Chapter-1

Chapter-1EntrepreneurEntrepreneurThe term entrepreneur was used for army leaders in the early 16th century France.Schumpeter(1961) believed that an entrepreneur was a dynamic agent of change, that an entrepreneur was a catalyst who transformed increasingly physical, natural and human resources into correspondingly production possibilities.Entrepreneurship can be described as a creative and innovative response to the environment. Doing new things that are already being done in a new way is therefore, a simple definition of entrepreneurship.It connotes innovativeness of seeing things in a new way which afterwards proves to be true.The importance of entrepreneurial resource as a critical input in the process of economic development Concept Of EntrepreneurAn entrepreneur is a person who establishes and manages his own enterprise or business. The process of establishment and management is called entrepreneurship.

Entrepreneur are people who have the ability to see and evaluate business opportunities to gather necessary resources to take advantage of them and to initiate appropriate action to ensure success.Entrepreneurs are action- oriented, highly motivated individuals who take risks to achieve goals.An entrepreneur initiates and establishes an economic activity or enterprise for the development of wealth for the society.He is certainly different from other persons in terms of his psychological and social disposition.Entrepreneurs by and large, have been found to be people with a high drive and high activity level, constantly struggling to achieve something which they would call as their own accomplishment.Once an entrepreneur starts his entreprize,to be successful, he would have a high need for influencing others, a low need to establish emotional relationship and a high capacity to discipline ones own self.He is inclined to speak about his past achievements and narrate them with a sense of pride.

He has clear goals for the future and tends to live in the present with the involvement.He studies the market situation, explores profitability in alternative lines of business, products , machinery , technology and process, finances and compares before making his final decision.A successful entrepreneur continuously modifies his goals on the basis of the feedback he receives from his environment.Entrepreneurs set high goals for themselves as well as their workers and drive them hard to achieve the same. While they are certainly competitive in their own orientations, they collaborate with other parties when they see such collaborations to their advantage.Entrepreneur is a self - centred but pushing type of person. He possesses a sense of pride in dignity of labour and exhibits readiness to put in manual work.An entrepreneur need not have all the above characteristics together. These traits can be developed in the people through psychological education.NEED FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENTNational Need:- Realising the role of small scale industries in creating larger employment opportunities, distribution of ownership, diversification of management and development of rural and backward areas , the Government of India gave major thrust to the development of small scale industries and entrepreneurship in India.It was also felt that proper industrial growth and development and export of goods and services could be achieved only by improving the industrial culture in the country.The Small Industries Service Institutes, National Institute of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development at Noida and Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India at Ahmedabad.Need for Technical EntrepreneursA technically qualified and experienced person can make a more competent entrepreneur as he acquires special knowledge of science ,engineering materials and machines, production planning and control, manufacturing technologies and management techniques for successful launching and smooth running of an industrial unit.

A technical entrepreneur develops characteristics of quality consciousness adoption of modern technology and management techniques and realization of the importance of research and innovation for productivity improvement the absence of which can lead to industrial sickness.Scope Of EntrepreneurshipAn entrepreneur initiates and establishes an enterprise. He has to take a number of decisions to set up and run a new enterprize.Decision to become an entrepreneur It is a major step which is dictated by motivational factors. The inner urge of the person depends upon the following needs.To prove oneself To be independentTo do something uniqueTo utilize skillsTo acquire greater economic rewardTo excelIdentification and selection of an opportunityThe entrepreneur starts searching for an opportunity to meet his needs. He looks around for different possibilities of business ,reads about them , meets people who could give ideas and inspiration, and collects information on several opportunities.

Business plan formation and its implementationHe studies the feasibility and profitability of the project . After establishment of the enterprise, he must mobilize capital and human resources and translate problems into opportunities.

Entrepreneurial continuumA series of entrepreneurial decisions and actions have to be taken which require sight attitude and requisite knowledge and skills for entrepreneurial continuum. Diagram???

Rewards and Penalties for an EntrepreneurRewardsFreedom to workSatisfaction of being own bossPower to do things as he likesRewards of ownership and retirement assuranceRespect of family and friends.PenaltiesConstraints of finances, labourers, customers, suppliers and debtors control his freedom.Frustration due to availability of limited capital and other resources.Social and family life is affected due to hard long hours of working.Frustration due to non- achievement of full objectives.Risk of failure.ROLE OF AN ENTREPRENEUR IN SOCIO- ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTEmployment Generation :- An entrepreneur provides employment to himself as well as is an agent for direct and indirect employment to others. He is , therefore, instrumental in solving unemployment problem of the country.Entrepreneurial Culture:- Proper industrial development and growth is possible only by improving the industrial culture in the society. A qualified entrepreneur is instrumental in creating industrial culture based on high technology , innovation ,productivity and quality of goods and services.Foreign Exchange:- High quality goods and services are exported to other countries thereby earning foreign exchange for the nation.Alternate Profession:- An entrepreneur plays the role model for other people to start their business and shows the way for alternate profession and means of earning.Competitive Price:- An entrepreneur starts small business or small scale industry and can provide goods and services at competitive price, nearest to place of consumption and in time. Competitive Price:- An entrepreneur starts small business or small scale industry and can provide goods and services at competitive price, nearest to place of consumption and in time.Exploitation of Consumers:- An entrepreneur is able to supply goods and services at affordable prices thereby restricting the monopoly of big business houses.Ancillary Industries:- An entrepreneur sets up ancillary industry and supplies parts, components , assemblies and tooling to other industries manufacturing useful products.Development of Rural and Backward Areas:-An entrepreneur sets up industry in his own locality and there is distribution of ownership of business and dilution in the concentration of wealth.Diversification of Ownership of Business:- An entrepreneur helps in the proper utilisation of the local materials, skills ,labour , capital and knowledge and therefore there is better utilisation of national resources.Utilisation of local skills and materials:- An entrepreneur help in reducing pollution due to concentrated discharges of affluent by large industries and therefore there is better utilisation of national resources.Environment Control:- Scattering of small scale industries help in reducing pollution due to concentrated discharging of affluent by large industries and therefore there is better utilisation of national resources.Infrastructure Development:- Facilities like roads, electricity ,telephones ,hospitals ,post offices, schools , markets, housing colonies ,transportation and other infrastructural development is always accompanied with the selling up of Industries. Therefore, an entrepreneur contributes directly or indirectly with the overall development of a locality and region.Local Employment:- An entrepreneur sets up an industry and provides employment to local people. These people therefore, do not migrate to big cities thereby reducing overcrowding and overstressing of infrastructure of big cities.

QUALITIES OF AN ENTREPRENEURNeed to Achieve :- Entrepreneur has a strong desire to achieve a higher goal and fulfil his dreams. Winning is achievement.Perseverance:-An entrepreneur is fully absorbed in his goal and course of action. He works hard to complete his project successfully. He is not deterred by difficulties and problems.Moderate Risk Taking:- An entrepreneur loves moderate risk situation which is exciting but has fair chance of success. He is not a gambler or high risk taker. He selects a moderate risk and does not play wild speculative game.Ability to Find and Explore Opportunity:- Entrepreneur is quick to see and seize opportunities. He has innovative mind and converts difficulties into opportunities. He is also realistic. He plans and anticipates carefully to achieve his goals and converts opportunities to his advantages.Analytical Ability:- Entrepreneur approaches problems realistically without personal likes and dislikes. He has practical approach to business. He will select experts and not friends or relatives to help him when required. He does not take emotional attitude towards his problems.Independence:- An entrepreneur likes to be his own master and wants to be responsible for his own decisions. He does not want to work for others and therefore sets up his own enterprise.Using Feedback:- An entrepreneur likes to have immediate feedback of his performance. He likes quick and accurate data and information. He is stimulated by unfavourable news and applies more energy to attain his objectives.Facing Uncertainty:- Entrepreneur is an achievement oriented person and is optimistic even in unfamiliar situations. He is not discouraged and makes the best of opportunities. He can assess the success rate closely and understand his environment. He will win by applying his special insights and skill.

Flexibility:- An entrepreneur has open mind. He does not hesitate in revising his decisions if situations so demands. He will evaluate his decision carefully.Planning:- An entrepreneur thinks in future, plans and works to make his plans successful. He will set his goals and plan to achieve within time limits.Interpersonal Skills:- An entrepreneur likes to work with different types of people and has the skill to deal with them. He has to make people work for him, with him and help to obtain his objectives.Motivator:- An entrepreneur motivates people to act. He can influence people to think his way and act accordingly.Stress Taking:- An entrepreneur has the capacity to work for long hours and tackle difficult problems at the same time. There will always be adverse situations in business. An entrepreneur can keep his cool under a lot of tension and make right decisions against physical and emotional stress.

Positive Self Concept:- An entrepreneur is always positive in thinking. He is aware of his goals and sets standards of excellence of his works.

Orientation of Future:- An entrepreneur shows high level of future orientation and tends to think ahead. He lives in present and does not allow the past to obsess him.

Working Profile of an Entrepreneur1. Self - confidenceConfidenceIndependence,individualityOptimism

2. Task-result oriented-Need for achievementProfit-orientedPersistence,perseverence,determinationHardwork,drive,energyInitiative3.Risk-takerRisk-taking abilityLikes challenges

4. Leadership-Leadership behaviour-Gets along with others-Responsive to suggestion, criticism

5. OriginalityInnovative, creativeFlexible(openness of mind)ResourcefulVersatile, Knowledgeable6.Future-Oriented-Foresight-PerceptiveTypes of EntrepreneursAccording to Clarence DanhofInnovative entrepreneursAdaptive or imitative entrepreneursFabian EntrepreneursDrone entrepreneursInnovative EntrepreneursInnovative entrepreneurs introduces new goods, inaugurates new method of production, discovers new markets and reorganizes the enterprise. He experiments and converts attractive possibilities into practice.Such entrepreneurs can work and flourish only in developed economies where certain level of development has already been achieved, there are people who look forward to change and improvement.Such entrepreneurs have played important role in the rise of modern capitalism in certain developed countries.There is a death of innovative entrepreneurs in the underdeveloped countries due to lack of resources for experimentation and innovationAdaptive or Imitative EntrepreneursThese entrepreneurs adopt successful innovations of others from developed countries. Imitative entrepreneurs do not innovate but make certain modifications to suit the needs of underdeveloped countries.Required in the developing countries who can imitate the technology, skill, etc already available in the advanced countries, make certain modifications and introduce in their developing countries.These entrepreneurs face less risks of failures.Functions of Imitative EntrepreneursPerception of market opportunitiesGaining command over scarce resourcesPurchasing the products Marketing the products Dealing with bureaucratsManaging human relations within enterpriseManaging customer and supplier relationsManaging financeManaging production Acquiring and supervising setting of factoryManaging financeManaging production Acquiring and supervising setting of factoryIndustrial Engineering Upgrading process and productIntroducing new production techniques and productsQualities and Importance of Adaptive or Imitative EntrepreneursImitative entrepreneurs may not be creative but they are adaptive.They are also revolutionary and important and their qualities should not be underestimated.They are objective innovators and have the ability to do things which have not been done in the present enterprise.Although he may not be true innovator but he is an organiser of factors of production.He is catalyst in industrialisation which is very important for developing country.His actions can lead to impressive economic progress in a developing country Fabian EntrepreneurThese entrepreneurs are very cautious and sceptic in experimenting any change in their enterprises. They bring change or imitate only when it becomes perfectly sure that there would be no failure or loss.The main qualities of such entrepreneur are as follows:-These entrepreneur are neither innovative nor adaptive.-They are very cautious people.-They are rigid and follow fundamental approach.-They are very cautious and sceptical in adapting any change.-They are very lazy and shy.-They lack will to adopt new techniques and methods.-Their dealings are determined by customs, religion , traditions and past practices.-They initiate change only when it becomes clear that they cannot survive without the change.-They avoid risks and tend to follow their predecessors.Drone EntrepreneurThese entrepreneur do not make changes in production methods even though they may suffer losses.-They are resistant to adapt and use opportunities to make changes in their products and methods of production.-They stick to conventional ideas and products.-They are laggards and continue to operate in their traditional way.-They are pushed out of market when product loses marketability and operations become uneconomical.-They are very rigid and close down their business but do not accept changes.Individual and Institutional EntrepreneursIndividual entrepreneurs own small business and small scales industries. There are large number of individual entrepreneurs in every country. Such entrepreneurs are flexible ,quick decision makers and enjoy state patronage.A single individual can establish, operate and control only limited size of an enterprise. A group of entrepreneurs only can handle complex business and collective decision making is needed to decide line of business, amount of capital employed. Corporate sector is the symbol of institutionalised entrepreneurship.Entrepreneurs by InheritanceThese entrepreneurs inherit family business by succession. The business is passed from one generation to another. They are also called second generation entrepreneurs.First generation entrepreneurs do not have background of family business and start and build enterprise on their own innovative skillsTechnical EntrepreneursThere are technically and professionally qualified persons who may enter the business to commercially exploit their invention or discoveries.They develop new goods and services out of their specialisation and skills.They raise the necessary capital and employ experts in the field of finance, law, marketing and other areas of business.Forced EntrepreneursThese are persons who become entrepreneurs due to circumstances. The money lenders have entered into business due to decline of money lending with growth of banking.Educated unemployed seeking self-employment mostly Indians returning from abroad.Newly married bridegroons start business with the financial support of their in-laws.Basis of MotiveEntrepreneurs may be classified into following categories:-Managing entrepreneurs whose chief goal is security.-Innovating entrepreneurs who want excitement.-Controlling entrepreneurs who desire power.

Miscellaneous types of Entrepreneurs-Classified as trading entrepreneurs, agricultural entrepreneurs, industrial entrepreneurs, women entrepreneurs, rural entrepreneurs, urban entrepreneur etc.Functions of an EntrepreneurSensing entrepreneurial opportunitiesGeneration of business ideaConverting idea into realityArranging resourcesSupply of capitalEstablishment of enterprise Managing the enterpriseGrowth and developmentKilby identified 13 functionsPerceiving market opportunitiesGaining command over scarce resourcesPurchasing inputsMarketing of products and responding to competitionDealing with public bureaucracy (concessions, licences, taxes)Managing human relations within the firms.Managing customer and supplier relationsManaging financeManaging productionAcquiring and overseeing assembly of the factory.Industrial EngineeringUpdating process and product qualityIntroducing new production techniques and products

Barriers to EntrepreneurLack of viable concept which can be overcome by increased market contacts.Lack of market knowledge which can be overcome by taking help of local incubator companies and market contacts, consultants.Lack of technical skills which can be overcome by recruiting capable local manpower; technical education , assistance of consultants.Lack of seed capital which can be arranged from supplier credit, local venture capital and bankers.Lack of business Know-how which can be overcome through entrepreneurial education and study of successful role models.Complacency and lack of motivation can be overcome by entrepreneurial education and inspiration from successful role models.Social stigma against business can be overcome by study of successful role modelsTime pressures and distractionsLegal constraints, regulations, red tape.Monopoly and protectionismInhibitions due to patents