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Human DiseasesA Systemic Approach

Copyright ©2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458

All rights reserved.

CHAPTER

Human Diseases: A Systemic Approach, Seventh EditionMark Zelman, Elaine Tompary, Jill Raymond, Paul Holdaway, and Mary Lou Mulvihill

Introduction to Disease

1




Chapter 1Multimedia Asset Directory

Slide 9Diagnosis Video

Slide 10PET Scans Animation

Slide 14Taking Vital Signs Video

Slide 15Taking Patient History Video

Slide 21 Immunity Video




Learning Objectives

• Define disease and disease-related terms

• Define and discuss the manifestations of disease

• Define terms used to describe disease

• Explain diagnosis of disease

• Define and discuss the chief causes of disease

• Identify risk factors related to disease




Disease

• Homeostasis – all cells, tissues, organs, and systems work to maintain equilibrium

• Physiology

• Disease – disequilibrium

• Pathophysiology – study of the physiological processes leading up to disease

• Pathology – study of disease in general




Table 1-1: Ten Leading Causes of Death, 2004, U.S.




Table 1-2: Major Causes of Disease




Manifestations of Disease

• Signs are objective evidence of disease observed on physical examination, such as abnormal pulse or respiratory rate, fever, sweating, and pallor

• Symptoms are subjective indications of disease reported by the patient, such as pain, dizziness, and itching. Certain sets of signs and symptoms occur concurrently in some diseases and their combination is referred to as a syndrome.




Diagnosis

• Nature of a disease

• Includes signs and symptoms

• Syndrome – signs and symptoms occur concurrently

Diagnosis

Signs Symptoms

Syndrome




Click here to view a video on the topic of diagnosis.

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Click here to view an animation on the topic of PET scans.

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Syndrome

High Blood PressureDecreased Oxygenation

Dehydration – dry mucousmembranes, poor skin turgor

DizzinessShortness of Breath

Nausea and Vomiting

Disease




Objective Evidence of Disease

• Laboratory tests– Urinalysis, blood chemistry,

electrocardiography, and radiography– Diagnostic-imaging techniques such as

computed tomography (CT scan), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), ultrasound, and nuclear medicine allow physicians to visualize structural and functional changes.




Objective Evidence of Disease (cont.)

• Biopsy – surgical removal and analysis of tissue samples

• Physical examination

• Medical history

• Family history

• Medication history




Click here to view a video on the topic of taking vital signs.

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Return to Directory

Click here to view a video on the topic of taking patient histories.




Descriptions of Disease

• Prognosis: the predicted course and outcome of the disease – State the chances for complete recovery– Predict the permanent loss of function– Probability of survival




Descriptions of Disease (cont.)

• The course of a disease – Acute: Quick onset, short duration, e.g.,

influenza, measles, and the common cold – Chronic: A disease may begin insidiously and

be long-lived; e.g., arthritis, hypertension– Terminal: A disease that will end in death




Stage of Disease

• Remission – Signs and symptoms subside

• Exacerbation– Recur in all severity

• Relapse– Returns weeks or months later




Outcome of Disease

• Complications – Diseases from diseases, e.g., kidney failure secondary to diabetes

• Sequela – Aftermath of disease, e.g., paralysis following polio

• Mortality – Measure of death attributed to disease

• Morbidity – Measure of disability




Etiology

Causes of Disease

Pathogenesis

MicrobesGenetics

EnvironmentIdiopathic

InflammationLesion

Change in structure or function

Morbidity Mortality Sequela

Complications




Click here to view a video on the topic of immunity.

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Risk Factors

• Predispose an individual to the development of a disease.

• A risk factor is not equivalent to a cause.• May be enviornmental, chemical, physiological,

psychological or genetic.




Treatment of Disease

• Includes procedures for the cure or reduction of symptoms

• Depends on the nature of the disease, characteristics of the patient, and goals of the patient and physician.

• Not all diseases are curable.

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