Characterisation of Natural fibres for Composite applications

BITS PilaniHyderabad Campus

Characterisation of Natural fibres for Composite applications

Dr Ramesh AdusumalliDepartment of Chemical Engineering

Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC)

- Low modulus matrix

- High modulus fibers

bull High potential for lightweight constructions

bull Tailoring of properties in user-defined way

bull High damping properties

bull Good corrosion resistance

bull Environmental toxicity

bull Production and life cycle costs

01082012 2National Conference on Recent advances in

Composites - Hyderabad

COMPOSITE MATERIALS

Fiber-reinforced Polymer composites used in 2002

Aerospace

1Appliances

8

Consumer

products

8

Electronic

components

10Marine

12

Miscellaneous

4

Construction

26

Automotives

31

Introduction Polymer Composites

Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer composites ndash GFRP

Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites ndash CFRP

Aramid Fiber Reinforced Polymer composites-AFRP

Glass fibers are used in 95 of the cases to reinforce plastics

Market 22 Million tones (2002)

Source Mohanty Misra Drzal Natural fibers Biopolymers and Biocomposites 2005

End-of-life vehicles regulation (ELV) and ldquoEuropean Composite Recycling Conceptrdquo imposed significant and strict regulations on composite waste management

Starting from 2006 at least 85 of the average weight of an old vehicle are to be used or reused to at least 80 materially or rawmaterially

Till 2015 these utilization must be increased up to 95 (utilization) andor 85 (material utilization and re-use)

European legislation

Material utilization and re-use

Utilization

landfill

Thermal utilization

Is there any alternative to glass fibres in polymer composites

Flax Ramie Jute (Bast fibres)

bull Front door liners 12 to 18 kg

bull Rear door liners 08 to 15 kg

bull Boot liners 15 to 25 kg

bull Parcel shelves lt2 kg

bull Seat backs 16 to 20 kg

bull Sunroof interior shields lt04 kg

bull Headrests ~25 kg

1 Annual growing raw material up to two cropsa

2 Low costs05 to 1 eurokg compared to 2 eurokg for glass fibers

3 Low density1500 kgm3 glass 2500 kgm3

4 Fibers act non-abrasive

5 Low energy consumptionone-fifth of fiber glass production

6 Physiological harmlessnessno skin irritation

7 CO2-neutrality when incinerated

8 Residual free thermal utilization

9 Safer crash behavior (high stability and absence of splintering

10 Environmental Regulations (end-of-life vehicle regulation ELV)

Replace Glass fibres with Flax Hemp etc - BIOCOMPOSITES

Money spent to reduce the 1 kilo weight

Space agencies 25000 Euro

Aeronautics 250 - 750 Euro

Automobile 0 - 25 Euro

Cost E54WG2 17102008 Budapest Micromechanics of single Pulp Fibres

7

Single Fibre testing

bullDirect gripping (ASTM D 3822) Standard test

method for tensile properties of single textile fibres

- Viscose rayon Flax Polyester

bull Paper frame set-up (ASTM D 3379-75) Standard

method for tensile strength and youngs modulus of

single technical fibres

- Glass Carbon Aramid

Paper frame set-upDirect gripping

To avoid the slippage problem and for better accuracy in E-modulus measurement ltlt Paper frame set-up gtgt is adopted for single pulp fibre testing

Ball and

socket

method

Courtesy Dr Navi and Dr Sedighi-Gilani from EPFL (CH) Prof Gindl from BOKU (A)

Gauge length 20 mm (Paper frame)

Gauge length 50 mm (Direct gripping)

Single fibre tensile properties

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

8 13 18 23 28 33 38 43

Specific modulus [GPa gcm-3

]

Sp

ec

ific

str

en

gth

[M

Pa

g

cm

-3]

Flax

Lyocell

Rayon tirecord

Glass

Carbon X = 127 Y = 2440

Carbon

Modal

Viscose



9

Viscose (Rayon) and Lyocell fibres

Kraft or Chemical pulping

uses NaOH and Na2S

here Lignin is completely

removed It accounts for

70 pulp production

Pulping cooking aims to separate cellulose fibers from the wood structure

Mechanical pulping

involves metal disks

which grinds the wood

here lignin is partially

removed

Raw Cellulose (I) -

Unpurified

Regenerated Cellulose (II)

- Purifed

RegenerationPulping

Lenzing AG

Mechanical properties of

Cellulose (I) gtgt Cellulose (II)

01082012National Conference on Recent advances in


BIRLA Cellulose

Composite Manufacturing

Epoxy resin 80 degrees 1-2 hours

Fibre volume content - 55

Needle punched nonwoven mats

Adding the thermoset resin

Fibre rovings



Fibre - Matrix adhesion determinationMicrolevel Microbond test

Interfacial shear strength is measured

Macrolevel-1 Scanning electron mictoscopy

Fibre pull-out is considered

Macrolevel-2 Double notch shear test

Interlaminar shear strength is measured

Epoxy droplet on lyocell fibre SEM fractograph of lyocell-epoxy

Shear test of lyocell-epoxy composite specimen



Droplet on lyocell fiberDroplet formationPP trousers

Microbond technique

l d ratio for lyocell-PP ~ 20

l d ratio for glass-PP ~ 80

πdl

Fτ

= Interfacial shear strengthF = Maximum load prior to de-bondingd = fibre diameterl = fibre embedded length

τ

5 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

5 5 55 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

l

Carbide cutter

edges

Detail

d

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Lyocell-MAH-PP - PP

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS - 53 MPa

IFSS - 83 MPa

Influence of fibre modification (MAH) is quantitatively observed



Debonding in Microbond test

0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Micromodal-PP

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Glass-Epoxy

B

AC

D

E

F



14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Displacement () Displacement () Displacement ()

Fibre-Matrix adhesion comparison

Hemp-epoxy Lyocell-epoxy

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Hemp-Epoxy Lyocell-Epoxy Glass-Epoxy

Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)

Double-notched shear test (macro) Microbond test (micro)

Microbond shear strength values are under estimated for lyocell-epoxy due to the low tensile strength of lyocell

No mechanical bonding is existing between lyocell-epoxy due to the high fibrillation resistance of lyocell fibres

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 2 4 6 8Elongation ()

Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy

Tensile properties of unidirectional composite

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

Tirecord Lyocell Lyocell-S Hemp Glass

Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

Lyocell Flax Hemp GlassF

lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)

Average bending strength

Specific bending strength

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

Lyocell Flax Hemp Glass

Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average flexural modulus

Specific flexural modulus

Bending properties of unidirectional epoxy composite



Critical fibre lengths derived from microbond test

02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)

Increase in interfacial shear strength results lower critical fibre lengths



Important parameter for injection moulding and extrusion techniques


Composites - Hyderabad19

HempEP LyocellEP GlassEP000

002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm

Testing nanofibril 30-40 nm diameter and 1 microm length still remains a challenge

Conferences and publications1 Presented a poster at ldquoZellcheming 2006rdquo Wiesbaden Germany

2 Presented poster at 2nd ldquoWiener Biomaterial sympoisumrdquo 2006 TU Vienna Austria

3 Presented a poster at ldquo9th International conference on Wood and Natural fibre reinforced compositerdquo

2007 Madison USA

4 Given a talk at ldquoEuropean Conference on Composite Materialsrdquo (ECCM 12) 2006 Biarritz France

1 Single fibre characterisation of Viscose Lyocell Flax and Glass fibres Proceedings ECCM-12 Biarritz

France Sept 2006

2 Tensile Testing of Single Regenerated Cellulose fibres Macromolecular symposia 200624483-88

3 Mechanical Properties of Regenerated Cellulose fibres for Composites Macromolecular symposia

2006244119-125

4 Anisotropy of the modulus of elasticity in regenerated cellulose fibres related to molecular orientation

Polymer 200849792-799

5 Differences in the molecular orientation and mechanical properties of uncrimped and crimped regenerated

cellulose fibres Cellulose

6 Determining the interfacial shear strength between man-made cellulose fibres and polymer matrices by

means of the microbond technique Journal of Composite Materials

7 Evalution of experimental parameter in microbond technique with regard to cellulose fibres Journal of

Reinforced Plastics and Composites



22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

Polymer Matrix Composites (PMC)

- Low modulus matrix

- High modulus fibers

bull High potential for lightweight constructions

bull Tailoring of properties in user-defined way

bull High damping properties

bull Good corrosion resistance

bull Environmental toxicity

bull Production and life cycle costs



COMPOSITE MATERIALS


Aerospace

1Appliances

8

Consumer

products

8

Electronic

components

10Marine

12

Miscellaneous

4

Construction

26

Automotives

31













Utilization

landfill

Thermal utilization


























7











Ball and

socket

method





200

300

400

500

600

700

800

8 13 18 23 28 33 38 43


]

Sp

ec

ific

str

en

gth

[M

Pa

g

cm

-3]

Flax

Lyocell

Rayon tirecord

Glass

Carbon X = 127 Y = 2440

Carbon

Modal

Viscose



9



uses NaOH and Na2S



70 pulp production


Mechanical pulping




removed

Raw Cellulose (I) -

Unpurified


- Purifed

RegenerationPulping

Lenzing AG





BIRLA Cellulose






Fibre rovings














Microbond technique



πdl

Fτ


τ

5 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

5 5 55 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

l

Carbide cutter

edges

Detail

d

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Lyocell-MAH-PP - PP

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS - 53 MPa

IFSS - 83 MPa





0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Micromodal-PP

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Glass-Epoxy

B

AC

D

E

F



14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH


Aerospace

1Appliances

8

Consumer

products

8

Electronic

components

10Marine

12

Miscellaneous

4

Construction

26

Automotives

31













Utilization

landfill

Thermal utilization


























7











Ball and

socket

method





200

300

400

500

600

700

800

8 13 18 23 28 33 38 43


]

Sp

ec

ific

str

en

gth

[M

Pa

g

cm

-3]

Flax

Lyocell

Rayon tirecord

Glass

Carbon X = 127 Y = 2440

Carbon

Modal

Viscose



9



uses NaOH and Na2S



70 pulp production


Mechanical pulping




removed

Raw Cellulose (I) -

Unpurified


- Purifed

RegenerationPulping

Lenzing AG





BIRLA Cellulose






Fibre rovings














Microbond technique



πdl

Fτ


τ

5 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

5 5 55 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

l

Carbide cutter

edges

Detail

d

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Lyocell-MAH-PP - PP

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS - 53 MPa

IFSS - 83 MPa





0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Micromodal-PP

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Glass-Epoxy

B

AC

D

E

F



14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH






Utilization

landfill

Thermal utilization


























7











Ball and

socket

method





200

300

400

500

600

700

800

8 13 18 23 28 33 38 43


]

Sp

ec

ific

str

en

gth

[M

Pa

g

cm

-3]

Flax

Lyocell

Rayon tirecord

Glass

Carbon X = 127 Y = 2440

Carbon

Modal

Viscose



9



uses NaOH and Na2S



70 pulp production


Mechanical pulping




removed

Raw Cellulose (I) -

Unpurified


- Purifed

RegenerationPulping

Lenzing AG





BIRLA Cellulose






Fibre rovings














Microbond technique



πdl

Fτ


τ

5 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

5 5 55 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

l

Carbide cutter

edges

Detail

d

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Lyocell-MAH-PP - PP

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS - 53 MPa

IFSS - 83 MPa





0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Micromodal-PP

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Glass-Epoxy

B

AC

D

E

F



14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH


























7











Ball and

socket

method





200

300

400

500

600

700

800

8 13 18 23 28 33 38 43


]

Sp

ec

ific

str

en

gth

[M

Pa

g

cm

-3]

Flax

Lyocell

Rayon tirecord

Glass

Carbon X = 127 Y = 2440

Carbon

Modal

Viscose



9



uses NaOH and Na2S



70 pulp production


Mechanical pulping




removed

Raw Cellulose (I) -

Unpurified


- Purifed

RegenerationPulping

Lenzing AG





BIRLA Cellulose






Fibre rovings














Microbond technique



πdl

Fτ


τ

5 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

5 5 55 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

l

Carbide cutter

edges

Detail

d

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Lyocell-MAH-PP - PP

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS - 53 MPa

IFSS - 83 MPa





0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Micromodal-PP

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Glass-Epoxy

B

AC

D

E

F



14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

















7











Ball and

socket

method





200

300

400

500

600

700

800

8 13 18 23 28 33 38 43


]

Sp

ec

ific

str

en

gth

[M

Pa

g

cm

-3]

Flax

Lyocell

Rayon tirecord

Glass

Carbon X = 127 Y = 2440

Carbon

Modal

Viscose



9



uses NaOH and Na2S



70 pulp production


Mechanical pulping




removed

Raw Cellulose (I) -

Unpurified


- Purifed

RegenerationPulping

Lenzing AG





BIRLA Cellulose






Fibre rovings














Microbond technique



πdl

Fτ


τ

5 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

5 5 55 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

l

Carbide cutter

edges

Detail

d

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Lyocell-MAH-PP - PP

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS - 53 MPa

IFSS - 83 MPa





0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Micromodal-PP

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Glass-Epoxy

B

AC

D

E

F



14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH


7











Ball and

socket

method





200

300

400

500

600

700

800

8 13 18 23 28 33 38 43


]

Sp

ec

ific

str

en

gth

[M

Pa

g

cm

-3]

Flax

Lyocell

Rayon tirecord

Glass

Carbon X = 127 Y = 2440

Carbon

Modal

Viscose



9



uses NaOH and Na2S



70 pulp production


Mechanical pulping




removed

Raw Cellulose (I) -

Unpurified


- Purifed

RegenerationPulping

Lenzing AG





BIRLA Cellulose






Fibre rovings














Microbond technique



πdl

Fτ


τ

5 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

5 5 55 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

l

Carbide cutter

edges

Detail

d

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Lyocell-MAH-PP - PP

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS - 53 MPa

IFSS - 83 MPa





0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Micromodal-PP

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Glass-Epoxy

B

AC

D

E

F



14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH


200

300

400

500

600

700

800

8 13 18 23 28 33 38 43


]

Sp

ec

ific

str

en

gth

[M

Pa

g

cm

-3]

Flax

Lyocell

Rayon tirecord

Glass

Carbon X = 127 Y = 2440

Carbon

Modal

Viscose



9



uses NaOH and Na2S



70 pulp production


Mechanical pulping




removed

Raw Cellulose (I) -

Unpurified


- Purifed

RegenerationPulping

Lenzing AG





BIRLA Cellulose






Fibre rovings














Microbond technique



πdl

Fτ


τ

5 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

5 5 55 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

l

Carbide cutter

edges

Detail

d

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Lyocell-MAH-PP - PP

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS - 53 MPa

IFSS - 83 MPa





0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Micromodal-PP

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Glass-Epoxy

B

AC

D

E

F



14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

9



uses NaOH and Na2S



70 pulp production


Mechanical pulping




removed

Raw Cellulose (I) -

Unpurified


- Purifed

RegenerationPulping

Lenzing AG





BIRLA Cellulose






Fibre rovings














Microbond technique



πdl

Fτ


τ

5 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

5 5 55 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

l

Carbide cutter

edges

Detail

d

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Lyocell-MAH-PP - PP

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS - 53 MPa

IFSS - 83 MPa





0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Micromodal-PP

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Glass-Epoxy

B

AC

D

E

F



14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH






Fibre rovings














Microbond technique



πdl

Fτ


τ

5 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

5 5 55 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

l

Carbide cutter

edges

Detail

d

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Lyocell-MAH-PP - PP

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS - 53 MPa

IFSS - 83 MPa





0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Micromodal-PP

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Glass-Epoxy

B

AC

D

E

F



14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH












Microbond technique



πdl

Fτ


τ

5 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

5 5 55 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

l

Carbide cutter

edges

Detail

d

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Lyocell-MAH-PP - PP

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS - 53 MPa

IFSS - 83 MPa





0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Micromodal-PP

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Glass-Epoxy

B

AC

D

E

F



14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

Microbond technique



πdl

Fτ


τ

5 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

5 5 55 5 5

82

020 Fibre with

PP drop

l

Carbide cutter

edges

Detail

d

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Lyocell-MAH-PP - PP

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS - 53 MPa

IFSS - 83 MPa





0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Micromodal-PP

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Glass-Epoxy

B

AC

D

E

F



14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH


0

4

8

12

16

20

24

28

32

36

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Micromodal-PP

Lyocell-PP

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 2 4 6 8 10

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

00 05 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

Glass-Epoxy

B

AC

D

E

F



14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

14

0

20

40

60

80

100

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

0

50

100

150

200

250

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

IFSS 28 MPa

IFSS 70 MPa

(C)(A) (B)

0

40

80

120

160

200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Displacement ()

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)

IFSS 45 MPa

( l )

(F)

(d)

Deb

on

din

g f

orc

e (m

N)




0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Sh

ea

r s

tre

ng

th (

MP

a)




0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

0

100

200

300

400

500

600


Tensile

str

en

gth

(M

Pa)

Lyocell-Epoxy

Tirecord-Epoxy

Hemp-Epoxy

Glass-Epoxy


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45


Ten

sile m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)

Average modulus

Specific modulus



0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000


lexu

ral str

en

gth

(M

Pa

)



0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40


Fle

xu

ral m

od

ulu

s (

GP

a)







02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH


02 0304

05 0506

09

06

1112

32

00

05

10

15

20

25

30

35

Epoxy

-Ram

ie

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

Epoxy

-Lyo

cell

Epoxy

-Gla

ss

LDPE-L

yoce

ll

LDPE-F

lax

LDPE-G

lass

PP-Lyo

cell

(MA

H)

PP-Ram

ie

PP-Lyo

cell

PP-Gla

ss

Cri

tica

l fi

ber

len

gth

(m

m)








002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH




002

004

006

008

010

012

Lo

ga

rith

mic

de

cre

men

t

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

20

300 nm





2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH




2007 Madison USA



France Sept 2006



2006244119-125


Polymer 200849792-799









22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

22

THANK YOU VERY MUCH

Date post:	30-Dec-2021
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Characterisation of Natural fibres for Composite applications

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