Energy Efficiency and Renewable EnergyEnergy Efficiency and Renewable Energy

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

14th Edition

Chapter 18

G. Tyler Miller’sLiving in the Environment

14th Edition

Chapter 18

Chapter 18 Key Concepts Chapter 18 Key Concepts

Improving energy efficiencyImproving energy efficiencyTypes and uses of solar energyTypes and uses of solar energyTypes and uses of flowing waterTypes and uses of flowing waterUses of wind energyUses of wind energyTypes and uses of biomassTypes and uses of biomassUse of geothermal energyUse of geothermal energyUse of hydrogen as a fuelUse of hydrogen as a fuelDecentralized power systemsDecentralized power systems

Section 1: The Importance of Improving Energy EfficiencySection 1: The Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency

• What is energy efficiency? How much energy do we waste?

• What is life cycle cost?

• What is net energy efficiency?

What is energy efficiency?What is energy efficiency?

Energy efficiency is the measure of the useful energy produced compared to the energy converted to low quality--- usually heat.

Using energy to do work, not produce heat.

What is energy conservation?What is energy conservation?

Implementing new technology to do same work using less energy.

• Heating homes more efficiently

• Driving more efficient cars• Lightning spaces more

efficiently

SAVES $$$, produces less pollution, reduces CO2

Energy ConservationEnergy Conservation

• 84% of commercial electricity is wasted in U.S.

• 41% of energy is automatically wasted due to 2nd Law Of Thermodynamics

• 43% is wasted unnecessarily

Advantages of Reducing Energy Waste Advantages of Reducing Energy Waste

The Importance of Improving Energy EfficiencyThe Importance of Improving Energy Efficiency

Energy efficiency Energy efficiency

Fig. 18-3 p. 381Fig. 18-3 p. 381

Net energy efficiency Net energy efficiency

Least EfficientLeast Efficient Incandescent lights Incandescent lights

Internal combustion engine

Internal combustion engine

Nuclear power plants Nuclear power plants

Energy Efficiencies (Fig. 18-5 p. 381)Energy Efficiencies (Fig. 18-5 p. 381)

Life Cycle CostsLife Cycle Costs

Initial Cost plus the lifetime cost.

Some energy efficient models may cost more up front, but save money in the long run.

Civic Hybrid vs. Conventional Gas

Net Energy Efficiency Net Energy Efficiency

Measure of how much useful energy we get from energy resource after subtracting the energy wasted.

How much energy you get out given ALL the wasted energy.

Comparing Efficiency of 2 Types of Space Heating Comparing Efficiency of 2 Types of Space Heating

Section 2: Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency Key ConceptsSection 2: Ways to Improve Energy Efficiency Key Concepts

• How can we save energy in industry?

• How can we save energy in transportation?

• How can we design buildings to save energy?

• How can we save energy in existing buildings?

• Why are we still wasting so much energy?

Ways to Improve Energy EfficiencyWays to Improve Energy Efficiency

CogenerationCogenerationEfficient electric motorsEfficient electric motorsHigh-efficiency lightingHigh-efficiency lightingIncreasing fuel economyIncreasing fuel economyAlternative vehiclesAlternative vehiclesInsulation Insulation Plug leaksPlug leaks

How can industry save energy?How can industry save energy?

• Cogeneration – combining heat and power systems

• Improving electric motor efficiency (consumes 1/4th of energy)

• Improving light fixtures

How can we save energy in transportation? How can we save energy in transportation?

CAFÉ Standards need to be increased.

Increase to 40 mpg in 10yrs would cut consumption in half (could eliminate imports from Middle East)

Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sold In U.S.Average Fuel Economy of New Vehicles Sold In U.S.

Price of Gas in 1993 DollarsPrice of Gas in 1993 Dollars

Hybrid and Fuel Cell CarsHybrid and Fuel Cell Cars

Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine Hybrid electric-internal combustion engine

Fig. 18-9 p. 385

Hybrid-electric cars are powered by a battery and a small ICE that recharges the battery.

Toyota Prius

Ford Escape Hybrid

Fuel Cell CarsFuel Cell Cars

Fuel cell cars run on hydrogen and produce little pollution.

Combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water vapor.

Ford Focus Fuel Cell Car

Fuel CellsFuel Cells

GM’s prototype future fuel cell car. No engine noise, no pollution, no greenhouse gasses.

How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?

Chicago’s Sears Tower uses more energy in a day than a city of 150,000

Atlanta’s Georgia Power Company uses 60% less energy than other buildings it size.

How can we Design More Efficient Buildings? How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?

We can save energy in buildings by

• Getting heat from the sun

• Insulating well

• Using plants for shade and wind blockage

How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?How can we Design More Efficient Buildings?Super insulated house:

• Costs 5% more to build

• Can use 90% less energy for heating and cooling

Green Roofs:

• Plants or gardens on roof help insulate from heat in summer and cold in winter

An infrared photo showing heat loss (red, white and orange) around windows, doors, roofs.

How can we save energy in existing buildings?How can we save energy in existing buildings?

We can save energy in existing buildings by:

• insulating them

• plugging leaks

• using heating, electricity, cooling, appliances and lighting more efficiently

Insulate and plug leaksInsulate and plug leaks

1/3rd of heated air in U.S. homes is lost through windows, holes and cracks.

Insulating and plugging holes is the easiest and cheapest ways to save energy.

Use Efficient WindowsUse Efficient Windows

Double pained, insulating windows cost more, but can save money in the long run.

Heat House More EfficientlyHeat House More Efficiently

Using the most efficient heating system available.

Some natural gas furnaces can reach 85-98% efficiency

Heat Water More Efficiently Heat Water More Efficiently

There are several new technologies to heat water more efficiently:

• Tankless, instant heaters

• Well insulated tank

Use Energy Efficient Lighting and Appliances Use Energy Efficient Lighting and Appliances

Microwaves, refrigerators, washers, driers, lights all come with energy star labels

¼ of electricity bill is lighting

Cut Off Electrical Devises Not In UseCut Off Electrical Devises Not In Use

When not using lights, computers, TV’s and other electrical devises they should be turned off.

Review Section 2Review Section 2

• How can we save energy in industry?• How can we save energy in

transportation?• How can we design buildings to save

energy?• How can we save energy in existing

buildings?• Why are we still wasting so much

energy?

Section 3: Producing Energy With Solar Power: Key IdeasSection 3: Producing Energy With Solar Power: Key Ideas

• What are the main types of renewable energy?

• How can we use direct solar energy to heat and cool homes?

• How can we use solar energy to produce electricity?

• What are solar cells?

• What are advantages and disadvantages of solar cells?

What are the main types of renewable energy?What are the main types of renewable energy?The next several sections

we will go through:• Solar Energy• Flowing Water• Wind• Biomass• Geothermal• Hydrogen• Other possible renewable

energy sources.

What are the main types of renewable energy?What are the main types of renewable energy?

• EU by 2020: 22% renewable

• CA gets 12% from renewable (20% by 2020)

• Union of Concerned Scientists study said 20% by 2020 is possible

Using Solar Energy to Provide HeatUsing Solar Energy to Provide Heat

Passive solar heating: absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within the structure

Has been used for thousands of years.

Passive solar heating: absorbs and stores heat from the sun directly within the structure

Has been used for thousands of years.

Using Solar Energy to Provide HeatUsing Solar Energy to Provide Heat

Active Solar: absorbs heat energy from sun by pumping heat absorbent fluid through collectors.

Great for hot water heaters in warmer climates

Using Solar Energy for ElectricityUsing Solar Energy for ElectricitySolar energy can be converted directly into electricity using

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS (PV) or “Solar Cells”

Sunlight energizes electron to flow in a semi conductor producing an electrical current

Using Solar Energy for ElectricityUsing Solar Energy for Electricity

Solar Cells can be incorporated into roofing and windows.

High costs are expected to fall

Currently only supply 0.05% of world electricity

Using Solar Energy for ElectricityUsing Solar Energy for Electricity

Great for rural locations

BP in 2004 began to mass produce cells

With increased R&D and government help --- 25% by 2040???

Using Solar Energy for ElectricityUsing Solar Energy for Electricity

Solar Thermal Systems: large solar arrays in sunny areas can produce high-temperature heat for:

• Electricity

• Hot water

• Heating

• Wash Machines

Using Solar Energy for ElectricityUsing Solar Energy for Electricity

Solar thermal systems Solar thermal systems

Photovoltaic (PV) cells Photovoltaic (PV) cells

Producing Electricity From the Water Cycle: Section 4 Key Concepts

Producing Electricity From the Water Cycle: Section 4 Key Concepts

• How can we produce electricity from flowing water?

• What are advantages and disadvantages of hydropower?

• What is tidal and wave power?

Producing Electricity from Moving WaterProducing Electricity from Moving Water

Large-scale hydropower Large-scale hydropower

Small-scale hydropower Small-scale hydropower

Pumped-storage hydropower Pumped-storage hydropower

Tidal power plant Tidal power plant

Wave power plant Wave power plant

Renewable HydropowerRenewable HydropowerWater flowing in rivers

and streams can be trapped in reservoirs behind a dam and released to spin turbines to produce electricity.

In 2002, hyrdro accounted for 20% of world electricity (Norway 99%, U.S. 7% -- 50% in west)

Renewable HydropowerRenewable Hydropower

According to UN only 13% of potential hydropower has been developed

Large Scale Hydro Power has been curtailed recently by environmental concerns

Large-scale Hydroelectric Power: Trade-offs

Large-scale Hydroelectric Power: Trade-offs

Reviewing the Trade-offs of Hydropower DamsReviewing the Trade-offs of Hydropower Dams

Fig. 15-9 p. 313

Hoover Dam

Tidal PowerTidal Power

Using the twice daily natural rise and fall of tidal waters to produce power.

Newer concept

Lot of potential in certain tidal regions.

Problems???

Tidal Power

Wave PowerWave Power

Using the constant wave action along shorelines to produce power.

Another form of wind power.

Problems???

Producing Electricity from Wind Section 5 Key ConceptsProducing Electricity from Wind Section 5 Key Concepts

Producing Electricity from WindProducing Electricity from Wind

Fig. 18-23 p. 396 Fig. 18-24 p. 397

Altamont Pass California

Atlantic City

http://www.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/windpoweringamerica/where_is_wind_new_jersey.asp

Producing Energy from BiomassProducing Energy from Biomass

Biomass and biofuelsBiomass and biofuels

Biomass plantationsBiomass plantations

Crop residuesCrop residues

Animal manureAnimal manure

Biogas Biogas

Ethanol Ethanol

MethanolMethanol Fig. 18-25 p. 398

Geothermal EnergyGeothermal Energy

Geothermal heat pumpsGeothermal heat pumps

Geothermal exchangeGeothermal exchange

Dry and wet steamDry and wet steam

Hot waterHot water

Molten rock (magma)Molten rock (magma)

Hot dry-rock zonesHot dry-rock zones

The Hydrogen RevolutionThe Hydrogen Revolution

Extracting hydrogen efficientlyExtracting hydrogen efficiently

Storing hydrogenStoring hydrogen

Fuel cellsFuel cells

Environmentally friendly hydrogenEnvironmentally friendly hydrogen

The Hydrogen RevolutionThe Hydrogen Revolution

Fig. 18-31 p. 403

Entering the Age of Decentralized MicropowerEntering the Age of Decentralized Micropower

Decentralized power systems Decentralized power systems

Micropower systems Micropower systems

Fig. 18-32 p. 405

Solutions: A Sustainable Energy StrategySolutions: A Sustainable Energy Strategy

Fig. 18-35 p. 407