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Phrenology
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(Taken from Kalat, 2007, p. 83)
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Nervous System
Central nervous system(CNS) Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral
(blue in figure) Cranial nerves, spinal
nerves, peripheral receptororgans
Autonomic (red in figure)
Control of visceral funcion
Sympathetic
Parasympathetic
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CNS
Two Cerebral hemispheresTwo Cerebral hemispheres
The brain stemDiencephalonDiencephalon
Mesencephalon (midbrain)Pons
Medulla Oblongata
Cerebellum
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Brain is protected by:
Skull Meninges
Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Meninges
Three layers
Dura mater Arachnoid
Pia mater
Diagrammatic representation of a section across the top of the
skull, showing the membranes of the brain, etc. (Greys769 Taken
from on-line Grays Anatomy; Modified from Testut.)
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Dura Mater (hard mother)
Continuous with the dura mater that covers the spinal
cord Tough, fibrous connective tissue Two layer
Superficial (outer) periosteal layer adheres to the skull Deep (inner) meningeal layer is in contact with the arachnoidmater
Meningeal veinscourse through the dura Dura punctured by Bridging veinsdrain underlying
neural tissue into sinuses Dural veinous sinusesform between layers
Drain blood and CSF and empty into jugular vein
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Three major reflections Between the cerebral
hemispheres Falx cerebri
Between the cerebellum and
the occipital lobe Tentorium cerebelli
Underneath the cerebral
hemispheres Falx cerebelli
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Arachnoid Mater
Spider-web likenonvascular membrane
In contact with the duramater above it, and theCSF-filled subarachnoid
cavity is below it.(subarachnoid cavityis filled with delicatearachnoid fibers
extending down to the piamater)
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Arachnoid granulations
protuberances (villi)through the meningeallayer of the dura
Locations of transfer ofsubarachnoid CSF toveneous system
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Pia Mater
Thin translucent layer
Adheres to the brain surface Location of the brain blood vessels
Together with the arachnoid are called the
pia-arachnoid membrane
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Epidural space (skull and dura mater)
Rupture of middle menigeal artery, or accumulation of arterialblood in the epidural space, is life-threatening
Subdural space (dura mater and arachnoid) Rupture of bridging veins, leading to subdural hemorrhage, or
accumulation of blood in space requires surgical intervention
Subarachnoid space (arachnoid and pia mater) Contains CSF and cerebral blood vessels Rupture of these vessels leads to subarachnoid hemorrhage
Condition may be due to Trauma
Congenital abnormalities (aneurysms) High Blood Pressure
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Cerebral Dural Venous Sinuses
Endothelial-lined channels, devoidof valves
located between the periosteal andmeningeal layers of the dura mater
Low-pressure return channels forvenous blood back to circulatorysystem
Superior Saggital Sinus
Inferior Saggital Sinus
Vein of Galen
Straight Sinus
InternalCerebral vein
Confluence ofSinuses(torcular
Herophili)
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Cerebral Dural Venous Sinuses
Confluence ofSinuses
Transverse Sinus
Sigmoid Sinus
Jugular vein
SuperiorPetrosal Sinus
InferiorPetrosal Sinus
Occipital SinusMarginal
sinusVeinous plexuses
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Lateral Surface
Principle landmarks
Sylvian fissure
Central sulcusdemarcate three of the four lobes
Parieto-occipital sulcus -> pre-
occipital notch demarcatesparietal and temporal lobedivisions from occipital lobe
Insula lies within the SylvianFissure
Temporal Lobe
Frontal LobeParietal Lobe
Occipital
Lobe
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Frontal Lobe
Primary Motor Area Relatively low levels of
stimulation ofprecentral gyrusproduce movement
Lesions in this regionproduce contralateralparalysis.
Most marked formuscles involved in finemotor movement
Motor Homonculus
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Frontal Lobe
Premotor Motor Area
Rostal of PrecentralSulcus
Important in initiating
motor plans andchanging motor plans
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Frontal Lobe
Brodmanns Area or
Frontal Eye Fields Between superior andinferior frontal gyri
Important for eyemovements
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Frontal Lobe
Brocas Area Bordered by the
inferior frontal sulcusand anterior horizontalRamus
In the left hemisphereis responsible forspeech
Lesions in this arearesult in aphasia
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Parietal Lobe
Primary sensory area
Delineated by thecentral and postcentralsulci
Stimulation producestingling and numbness
Similar contralateralrepresentation asprimary motor area.
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Temporal Lobe
Gyri ofHeschl
Wernickesarea
Perce
ptionof
color
andform
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Occipital Lobe
Visio
n
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Medial Surface
Corpus Collosum
Fibers which connect
the cerebralhemispheres
Divided into:
Rostrum (Head) Body
Knee
Splenium
Lesion disconnects thehemispheres
R
B
S
G
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AnteriorCommissure Fiber bundle
Connects: temporal lobes
olfactory structuresin each hemisphere
In humans, anteriorlimb = olfactory
posterior limb:visual and auditoryareas
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Surgery to cut the corpus collosum produces Split-brainpatients
Can perform familiar tasks bi-manually, but novel tasksare harder to coordinate Hands often work in opposition to one another.
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Patient saw the word sky in the
LVF and scraper in the RVF. With his right hand he drew what hecould see in his RVF (LH)
With his left hand:
Left hemisphere (LH) controlled itenough to draw a sky His RH controlled it enough to draw a
scraper. Neither could combine the words to
detect the emergent concept.
Similarly, hot in the LVF and dogin the RVF produced a picture of anoverheating dog, not a weiner in abun.
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Recovery
Corpus collosum doesnot heal.
Many alternative inter-hemispheric connectionsare present.
Left hemisphere learns to
control the right, butsubtle effects can still beobserved.
Patients also learn
strategies