 22

• Angle between R and

normal to bearing

surface is the angle of

kinetic friction k.

k

k

Rr

RrM

sin

• We can treat

bearing reaction

as a force-couple

system.

• For graphical solution,

R must be tangent to

circle of friction.

k

kf

r

rr

sin

Page 23: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Thrust Bearings. Disk Friction

8 - 23

Consider rotating hollow shaft:

M rF rkN rkP

AA

rkPA

p R22 R1

2

For full circle of radius R,

M 23kPR

M kP

p R22 R1

2 r 2drdq

R1

R2

0

2p

23kP

R23 R1

3

R22 R1

2

Page 24: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Wheel Friction. Rolling Resistance

8 - 24

• Point of wheel in contact

with ground has no

relative motion with

respect to ground.

Ideally, no friction.

• Moment M due to frictional

resistance of axle bearing

requires couple produced by

equal and opposite P and F.

Without friction at rim,

wheel would slide.

• Deformations of wheel and

ground cause resultant of

ground reaction to be

applied at B. P is required

to balance moment of W

about B.

Pr = Wb

b is coefficient of rolling

resistance

Page 25: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.6

8 - 25

A pulley of diameter 100 mm can

rotate about a fixed shaft of

diameter 50 mm. The coefficient

of static friction between the

pulley and shaft is 0.20.

Determine:

• the smallest vertical force P

required to start raising a 2-kN

load,

• the smallest vertical force P

required to hold the load, and

• the smallest horizontal force P

required to start raising the

same load.

SOLUTION:

• With the load on the left and force

P on the right, impending motion

is clockwise to raise load. Sum

moments about displaced contact

point B to find P. W = 2 kN

• Impending motion is counter-

clockwise as load is held

stationary with smallest force P.

Sum moments about C to find P. W = 2 kN

• With the load on the left and force

P acting horizontally to the right,

impending motion is clockwise to

raise load. Utilize a force triangle

to find P. W = 2 kN

W = 2 kN

Page 26: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.6

8 - 26

SOLUTION:

• With the load on the left and force P on the right,

impending motion is clockwise to raise load. Sum

moments about displaced contact point B to find P.

The perpendicular distance from center O of pulley

to line of action of R is

mm520.0mm25sin fssf rrrr

Summing moments about B,

0mm45kN2mm550 P:MB

kN442.P

W = 2 kN

Page 27: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.6

8 - 27

The perpendicular distance from center O of pulley to

line of action of R is again 55 mm. Summing

moments about C,

0mm55kN2mm450 P:MC

kN641.P

• Impending motion is counter-clockwise as load is held

stationary with smallest force P. Sum moments about

C to find P.

W = 2 kN

Page 28: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.6

8 - 28

• With the load on the left and force P acting

horizontally to the right, impending motion is

clockwise to raise load. Utilize a force triangle to

find P.

Since W, P, and R are not parallel, they must be

concurrent. Line of action of R must pass through

intersection of W and P and be tangent to circle of

friction which has radius rf = 5 mm.

1.4

0707.02mm50

mm5sin

q

qOD

OE

From the force triangle,

940cotkN245cot .WP q

kN312.P

W = 2 kN

W = 2 kN

Page 29: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Belt Friction

8 - 29

• Relate T1 and T2 when belt is about to slide to right.

• Draw free-body diagram for element of belt

02

cos2

cos:0

NTTTF sx qq

02

sin2

sin:0

qq

TTTNFy

• Combine to eliminate N, divide through by q,

0

2

2sin

22cos

q

q

q

q

TT

Ts

• In the limit as q goes to zero,

qq

dT

dTT

d

dTss 0

• Separate variables and integrate from qq to0

seT

T

T

Ts

1

2

1

2 orln

Page 30: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.8

8 - 30

A flat belt connects pulley A to pulley B.

The coefficients of friction are s = 0.25

and k = 0.20 between both pulleys and

the belt.

Knowing that the maximum allowable

tension in the belt is 3000 N, determine

the largest torque which can be exerted

by the belt on pulley A.

SOLUTION:

• Since angle of contact is smaller,

slippage will occur on pulley B first.

Determine belt tensions based on

pulley B.

• Taking pulley A as a free-body, sum

moments about pulley center to

determine torque.

Page 31: Chapter08 Frictionbcd

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Sample Problem 8.8

8 - 31

• Taking pulley A as free-body, sum moments about

pulley center to determine torque.

0N3000N31777m200 ..M:M AA

mN5244 .MA

SOLUTION:

• Since angle of contact is smaller, slippage will

occur on pulley B first. Determine belt tensions

based on pulley B.

N317776881N3000

6881N3000

1

32250

112

../T

.eT/eT/T .s

p

• Check that belt does not slip at A. = 240o = 4p/3 rad

5240125052403

4

5240N31777

N3000

1

2

...

..

lnT

Tln

ss

s

p


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