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Chapter 7/8 Fall 11

Phonemic Analysis

PHONOLOGY

(Lane 335)


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What is Phonology?

It is a field of linguistics which studies the

distribution of sounds in a language as wellas the interaction between those different

sounds.


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What is Phonology?

Phonology tackles the following questions:

What sounds in a language are predictable?

What is the phonetic context that predicts the

occurrence of these sounds?

Which sounds affect the meaning of words?


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Phonetics Vs Phonology

Phonetics: studies how speech sounds are

produced, their physical properties & how

they are interpreted.

Phonology: studies the organization of

speech sounds in a particular language.


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Distinctive and Non-distinctive Sounds

Distinctive (contrastive) Sounds: make a difference inmeaning; e.g. /p/ & /b/ in pin, bin.

Non-distinctive (non-contrastive) Sounds:

Do NOT make a difference in meaning; e.g. [ph] in pin & spin.

Example:

/t/ in : top [thp]

stop [stp]

little [lil]

kitten [kin] (n is syllabic here)

hunter [hnr]


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Phoneme and Allophone A phoneme: a class of speech sounds that are identified

by a native speaker as the same sound; e.g. /t/;unpredictable (given in in pin like the example abovewe CANNOT predict which sound can come before it likebin, tin, din, kin, gin, fin, thin, sin, shin, chin)

A phoneme: a class of speech sounds that are identifiedby a native speaker as the same sound; e.g. /t/;phonemes are unpredictable

A phoneme is an abstract representation & cannot bepronounced (it is not a speech sound)

A phone: the actual phonetic segment produced by aspeaker & has been classified as belonging to somephoneme; e.g. [th]; predictable

An allophone: a variant of a phoneme, e.g. /t/ = [], []


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Distribution of Speech Sounds

The distribution of a phone = the set of phoneticenvironments in which it occurs.

Contrastive Sounds: if two sounds are separatephonemes, they are contrastive

(interchanging the two, change the meaning of a word)

Non-contrastive Sounds: if two phones are allophones ofthe same phoneme, they are non-contrastive

(interchanging the phones, doesnt change the meaning ofa word BUT it changes the pronunciation)


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Minimal Pair : Commutative test

A test to determine whether sounds are contrastiveor not.

Defined as a pair of words with different meaningswhich are pronounced exactly the same way exceptfor one sound that differs: pat, bat, fat, sat, mat

Thus /p, b, f, s, m/ are separate phonemes.

In some languages, no minimal pairs, but we canstill establish phonemes

Near Minimal Pair: (differ in more than one soundbut the environment of the sound is identical short iand schwa in mission & vision)


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Kinds of Phonemic Distribution Overlapping Distribution: when the sets of phonetic environments

in which two sounds occur are partially or completely identical.bait [bet] date [det]

lobe [lob] load [lod]

knobs [nabz] nods [nadz]

Two Kinds:

1- Contrastive distribution (give different meanings= belong todifferent phonemes = appear in minimal pairs)

2- Free Variation (never cause a contrast in meaning = allophonesof the same phoneme = no minimal pairs)

mat mat macan be released, unreleased or a glottal stopeitherirair neither nir, nair

tomato tmt, tomet - data dta , deta


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Kinds of Phonemic Distribution Complementary Distr ibut ion(mutually exclusive, non-

overlapping): when sounds DONT occur in the samephonetic environment

English

spat [spt] pat [pht]

spool [spul] pool [phul]

speak [spik] peek [phik]

No minimal pairs for such sounds

Phones in Complementary Distribution are allophones ofa single phoneme

The appearance of one allophone or the other isPREDICTABLE.

In Thai and Korean [p] and [ph ] are separate phonemes


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Phonological Rules

Two levels of representation:

1- underlying (phonemic, mental)

2- surface (phonetic)

Why do we need rules?

- to link the two levels- to show when a particular allophone should

show up on the surface


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Phonological Rules

PHONEMIC LEVEL

(underlying form)

PHONOLOGICAL RULES

PHONETIC LEVEL

(surface form)


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Phonological Rules

Definition

A phonological derivation is the set of stages used to

generate the phonetic representation of a word from its

underlying representation.

Discussion

Here is a diagram of the stages in a derivation.Phonological rules influence each stage of a derivation:

Examples (English)

Here are some examples of the derivations of wordshaving the negative prefix /In/:


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Phonological Rules

Phonological rules state that some item becomessome other item in some specific environment

The common way of expressing rules:

AB/ X____Y

A becomes B in the environment of(/) being

preceded by X and followed byY ____represents the position of the item affected by

the rule

( XAY) becomes (XBY)


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Phonological Rules Example from English:

[fn]: // // /____/n/

A vowel is nasalized whenever it immediately

precedes a nasal stop

[+ syllabic][+nasal]/ __[+nasal]

A +syllabic sound (= a vowel) becomes + nasal (= nasalized)

when it comes before a + nasal sound (= m, n, )The above captures a generalization about all

vowels not only [] and all nasals not only [n].


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Choosing the Underlying Form

How do we decide on the representation at the

phonemic level?

Phonemes and their allophones SHARE somephonetic features

The choice is phonetically natural

Take the form which has the simplest form


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Choosing the Underlying Form

How do we decide on the representation at the

phonemic level?

We can use an arbitrary number like 3 or Fred = harder to

read the rules

Using /p/ tells us that the allophones associated with /p/ all

share some features like [voice, continuant, anterior,

coronal].

/p/ is the simplest of the 3 phonetic forms with nothing

added to its p-ness like being aspirated or beingunreleased: /p/ and /p/

Use the form with the widest distribution


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7.13 p. 104

Form with the widest distribution:Take the case of the devoicing of liquids and

glides following voiceless consonants

kwit, flei, trap, pjur, swaip (all are devoiced) js, wi, b, sk^ri, brik glas, fi, fim

If the [voice] allophone were chosen to

represent then our rule(s) would specifymany environments thus the rule would be:


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A voiceless oral sonorant (liquid or glide)becomes voiced when:

1. word-initial

2. word-final

3. before a consonant

4. between two vowels

5. following a voiced consonant (see p. 105)


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So using the voiced member of the pair i.e.

the allophone with the widest distribution is:

Simpler

Expresses a generalization that non-nasalsonorants (liquids and glides) devoice following

voiceless segments

Shows there is an assimilation process with

voicelessness spreading to the following

consonant.


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Phonetic Naturalness

& Phonological Analysis

Naturalmeans to be expected, frequently foundacross languages

Does NOT mean English-like

No words in English begin with onset clusters like[ps], [pn], [pt].

These clusters appear word initially in otherlanguages like German, Greek, & French.


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Phonetic Naturalness

& Phonological Analysis (cont)

What applies to one language is not necessarily trueof other languages.

English /p/ has unaspirated p and aspirated p asallophones

Thai /p/ and /ph/ are two phonemes: paa forest

ph aa to split

English has /p/ and /b/

Arabic has /b/ with two allophones [b] and [p]


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Pattern Congruity Phonologists consider the consequences of choosing

one phoneme over the other

Pattern Congruity: the systematic organization of the setof phonemes and their distribution.

Choosing an allophone depends on the overall patternsfound in the phonological system (pattern congruity)

For example:In English: obstruent clusters have uniform voicing

Either all members of the cluster are [+ voice], or [- voice].

Mixed voice clusters DONT occur phonemically


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Pattern Congruity

/-ft, -pt, -ps, -kst, -sp/ e.g. daft, apt, apse, next, asp/-bd, -dz, -zd, -vz/ e.g.robbed, adze, phased, leaves* /-fd, -bt, -pz, -ds/


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Process Naturalness

In choosing the underlying form, the linking processesshould be considered

pass [ph s] pass you [ph ju]

this [s] this year [ji ]

[s] appears in more environments so it makes sense tochoose it as the underlying form instead of vice versa

Assimilation:

[s] alveolar [+coronal, +anterior] becomes

[] palato-alveolar [+coronal, - anterior] when followed by[j] palatal [+ coronal, - anterior]


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Phonology

Phonology is concerned with the organization

of the system underlying the speech sounds

The phonemic level represents native

speakers knowledge of the sound system oftheir language


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Phonology vs. Phonetics

Phonology: is a cognitive study which deals

with the representation of knowledge in the

mind

Phonetics: deals with the physical properties

of speech sounds


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Chapter 7 Exercises

Exercise 1 page 110/130

Consider the distribution of [w] and [] in the following data.

Are the phones allophones of the same or different phonemes?

Why? If they are allophones of a single phoneme, give a rule toaccount for the distribution.

a. ae why h. we way

b. which i. we^r weather

c. ^t white j. wnt want

d. ez whales k.w witch

e. p whip l. ^p wipef. ^l awhile m. wez Wales

g. ^r whether n. awash


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Chapter 7 Exercises

a. ae why h. we way

b. which i. we^r weather

c. ^t white j. wnt want

d. ez whales k. w witch

e. p whip l. ^p wipe

f. ^l awhile m. wez Wales

g. ^r whether n. awash


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Chapter 7 Exercises

a. bomba bomb e. bega (s/he) comes

b. bea plain f. boa foolish

c. tuo tube g. gato cat

d. paa pay h. tumbo fall

i. rondar to patrol k. roar to roll

j. dar to give l. deo finger

************************


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