chapter8-dynamicecosystem-140530101319-phpapp02.ppt

7/23/2019 chapter8-dynamicecosystem-140530101319-phpapp02.ppt

1/87

CHAPTER 8

DYNAMIC ECOSYSTEM


2/87

ECOSYSTEM COMPONENT

BIOTIC

COMPONENT

ABIOTICABIOTIC

COMPONENTCOMPONENT


3/87

ABIOTIC COMPONENT

The non living components

of n ecos!stem

pH vl"e

Tempe#t"#e $ight intensit!

H"mi%it!

&te#

Topog#ph!

Mic#oclimte


4/87

pH vl"e

the pH vl"e of soil n% 'te# hs impo#tnt

effect on the t!pes of o#gnisms

%#stic chnge in pH m! (ill the o#gnisms

Tempe#t"#e

ffects the ph!siologicl ctivities ofo#gnisms

most of o#gnisms cnnot tole#te e)t#emes

tempe#t"#es


5/87

$ight intensit!

ffects the %ist#i*"tion n% g#o'th of o#gnisms

the s"n is the so"#ce of ene#g!

some plnts sho' %pttion to #ech the light

most niml nee% s"nlight *"t some sho'

%pttion to live in the %#(

H"mi%it!

is the mo"nt of 'te# vpo"# in the i#

plnt n% niml tht live in 'et hve specil

%pttion


6/87

&te#

impo#tnt fo# living p#ocess in ll o#gnisms

*"t some o#gnisms #e *le to s"#vive "n%e#

con%ition 'he#e the#e is limite% s"ppl! of 'te#

s"ch s cmel n% cct"s

Mic#oclimte

Refe#s to locl climte in smll #e

H"mi%it!+ tempe#t"#e n% light intensit! ffect the

mic#oclimtes


7/87

Topog#ph!

infl"ence locl climte n% soil %evelopment

the min fcto# is ltit"%e n% spect

highe# ltit"%e , lo'e# tmosphe#ic p#ess"#e n%tempe#t"#e so %iffe#ent plnts g#o'ing t %iffe#ent

ltit"%e

slopp! #es #eceive mo#e s"nlight comp#e% tovlle!

-#%ient , steepness of slope c"se fste#

%#inge n% #"n off the 'te#


8/87

BIOTIC COMPONENTS

The living componentsin n ecos!stem

P#o%"ce#s Cons"me#s

Decompose#s


9/87

P#o%"ce#s

minl! g#een plnts

mn"fct"#e comple) o#gnic foo% s"*stnces

f#om #' mte#ils

Conve#t light ene#g! . chemicl ene#g!

ffect the lives of othe# o#gnisms *ec"se the!

st#t the foo% chin n% foo% 'e*


10/87

Cons"me#s

O*tin thei# ene#g! f#om the othe# o#gnisms the!fee% on

Cnnot m(e thei# o'n foo% , hete#ot#ophs

/he#*ivo#es+ c#nivo#es+ omnivo#es+ sp#oph!tes o#

%ecompose#s 0

Decompose#s

*#e( %o'n %e% o#gnisms th#o"gh the%ecomposition p#ocess

the p#o%"ct in this p#ocess is #et"#ne% to envi#onment

n% 'ill "se% gin *! g#een plnts

sp#oph!tic f"ngi n% sp#oph!tic *cte#i


11/87

C$ASSI1ICATION O1 BIOTIC COMPONENTS INTO TROPHIC $E2E$

1oo% chin

A se#ies of o#gnisms th#o"gh 'hich ene#g! is t#nsfe##e% in the

fo#m of foo%t#ophic level 3 ech stges in the foo% chnge n% cn *e sho'n

in the fo#m of p!#mi% n"m*e#

p!#mi% n"m*e# sho' the inte#ction *et'een p#o%"ce#s n%

cons"me#s n% the n"m*e# of o#gnisms

%"#ing foo% t#nsfe# f#om one t#ophic level to ne)t level lot of

ene#g! is lost / th#o"gh "n%igeste% mtte#+ e)c#eto#! p#o%"cts+ lost

s het %"#ing #espi#tion0

456 , ene#g! is lost

756 , t#nsfe# f#om one t#ophic level to the ne)t


12/87

1oo% 'e*

in comm"nit!+ foo% chins #e lin(e% togethe# to fo#m

foo% 'e*

gives mo#e complete pict"#e of the fee%ing #eltionship in comm"nit!


13/87


14/87

INTERACTION BETWEEN

ORGANISMS

S!m*iosis Sp#oph!tism P#e!3p#e%to# Competition

Commenslism M"t"lism P#sitism


15/87

S!m*iosis

Inte#ction in 'hich the#e is close n%

pe#mnent #eltionship *et'een t'o specific

o#gnisms

One species , *enefits

One species , "nffecte%+ h#me% o# helpe%


16/87

Symbiosis

Commensalism( + , 0 e!am"le

# $lo%n &is'

sea anemones # "i)eon o*$'i

M-alism

( + , +

e!am"le

# li$'ens

# *oo- noles

Pa*asi-ism

( + , #

e!am"le

# &lea

# -a"e%o*m

+ . bene&i-s

0 . nei-'e* bene&i-

no* 'a*m

# . 'a*m

Epiphytes

(plant)

Epizoics

(animal)

Ectoparasite Endoparasite
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dflea%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-471%26fp_ip%3DMY%26x%3Dwrt%26js%3D1%26ni%3D21&w=203&h=152&imgurl=newsimg.bbc.co.uk%2Fmedia%2Fimages%2F40901000%2Fjpg%2F_40901620_flea203.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F4334908.stm&size=10.6kB&name=_40901620_flea203.jpg&p=flea&type=jpeg&no=1&tt=322,707&oid=88408a7a88e94e48&ei=UTF-8http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dtape%2Bworm%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-471%26fp_ip%3DMY%26x%3Dwrt%26js%3D1%26ni%3D21&w=480&h=320&imgurl=www.micrographia.com%2Fspecbiol%2Fhelmint%2Fplatyhel%2Fcest0100%2Fhymenol0.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.micrographia.com%2Fspecbiol%2Fhelmint%2Fplatyhel%2Fcest0100%2Fhymenol0.htm&size=26.4kB&name=hymenol0.jpg&p=tape+worm&type=jpeg&no=1&tt=733&oid=daa961f2dcfc17fa&ei=UTF-8http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dpigeon%2Borchid%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-471%26fp_ip%3DMY%26x%3Dwrt%26js%3D1%26ni%3D21&w=500&h=400&imgurl=static.flickr.com%2F26%2F59138413_cf6f1ebb10_m.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fespionic%2F59138413%2F&size=94.8kB&name=59138413_cf6f1ebb10.jpg&p=pigeon+orchid&type=jpeg&no=1&tt=62&oid=6e995018140b2c2e&fusr=espion&tit=Pigeon+Orchid&hurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fespionic%2F&ei=UTF-8&src=phttp://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dclown%2Bfish%2B%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-471%26fp_ip%3DMY%26x%3Dwrt%26js%3D1%26ni%3D21&w=640&h=480&imgurl=www.chartercat.org%2F%7Esvives%2F9thGradePortfolio%2Fclown_sb.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chartercat.org%2F%7Esvives%2F9thGradePortfolio%3FM%3DD&size=75.8kB&name=clown_sb.jpg&p=clown+fish&type=jpeg&no=15&tt=39,473&oid=83f63e5c78fc6996&ei=UTF-8


17/87

Sp#oph!tism

A t!pe of inte#ction in 'hich living o#gnisms o*tinfoo% f#om %e% n% %ec!ing o#gnic mtte#

En!mes #e sec#ete% onto the foo%

n% %igestion occ"#s o"tsi%e the cell

E)mple , sp#oph!te /plnt0 , f"ng"s

sp#ooite /niml0 , e#th'o#m


18/87

P#e!3p#e%to#

/9 +3 0

p#e%to#

3 (ills othe# niml fo# foo%

3 l#ge# n% fe'e# in n"m*e# thn its p#e!3 the n"m*e# of p#e%to# ffects the

sie of p#e! pop"ltion

p#e!

3 the niml tht (ill *! the p#e%to#

3 m"st *e *le to p#otect itself f#om *eing (ille%

e)mple , o'ls : sn(es+ f#ogs : sn(es


19/87

prey

predator

Time

Number


20/87

Competition

An inte#ction *et'een o#gnisms 'hich live togethe#

In h*itt n% compete fo# the sme #eso"#ces tht #e

in limite% s"ppl!

Int#specific

Competition *et'een in%ivi%"ls

of the sme species

Compete fo# light+ 'te#+

spce n% n"t#ients

E)mple , Bryophyllumsp

Inte#specific

Competition *et'een in%ivi%"ls

of %iffe#ent species

E)mple ,paramecium aurelia

& paramecium caudatum


21/87

Number

the winner

the loser

Time


22/87

Inte#specific competition


23/87

ECOSYSTEM

An ecologicl s!stem fo#me% *! the inte#ction of

living o#gnisms n% thei# non3living envi#onment

E)mple , Mng#ove+ s'mp+ %ese#t+ m#ine fo#est

THE PROCESS OF COLONISTION N! S"CCESSIONIN N ECOS#STE$

COMM;NITY

A pop"ltion of o#gnisms living togethe# 'ithin the

sme h*itt

#ep#esent *iotic components of n ecos!stem

E)mple , v#io"s g#o"p of o#gnisms living in fo#est


24/87

POP;$ATION

A g#o"p of in%ivi%"ls of the sme species occ"p!ingthe sme h*itt

e)p#esse% *! %ensit!

The #te of chnge of pop"ltion %ensit! %epen%s on

*i#th #te+ %eth #te n% mig#tion

SPECIES

A g#o"p of closel! #elte% o#gnisms 'hich #ecp*le of inte#*#ee%ing to p#o%"ce fe#tile offsp#ing


25/87

ECOSYSTEM

COMM;NITY

POP;$ATION

SPECIES


26/87

HABITAT

The plce 'he#e the o#gnism lives

o#gnism o*tin its foo%+ shelte# n% #ep#o%"ces in its

h*itt

e)mple , pon%s+ #ive#s+ fo#ests

'ithin n ecos!stem the#e 'ill *e seve#l h*itts

mic#oh*itt , smlle# %ivision of n h*itt
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Driver%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-471%26fp_ip%3DMY%26x%3Dwrt%26js%3D1%26ni%3D21&w=850&h=636&imgurl=www.roger-rotor.ch%2Ftravel%2Fnz%2F_gross%2F30_grey_river.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roger-rotor.ch%2Ftravel%2Fnz%2Findex-30_grey_riverjpg.htm&size=135.2kB&name=30_grey_river.jpg&p=river&type=jpeg&no=6&tt=13,804,603&oid=6250ef01426b291a&ei=UTF-8http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dpond%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-471%26fp_ip%3DMY%26x%3Dwrt%26js%3D1%26ni%3D21&w=500&h=500&imgurl=static.flickr.com%2F122%2F257502060_975523688d_m.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fjeannot7%2F257502060%2F&size=302.5kB&name=257502060_975523688d.jpg&p=pond&type=jpeg&no=1&tt=2,292,010&oid=564396d37fba83aa&fusr=Jeannot7&tit=Mill+Pond&hurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Fjeannot7%2F&ei=UTF-8&src=phttp://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dforest%26fr%3Dyfp-t-471%26toggle%3D1%26cop%3Dmss%26ei%3DUTF-8%26vc%3D%26fp_ip%3DMY&w=550&h=413&imgurl=www.1-costaricalink.com%2Fcosta_rica_pictures%2Frain_forest_cloud_forest_canopy_picture%2Frain_forest_cloud_forest_canopy_picture_119b.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1-costaricalink.com%2Fcosta_rica_pictures%2Frain_forest_cloud_forest_canopy_picture%3FD%3DA&size=115.4kB&name=rain_forest_cloud_forest_canopy_picture_119b.jpg&p=forest&type=jpeg&no=12&tt=5,560,473&oid=16af171b0a6f48cc&ei=UTF-8


27/87

NICHE

Is the f"nction of n o#gnism o# the #ole it pl!s in the

h*itt

o#gnisms cn live in the sme h*itt *"t the! occ"p!

%iffe#ent niches

incl"%es its h*itt+ its inte#ction+ the t!pes of foo% it

cons"mes+ the #nge of tempe#t"#e it tole#te n% thespces it occ"pies

E)mple , cte#pill# n% phi% live in the sme h*itt

/cte#pill# ets the lef *"t phi% s"c(s sp f#om the lef0
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dcaterpillar%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-471%26fp_ip%3DMY%26x%3Dwrt%26js%3D1%26ni%3D21&w=374&h=500&imgurl=static.flickr.com%2F52%2F144920347_56b885369c_m.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F29446253%40N00%2F144920347%2F&size=131.8kB&name=144920347_56b885369c.jpg&p=caterpillar&type=jpeg&no=19&tt=428,615&oid=0e69d368f44c4260&fusr=bigd0011768&tit=Monarch+caterpillar+Monarch+%28Danaus+plexippus%29&hurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2F29446253%40N00%2F&ei=UTF-8&src=phttp://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Daphid%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-471%26fp_ip%3DMY%26x%3Dwrt%26js%3D1%26ni%3D21&w=179&h=252&imgurl=www.ento.psu.edu%2Fextension%2Fimages%2Finsects%2Fgreen_peach_aphid.gif&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ento.psu.edu%2Fextension%2Ffactsheets%2Fgreen_peach_aphid.htm&size=17.1kB&name=green_peach_aphid.gif&p=aphid&type=gif&no=3&tt=33,731&oid=f256ab96f236cb18&ei=UTF-8http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Daphid%26ei%3DUTF-8%26fr%3Dyfp-t-471%26fp_ip%3DMY%26x%3Dwrt%26js%3D1%26ni%3D21&w=409&h=500&imgurl=static.flickr.com%2F211%2F451105019_eeb5597235_m.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Frovernl%2F451105019%2F&size=117.8kB&name=451105019_eeb5597235.jpg&p=aphid&type=jpeg&no=1&tt=33,731&oid=3d8eb30294299908&fusr=Introducing+Nancy&tit=Aphid+Colony&hurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flickr.com%2Fphotos%2Frovernl%2F&ei=UTF-8&src=p


28/87

Mng#ove s'mpPon%


29/87

COLONISASIONCOLONISASION

O$$*s in ne%ly &o*me a*eas %'e*e no li&eO$$*s in ne%ly &o*me a*eas %'e*e no li&e

"*e/iosly e!is-e"*e/iosly e!is-e T'e &i*s- $olonise*s .T'e &i*s- $olonise*s . pionee# speciespionee# species

S"e$ial aa"-a-ion o& "ionee* s"e$iesS"e$ial aa"-a-ion o& "ionee* s"e$ies

h#%!h#%!

"lan-"lan-

1 'a/e1 'a/e goo% %ense #oot s!stemgoo% %ense #oot s!stem(bin san(bin san"a*-i$les"a*-i$les an 'ol %a-e* + 'msan 'ol %a-e* + 'ms

2 'a/e2 'a/e sho#tsho#tli&e $y$leli&e $y$le

3 %'en ie, -'ei* *emains a -o 'ms $on-en-3 %'en ie, -'ei* *emains a -o 'ms $on-en- E!am"les . )*asses, &e*ns se)esE!am"les . )*asses, &e*ns se)es


30/87

SUCCESSIONSUCCESSION

T'e "*o$ess in %'i$'T'e "*o$ess in %'i$' one comm"nit! chnges itsone comm"nit! chnges its

envi#onment so tht it is #eplce% *! nothe#envi#onment so tht it is #eplce% *! nothe#comm"nit!comm"nit! T'eT'e g#%"l : contin"o"sg#%"l : contin"o"s"*o$ess"*o$ess 4eas -o a &inal an s-able $ommni-y %'i$' is in4eas -o a &inal an s-able $ommni-y %'i$' is in

e5ilib*im %i-' i-s en/i*onmen- an is 6no%n ase5ilib*im %i-' i-s en/i*onmen- an is 6no%n as clim)clim)

comm"nit!comm"nit! S"ccesso# speciesS"ccesso# species. a se*ies o& "lan- -'a- *e"la$e -'e. a se*ies o& "lan- -'a- *e"la$e -'e

"ionee* s"e$ies ('e*ba$eos "lan-"ionee* s"e$ies ('e*ba$eos "lan- S$$esso* .S$$esso* .

g#o' *igge#g#o' *igge#-'an "ionee* -'s *e$e -'e amon--'an "ionee* -'s *e$e -'e amon-

o&o& snli)'-snli)'-77 hve smll 'in%3 %ispe#s*le see%shve smll 'in%3 %ispe#s*le see%s

(able -o s"*ea an )*o% *a"ily(able -o s"*ea an )*o% *a"ily

1 $an1 $an chnge the st#"ct"#echnge the st#"ct"#ean 5ali-y o& soil &o*an 5ali-y o& soil &o*

la*)e* "lan- -o )*o% e!am"le s'*bs la*)e* "lan- -o )*o% e!am"le s'*bs


31/87

Dominnt speciesDominnt species. )*o% &as-e* an omina-e -'e. )*o% &as-e* an omina-e -'eslo%e* )*o%in) "ionee* an s$$esso* s"e$iesslo%e* )*o%in) "ionee* an s$$esso* s"e$ies

8ominan- s"e$ies -*n moi&y -'e en/i*onmen-8ominan- s"e$ies -*n moi&y -'e en/i*onmen-

%'i$' allo%s la*)e* -*ee -o )*o%%'i$' allo%s la*)e* -*ee -o )*o% T'e la*)e* -*ees "*o/ie s'ae an -'e s'*bsT'e la*)e* -*ees "*o/ie s'ae an -'e s'*bs

$anno- $om"e-e an a*e *e"la$e by &o*es- &loo*$anno- $om"e-e an a*e *e"la$e by &o*es- &loo*s"e$iess"e$ies

E$olo)i$al s$$ession leas -o a *ela-i/ely s-ableE$olo)i$al s$$ession leas -o a *ela-i/ely s-able$ommni-y %'i$' is a$ommni-y %'i$' is a clim) comm"nit!clim) comm"nit!

E


32/87

COLONISATION & SUCCESSION IN DISUSEDCOLONISATION & SUCCESSION IN DISUSED

PONDSPONDS

7 S"*me#ge%=s"n(en plnt

Pln(ton

Be)in "ionee* s"e$ies %'i$' is sbme*)e "lan- li6eBe)in "ionee* s"e$ies %'i$' is sbme*)e "lan- li6e HydrillaHydrillas"9,s"9,CabombaCabombas"9,s"9, ElodeaElodeas"9s"9

Sbme*)e s"e$ies a*e a-o-*o"'s ($a**y o- "'o-osyn-'esisSbme*)e s"e$ies a*e a-o-*o"'s ($a**y o- "'o-osyn-'esis

W'en -'ey ie, -'ey $on-*ib-es eb*is:'ms (%'i$' s""liesW'en -'ey ie, -'ey $on-*ib-es eb*is:'ms (%'i$' s""liesn-*ien-s &o* ne!- )*o", s$$esso*n-*ien-s &o* ne!- )*o", s$$esso*

T'e e$om"osi-ion o& ea "ionee*s s"e$ies soil e*osion %ill aT'e e$om"osi-ion o& ea "ionee*s s"e$ies soil e*osion %ill asil- *e$e %a-e* le/elsil- *e$e %a-e* le/el

T'e ne% en/i*onmen- is no% si-able &o* T'e ne% en/i*onmen- is no% si-able &o* s-s-s$$esso* (&loa-in)s$$esso* (&loa-in)"lan-"lan-


33/87

>

T'e &loa-in) "lan- li6eT'e &loa-in) "lan- li6e LemnaLemnas"9,s"9, EichorniaEichornias"9,s"9, NympheaNympheas"9 %ills"9 %ill*e"la$e -'e "ionee* )*o"*e"la$e -'e "ionee* )*o"

T'ey 'a/e b*oa lea/es %'i$' $o/e* -'e %a-e* s*&a$eT'ey 'a/e b*oa lea/es %'i$' $o/e* -'e %a-e* s*&a$e

T'e "ionee* )*o" *e$ei/e less li)'- &o* "'o-osyn-'esisT'e "ionee* )*o" *e$ei/e less li)'- &o* "'o-osyn-'esis T's, -'e "o"la-ion o& "ionee* )*o" e$*easesT's, -'e "o"la-ion o& "ionee* )*o" e$*eases

T'e a$$mla-ion o& 'ms in$*eases )*aallyT'e a$$mla-ion o& 'ms in$*eases )*aally

T'e "on be$ome s'allo%e*T'e "on be$ome s'allo%e*

T'is leas -o -'e )*o%-' o& 7T'is leas -o -'e )*o%-' o& 7nns$$esso* (eme*)en-:am"'ibians$$esso* (eme*)en-:am"'ibian"aln-"aln-

1loting

plnt


34/87

?

T'e eme*)en- "lan- s$' as $a--ails se)es (T'y"a s"9, Cy"e*sT'e eme*)en- "lan- s$' as $a--ails se)es (T'y"a s"9, Cy"e*ss"9 %ill *e"la$e -'e &loa-in) "lan-ss"9 %ill *e"la$e -'e &loa-in) "lan-s

T'ey $an li/e bo-' %a-e* an on lanT'ey $an li/e bo-' %a-e* an on lan In ea*lie* s-a)es, -'ese "lan- )*o% nea* -'e "on sieIn ea*lie* s-a)es, -'ese "lan- )*o% nea* -'e "on sie

As -'e a$$mla-ion o& 'ms an sil- in$*eases, -'ey %ill omina-eAs -'e a$$mla-ion o& 'ms an sil- in$*eases, -'ey %ill omina-e&*-'e* in n-il -'e %'ole "on be$omes lan&*-'e* in n-il -'e %'ole "on be$omes lan

Eme#gent=

mphi*in

plnt


35/87

@

T'e a$$mla-ion o& 'ms ma6es lan mo*e &e*-ileT'e a$$mla-ion o& 'ms ma6es lan mo*e &e*-ile

T'e $*ee"e*s, 'e*b "lan-s an s'*b %ill *e"la$e -'e eme*)en-T'e $*ee"e*s, 'e*b "lan-s an s'*b %ill *e"la$e -'e eme*)en-

"lan-s"lan-s T'e lan no% $o/e*e by bs'esT'e lan no% $o/e*e by bs'es

-#sses


36/87

Ove# pe#io% of time+ the *"shes 'ill #eplce% *! p#im#!Ove# pe#io% of time+ the *"shes 'ill #eplce% *! p#im#!

fo#estfo#est 1inll!+ it #eches the clim) comm"nit!1inll!+ it #eches the clim) comm"nit!

E)mple ,E)mple ,

t#opicl #in fo#est in Ml!sit#opicl #in fo#est in Ml!si


37/87

Hydrillasp

/'te#'ee%0

Elodeasp

/'te# 'ee%0

Cabombasp

/fn 'o#t0

S"*me#ge%= s"n(en plnt


38/87

Lemnasp

/%"c( 'ee%0

Eichorniasp

/'te# h!cinth0

Nymphaeasp

/'te# lil!0

1loting plnt


39/87

Thypasp /cttils0 Cyperussp /se%ges0 Fimbristylissp /se%ges0

Eme#gent = mphi*in plnt


40/87

MANGROVE SWAMP

ANGROVE SWAMP


41/87

MANGROVE SWAMP

ANGROVE SWAMP

;on in -*o"i$al sb-*o"i$al *e)ions;on in -*o"i$al sb-*o"i$al *e)ions

%'e*e &*es'%a-e* mee-s sal- %a-e*%'e*e &*es'%a-e* mee-s sal- %a-e*

C'a*a$-e*is-i$s .C'a*a$-e*is-i$s .

So&- my soil So&- my soil

7


42/87

2 s"e$ies o& man)*o/e .2 s"e$ies o& man)*o/e .

AvicenniaAvicennias"9s"9

77 SonneratiaSonneratias"9s"9

11 RhizophoraRhizophoras"9s"9

22 BrugeriaBrugeria s"9s"9 T'e man)*o/e "lan-s a*e %ell aa"-e -oT'e man)*o/e "lan-s a*e %ell aa"-e -o

-'e 'a*s' $oni-ions o& -'ese *e)ions9-'e 'a*s' $oni-ions o& -'ese *e)ions9


43/87

ADAPTATIONS OF MANGROVEADAPTATIONS OF MANGROVE

PLANTSPLANTS

PROB4EMSPROB4EMS A8APTATIONSA8APTATIONS

So&-, my soilSo&-, my soil

S-*on) $oas-al %inS-*on) $oas-al %in

AvicenniaAvicennias"9 . ne*)*ons"9 . ne*)*on c*lec*le#oots#oots(lon) b*an$'(lon) b*an$'

RhizophoraRhizophoras"9 .s"9 . p#op #ootsp#op #oots(ae*ial *oo-s# &o* an$'o* (ae*ial *oo-s# &o* an$'o* ae*a-ionae*a-ion

Wa-e*lo))e $oni-ions o&Wa-e*lo))e $oni-ions o&soil (= amon- o& Osoil (= amon- o& O

77

AvicenniaAvicennias"9 . b*ea-'in) *oo-ss"9 . b*ea-'in) *oo-s((pne"mtopho#espne"mtopho#es, )*o%, )*o%/e*-i$ally "%a*s/e*-i$ally "%a*s

Gaseos e!$'an)e -'*o)'Gaseos e!$'an)e -'*o)'lenticelslenticels(on -'e ba*6(on -'e ba*6


44/87

8i*e$- e!"os*e -o -'e sn8i*e$- e!"os*e -o -'e sn

(> *a-e o& -*ans"i*a-ion(> *a-e o& -*ans"i*a-ion

4ea/es a*e $o/e*e by a -'i$64ea/es a*e $o/e*e by a -'i$6laye* o&laye* o& c"ticlec"ticle

4ea/es a*e4ea/es a*e thic( : s"cc"lentthic( : s"cc"lent

(able -o s-o*e %a-e*(able -o s-o*e %a-e*


45/87

P#ops #oots

E)c#etion of c#!stlline

slt f#om h!%tho%es

2ivip#it!

Pne"mtopho#es

C*le #oots


46/87


47/87

Pionee# speciesA%pttions ,

pnemtopho#ese#ench!m tiss"e

vivip#o"s see%lings

S"ccesso# speciesA%pttions,p#ops #oots

S"ccesso# species

A%pttions ,*"tt#ess #oots

vivip#o"s see%lingsh!%to%es

thic( : s"cc"lent leves')! c"ticles

COLONISATION & SUCCESSION IN MANGROVECOLONISATION & SUCCESSION IN MANGROVE


48/87

SWAMPSSWAMPS

CO$ONISATIONCO$ONISATION

The pionee# species ,The pionee# species ,AvicenniaAvicenniasp :sp : SonneratiaSonneratiaspsp

The e)tensive #oots s!stem ofThe e)tensive #oots s!stem ofAvicenniaAvicenniasp :sp : SonneratiaSonneratiasp collectsp collectse%iments : o#gnic mtte#se%iments : o#gnic mtte#

As times psses+ the soil *ecome mo#e compct : fi#mAs times psses+ the soil *ecome mo#e compct : fi#m

S;CCESSIONS;CCESSION

RhiophoraRhiophorasp #eplces the pionee# speciessp #eplces the pionee# species

The #cing #oots ofThe #cing #oots of RhiophoraRhiophorasp t#p silt : m"%+ c#eting fi#me#sp t#p silt : m"%+ c#eting fi#me#soil st#"ct"#esoil st#"ct"#e

As times psses+ the g#o"n% *ecomes highe# : the soil *ecomesAs times psses+ the g#o"n% *ecomes highe# : the soil *ecomes%#ie#%#ie#

Bru!uieraBru!uiera sp #eplcessp #eplces RhiophoraRhiophoraspsp

The *"tt#ess #oots ofThe *"tt#ess #oots of Bru!uieraBru!uiera sp 1o#m loops 'hich p#ot#"%e f#omsp 1o#m loops 'hich p#ot#"%e f#omthe soil to t#p mo#e silt n% m"% The soil st#"ct"#e chngesthe soil to t#p mo#e silt n% m"% The soil st#"ct"#e chnges

Ove# time+ te##est#il plnts /Ove# time+ te##est#il plnts / Nypa "ruticansNypa "ruticans:: #andanus#andanussp #eplcesp #eplceB#"g"ie# spB#"g"ie# sp

As times psses+ the t#opicl plnts #eplce the te##est#il plnts toAs times psses+ the t#opicl plnts #eplce the te##est#il plnts tofo#m clim) comm"nit!fo#m clim) comm"nit!


49/87

POPULATION E OLOGY

OPULATION E OLOGY

Po"la-ion e$olo)y . a b*an$' o& e$olo)y -'a-Po"la-ion e$olo)y . a b*an$' o& e$olo)y -'a-

s-ies -'e s-*$-*e an ynami$s o& "o"la-ionss-ies -'e s-*$-*e an ynami$s o& "o"la-ions Po"la-ion ensi-y . -'e nmbe* o& o*)anisms "e*Po"la-ion ensi-y . -'e nmbe* o& o*)anisms "e*

ni- a*ea o& -'e 'abi-a-ni- a*ea o& -'e 'abi-a-

Po"la-ion ensi-y is a&&e$-e by abio-i$, bio-i$, bi*-'Po"la-ion ensi-y is a&&e$-e by abio-i$, bio-i$, bi*-'*a-e, ea-' *a-e immi)*a-ion emi)*a-ion9*a-e, ea-' *a-e immi)*a-ion emi)*a-ion9

Sam"lin) -e$'ni5e . es-ima-e -'e -o-al "o"la-ionSam"lin) -e$'ni5e . es-ima-e -'e -o-al "o"la-ionsi?e o& -'e o*)anismssi?e o& -'e o*)anisms

Ty"e o& sam"lin) -e$'ni5e .Ty"e o& sam"lin) -e$'ni5e . 5a*a- sam"lin) -e$'ni5e ("lan- 5a*a- sam"lin) -e$'ni5e ("lan-

7 -'e $a"-*e, ma*6, *elease *e$a"-*e7 -'e $a"-*e, ma*6, *elease *e$a"-*e-e$'ni5e (animal -e$'ni5e (animal


50/87

Quadrat sampl!"

uadrat sampl!"

t#$%!u# 'pla!t(

#$%!u# 'pla!t(

;se% to estimting the sie of plnt pop"ltions

M%e f#om metl o# 'oo%en f#me

The "%#t is plce% #n%oml! in the ecos!stem

FORMULAFORMULA


51/87

FORMULA

1#e"enc! , the n"m*e# of times p#tic"l# species is fo"n% p#esent

'hen "%#t is th#o'n ce#tin n"m*e# of times

1#e"enc! , N"m*e# of "%#ts contining the species

N"m*e# of "%#ts< 7556

Densit! , the men n"m*e# of in%ivi%"ls of species pe# "nit #e

Densit! , Totl n"m*e# of in%ivi%"ls of species in ll "%#ts

N"m*e# of "%#ts < "%#t #e

Pe#centge cove#ge , n in%iction of ho' m"ch #e of the "%#t

is occ"pie% *! species

Pe#centge cove#ge, Ae#il cove#ge of ll "%#ts /m>0

N"m*e# of "%#ts < "%#t #e

< 7556


52/87

aptur#) mar*) r#l#as# &

aptur#) mar*) r#l#as# &

r#$aptur# t#$%!u# 'a!mal(

#$aptur# t#$%!u# 'a!mal(

;se% to estimte the pop"ltions of mo*ile nimlsThe metho% ,

70 A specific niml smple is cpt"#e%>0 The niml is m#(e% / #ing+ tg o# 'te#p#oof colo"#e% in(=pint0

?0 The m#(e% nimls #e #elese% into the gene#l pop"ltion

@0 Afte# s"it*le pe#io% of time+ secon% smple #e #ecpt"#e%

0 The n"m*e# of m#(e% niml is #eco#%e%


53/87

FORMULA

ORMULA

Pop"ltion sie , /no of in%ivi%"ls in the 7stsmple0 < /no of in%ivi%"ls in the >n%smple0

no of m#(e% in%ivi%"ls #ecpt"#e%

8 4 BIODIVERSITY8 4 BIODIVERSITY


54/87

8.4 BIODIVERSITY8.4 BIODIVERSITY

Refers to the diverse species of plants and

animals interacting ith one another on Earth

Ta!onom" # a $ranch of $iolog" concerned ith

identif"ing% descri$ing and

naming organisms Organism are classi&ed into ' ma(or )ingdoms #

*+ ,onera

-+ rotista

/+ 01ngi

4+ lantae

'+ 2nimalia

Monera


55/87

Monera

3 # ,onera

# 5 pro)ar"otic organisms 61nicell1lar organisms+

5 no distinct n1clear mem$rane

5 The cell all is present $1t lac) of $oth mem$rane5$o1ndn1clei and

organelles

5 3o tiss1es formation

5 The" can $e photos"nthetic and non5photos"nthetic

E # Bacteria and c"no$acteria

Protista


56/87

Protista

3 # rotista

# 5 have a n1clear and organelles that s1rro1nded $"

mem$rane

5 ma" $e 1nicell1lar or m1lticell1lar 6algae and proto7oa+

5 the" can either $e heterotrophic or a1totrophic or even$oth

5 the cell of m1lticell1lar% are not specialised to performspeci&c f1nctions

in the organisms

5 some have $oth plant and animal characteristic

E #Amoeba, Paramecium, Spirogyra and Chlamydomonas

Fungi


57/87

Fungi

3 # 01ngi

# 5 heterotrophic m1lticell1lar and some are 1nicell1lar

5 the cell alls of f1ngi contain chitin

5 the main $odies consists of netor) of thread5li)eh"phae called m"celi1m

5 do not chloroph"ll

5 prod1ce spores for reprod1ction

5 $ecome saproph"tic and some are parasitisms

E # ,o1ld 6Mucor+% m1shrooms and "east

Plantae


58/87

Plantae3 # lantae

# 5 incl1de all land plants

5 have a chloroph"ll and carr" o1tphotos"nthesis

5 m1lticell1lar

5 cells are specialise into tiss1es

E # mosses% fern% conifers and oering and non5oering plant

Animalia


59/87

Animalia3 # 2nimalia

# 5 m1lticell1lar% heterotrophic and e1)ar"otes

5 animal cell do not have cell all

5 mo$ile

5 do not have chloroph"ll

E # inverte$rate% &sh% reptiles%% $ird and mammals

he Hierarchy in the Classifcation o Organis


60/87

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Family

Order

Genus

Species

2 gro1p of organisms sharing certain $asicfeat1res

2 gro1p of organisms has closel"related classes

2 gro1p of organisms has closel"related order

2 gro1p of organisms has closel"related families

2 gro1p of organisms has closel"related genera

2 gro1p of organisms has closel"related species

2 gro1p of organisms are ver" similar%$1t the" still have individ1al di9erent


innaeus !inomial System Classifcation


61/87

innaeus !inomial System Classifcation

*. The modern s"stem of naming animals and plants is$ased on the :innae1s Binomial S"stem develop $"arol1s :innae1s

-. The :innae1s Binomial S"stem of classi&cation 1sesto ords to name ever" species of organisms

fo1nd. i+ the frst "ordin the name refers to the genus

ii+ the second "ordis the specifc name

/. The characteristics of the s"stem are as follos# i+ $oth names are in :atin ords

ii+ the name of the gen1s is ritten &rst and the &rstletter sho1ld $e

Scientifc names o some local or anisms


62/87

Common name Scientifc name

Paddy Oryza sativa

#urian #urio $i%ethinus

Oil palm Elaeis guineensis

&am%utan Nephelium lappacium

Sugar cane Saccharumofcinarum

Chic'en Gallus domesticus

Toad Buo melanosticusFrog Rana erythraeu

Scientifc names o some local organisms



63/87

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

Family

Order

Genus

Species

2nimalia 2nimalia

hordata Chordata

,ammalia Mammalia

arnivora Carni(ora

anidae Canidae

Canis Canis

familiaris lupus


Dog ;olf

The )mportance o !iodi(ersity


64/87

The )mportance o !iodi(ersity

)mportance o!iodi(ersity

Shelter

leandrin)ingater

Economicreso1rces

lean air

So1rces offood

So1rces ofmedicine

8 ' Th i t f i i lif8 ' Th i t f i i lif


65/87

8.' The impact of microorganisms on life8.' The impact of microorganisms on life

,icroorganisms are tin" organisms thatcan onl" seen clearl" 1nder themicroscope

,icroorganism are classi&ed into ' ma(or

t"pes #*+ Vir1s

-+ Bacteria

/+ 2lgae

4+ roto7oa

'+ 01ngi

!acteria


66/87

!acteria

3 # Bacteria

# 5 1nicell1lar organisms hich have $asic cellstr1ct1re that

incl1des a cell all% plasma mem$rane andD32 that is not

enclosed in a mem$rane

5 have a cell alls made of a pol"mer calledpeptidogl"can

5 certain $acteria form spores 1nder1nfavo1ra$le conditions

5 their shape ma" $e spherical 6cocc1s+% rodshape% 6$acill1s+ or

spiral 6spirili1m+

Algae


67/87

g

3 # 2lgae

# 5 photos"nthetic e1)ar"otic plant5li)e organismsin the

)ingdom protista

5 have a chloroph"ll and chloroplast

5 cell alls are made of cell1lose

5 do not have leaves% stems or roots

E # ph"toplan)ton and Spirogyra sp.

Fungi


68/87

g

3 # 01ngi

# 5 heterotrophic m1lticell1lar or 1nicell1lar

5 do not have chloroph"ll

5 have a cell alls made 1p of chitin

5 f1ngi feed $" secreting en7"mes that $rea) thes1rro1nding

organic material don into simple molec1les$efore the" are

a$sor$ed

E # Mucor sp. and "east

Proto$oa


69/87

3 # roto7oa

# 5 1nicell1lar organism

5 have n1cle1s% c"toplasm and plasmamem$rane

5 capa$le carr" o1t living processes s1ch as

respiration%

reprod1ction and e!cretion

5 the" have agella% cilia or pse1dopodia to

moveE # Euglenasp.% Paramecium sp.%Amoeba sp.

*iruses


70/87

3 # Vir1ses

# 5 is not a living cell $eca1se it cannot s1rvive or reprod1ce

on its on o1tsidethe host

5 is composed of D32 and R32% s1rro1nded $" a proteincoat

5 can $e cr"stallised

E # T4 $acteriophage and to$acco mosaic vir1s

ect o A%iotic Components on the Acti(ity o Microor


71/87

p y

-.Concentration o nutrient/

5 all microorganisms e!cept vir1ses need n1trientand ater for

reprod1ction and groth.

5 itho1t n1trient and ater% microorganisms illdie or form

spores

0. pH

5 most $acteria prefer slightl" al)aline condition 6p ? the groth of microorganisms is inhi$ited

5 microorganisms and their spores can onl" $e destro"ed henthe" are sterili7ed at a temperat1re of a$o1t *-* ?

2. ight intensity

5 microorganisms prefer place hich are dar) or have a lolight intensit"

5 a high intensit" of s1nlight and 1ltraviolet ra"s can )illmicroorganisms

5 hoever% algae and photos"nthetic $acteria need light tophotos"nthesis

The &ole o 3seul Microorganisms in the +cosyste


73/87

g y

-. #igestion/

5 in stomach% intestine or caec1m of her$ivors A have a$acteria that prod1ce

cell1lases en7"mes to digest cell1lose to simple s1gars

5 simple s1gar a$sor$ed $" the her$ivore and s"m$iotic$acteria

5 Termite have a Trichonymphasp. 6agellated proto7oan+hich is help to digest

cell1lose from the ood

0. Medicine

5 f1ngi A prod1ce anti$iotic 6prevent the groth of $acteria+

5 E!amples# Penicillium notatumA gonorrhoea% s"philis%

l1ng infection

1. #ecomposition/

$ t i d h ti f i i th t f d


74/87

4 $acteria and saproph"tic f1ng1s are microorganisms that feed ondead organic matter to get energ" for their life processes.

4 pla" an importance role in the nat1ral c"cles of the elements

s1ch as the car$on c"cle and nitrogen c"cle

2. )ndustry

5 prod1ction of alcohol A 1sing "east thro1gh the fermentationprocess of s1gar%

starch or grains

5 prod1ction of vinegar A the $acteri1m%Acetobacter% acts onalcohol to prod1ce

vinegar 6ethanoic acid+

5 ,a)ing $read A 1sing "east and sodi1m $icar$onate to prod1cecar$on dio!ide

to rises the $read do1gh

5 rod1ction of $1tter A cream is made so1r $" the action of$acteria. Bacteria

2. )ndustry


75/87

5 prod1ction of fermented mil) A tair1 and "og1rt

5 the $acteria%Lactobacillussp. and

Streptococcussp.and "east

5 the mil) ill$ecome so1r and has

smell of alcohol

5 prod1ction of vitamins A Vitamin B- A "east 5 Vitamin D A "east and

$acteri1m

5 te!tile ind1str" A $acteria are 1se to decomposedthe soft lant


76/87


77/87

4is- -'e &n$-ion o& mi$*oo*)anism in -'e ni-*o)en4is- -'e &n$-ion o& mi$*oo*)anism in -'e ni-*o)en


78/87

4is- -'e &n$-ion o& mi$*oo*)anism in -'e ni-*o)en4is- -'e &n$-ion o& mi$*oo*)anism in -'e ni-*o)en$y$le abo/e$y$le abo/e

Nit#ogen3fi)ing *cte#iNit#ogen3fi)ing *cte#i P#ocess, Nit#ogen 1i)tionP#ocess, Nit#ogen 1i)tion

99 RRhizobiumhizobiums"9 (in *oo- noles"9 (in *oo- nole

CClostridiumlostridiums"9s"9

AAnabaenanabaenas"9s"9

NNostocostoc s"9 ($yanoba$-e*ias"9 ($yanoba$-e*ia AAzotobactorzotobactor s"9 (li/es"9 (li/e

&*eely in soil&*eely in soil &i!&i! tmosphe#e nit#ogentmosphe#e nit#ogenin-oin-o nit#tenit#te/*so#* *!/*so#* *!

plnt : niml0plnt : niml0

P"t#ef!ing *cte#i n% f"ngiP"t#

ef!ing *cte#i n% f"ngi


79/87

P"t#ef!ing *cte#i n% f"ngi! g g

P#ocess, DecompositionP#ocess, Decomposition

7979


80/87

! g! g

P#ocess, Nit#ifictionP#ocess, Nit#ifiction

1919 NitrosomonasNitrosomonas s"9s"9

NitrococcusNitrococcuss"9s"9

C'an)esC'an)es mmonimmoniin-oin-o nit#ite+ NO>nit#ite+ NO>33

2929 NitrobacterNitrobacters"9s"9

C'an)esC'an)es nit#itenit#ite in-oin-o nit#te+ NO?nit#te+ NO? 33

Denit#if!ing *cte#iDenit#

if!ing *cte#i


81/87

! g! g

P#ocess, Denit#ifictionP#ocess, Denit#ifiction

3939 Denit#if!ingDenit#if!ingba$-e*ia, $'an)es ni-*a-eba$-e*ia, $'an)es ni-*a-e

in-o ni-*o)enin-o ni-*o)en

Pathogens7 *ectors and Symptoms o Some #iseases

#i#isease P thPathogens * t*ector S tSymptoms M th d Method o


82/87

#isease#isease PathogensPathogens *ector*ector SymptomsSymptoms Method oMethod oinectioninection

T!T! BacteriaBacteria 55 50eeling tired0eeling tired

5onstantonstantco1ghingco1ghing

5o1ghing o1to1ghing o1t

$lood$lood

Droplet infection%Droplet infection%

d1st% food andd1st% food anddrin)s that aredrin)s that arecontaminatedcontaminated

CholeraCholera Bacteria 6Bacteria 6VibrioVibriosp.+sp.+


83/87

#isease#isease PathoPatho

gensgens*ector*ector SymptomsSymptoms Method oMethod o

inectioninection

#engue#engue Vir1sVir1s ,osC1ito%,osC1ito%AedesAedesaegyptiaegypti

5


84/87

A)#SA)#S Vir1sVir1s

6


85/87

-.Through f(e "ays /

i+ the air ii+ to1ch

iii+ food

iv+ vectors

v+ ater

Controlling Pathogens


86/87

Methods o controllingpathogens

Anti%iotics

enicillin andstreptom"cin arechemicals prod1ced$" microorganismshich inhi$it the

groth or )ill other

microorganisms%especiall" $acteria

*accines

2re modi&ed or

ea)ened forms of$acteria or vir1ses. Is a

s1spension of dead$acteria or vir1ses hich

is inoc1lated into o1r$od" to ind1ce the

prod1ction of anti$odies.E!amples of vaccine areSa$ine vaccine and B

Antiseptics

2re 1sed on c1ts ando1nds to )ill and

inhi$it the groth ofmicroorganisms.

E!amples of

antiseptics areacriavin and iodine

#isinectants

Gse to )illmicroorganisms on the

oor% $1ildings orf1rnit1re and sterilises1rgical eC1ipment.E!ample # phenol%formaldeh"de and


87/87

Date post:	14-Feb-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	thiba-krishnan
View:	216 times
Download:	0 times

chapter8-dynamicecosystem-140530101319-phpapp02.ppt

Documents