Characteristics of Living Things And Heredity

DO NOW MONDAY What qualities do you think makes

something alive? List as many as you can.

Learning Targets List and describe the characteristics of

living things.

Characteristics of Living Things1. All living things are made of cells

Cells are the smallest unit of life.

Characteristics of Living Things2. All living things use energy.

All energy on Earth ultimately comes from the sun.

Plants get their energy from the Sun. Animals get their energy from plants or

from other animals that eat plants.

Characteristics of Living Things3. All living things respond to stimuli.

Living things respond to immediate and long-term changes in their environment.

Examples: shivering when it’s cold plants bend toward the light dogs pant when it’s hot our eyes dilate when the room is bright sweating when you’re hot

Characteristics of Living Things4. All living things reproduce.

Must occur for a species to survive Can be sexual or asexual

Asexual Reproduction One parent gives rise to offspring Offspring are genetically identical Genetic variation only if mutation occurs Types:

Budding: hydrahttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wRk5MFhZofA

Fragmentation: starfish https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7cXeWxxfD4

Binary fission: unicellular organisms such as bacteria https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DY9DNWcqxI4

Sexual Reproduction Two parents give rise to offspring Results in much more genetic variation Offspring are unlike each other and are

unlike either parent

Characteristics of Living Things5. All living things grow and develop.

Growing means to get bigger, so more cells must be added through cell division.

Developing means to change into an adult form (to mature).

Characteristics of Living Things

6. All living things adapt to their environment. This means populations of organisms

evolve to survive in a changing environment.

Occurs over long spans of time

Characteristics of Living Things7. All living things have genetic material.

This genetic material is usually DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid).

It provides the instructions for making the proteins that every cell is made of and that direct all cellular functions.

It is passed from parent to offspring (heredity).

Characteristics of Living Things In order to be considered alive, an

organism must have all seven of these characteristics.

DO NOW TUESDAY List the 7 characteristics of living things.

DO NOW WEDNESDAY Define the following terms:

1. Homozygous2. Heterozygous3. Dominant allele4. Recessive allele5. Genotype6. Phenotype

Wednesday Instructions If you made Mastery on your Exam, you will do

an enrichment activity on the ChromeBooks, If you would like to redo questions that you missed on the exam, you may do so for half credit.

If you made Progressing, you will be given a redo sheet with the questions you missed and your incorrect answer. You will choose a new answer and explain why it is the correct answer. You may use your notes for this. You will receive half credit for every question you get correct.

If you made Needs Improvement, you will receive additional instruction from me and will redo the questions you missed on the exam.

DO NOW Who was Mendel? What did he do?

EXIT SLIP THURSDAY Which characteristic of life does each

picture show?1

23

4 56

Learning Targets Define genetics vocabulary. Explain what is responsible for heredity.

pp.80-85 (8 terms)

Heredity When cells divide, information is passed

from one to the next in the form of DNA. DNA- DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

The genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring

Heredity Traits: a characteristic that an organism

can pass on to its offspring through genes Responsible for an organism’s phenotype

(physical characteristics) Genes: set of information that controls a

trait (a segment of DNA on a chromosome that codes for a specific trait)

Is an organism’s genotype

DO NOW MONDAY Identify each picture then differentiate between asexual

and sexual reproduction in terms of genetic variation.

A B

C

Learning Targets 10.1 Identify what controls the inheritance of traits

in an organism. 10.2/10.3 Explain what is meant by

phenotype/genotype. 10.4 Explain the results of a genetic cross

(Punnett Square). 10.5/10.6 Define heterozygous/homozygous traits. 11.1 Develop a model to describe why asexual

reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information.

11.2 Develop a model to describe why sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.

Heredity Dominant: allele that ALWAYS shows

when it is present in an organism For dominant traits, we usually use a

capital letter Brown eyes = B Right-handed = R White flowers = W

Heredity Recessive: allele that is hidden or

masked by the dominant allele; only show when the dominant allele is not present

For recessive traits, we usually use a lowercase letter (same letter as dominant trait, just lowercase)

Blue eyes = b Left-handed = r Pink flowers = w

Heredity BrainPOP video https://www.brainpop.com/science/cellul

arlifeandgenetics/heredity/

Heredity Homozygous: term used to describe

an organism/genotype that has two of the same allele; purebred

AA = homozygous dominant Aa = homozygous recessive

Heredity Heterozygous: term used to describe

an organism/genotype that has one dominant and one recessive allele; hybrid

Aa

Heredity Punnett Square: graph used to predict

the outcome of a cross between two organisms

Punnett Squares To complete a Punnett Square

1. Bring down each allele from the top parent to the appropriate box.

2. Bring over each allele from the side parent to the appropriate box.

Punnett Squares

DO NOW TUESDAY1. If we use a letter “a” to represent a gene,

what letter would represent the dominant allele of this gene?

2. What letter would represent the recessive allele of this gene?

3. Identify/name the following genotypesa. AAb. Aac. aa

Learning Targets 10.2/10.3 Explain what is meant by

phenotype/genotype. 10.4 Explain the results of a genetic cross

(Punnett Square). 10.5/10.6 Define heterozygous/homozygous

traits. 11.1 Develop a model to describe why asexual

reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information.

11.2 Develop a model to describe why sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.

Heredity Phenotype: physical appearance;

visible traits Genotype: genetic make-up; allele

combinations

DO NOW WEDNESDAY

1/4

2/4=1/2

1/4

25%

50%

25%

75% Black25%White

Draw and complete the Punnett Square and Table on your DO NOW sheet.

Learning Targets 10.2/10.3 Explain what is meant by

phenotype/genotype. 10.4 Explain the results of a genetic cross

(Punnett Square). 10.5/10.6 Define heterozygous/homozygous

traits. 11.1 Develop a model to describe why asexual

reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information.

11.2 Develop a model to describe why sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.

Genotypic and Phenotypic Ratios The genotypic ratio indicates the

number of each type of genotype expected from a cross.

The phenotypic ratio indicates the number of each phenotype that is expected from a cross.

Punnett Squares In pea plants, tall is dominant and short

is recessive. Cross a heterozygous plant with a short plant.

Heterozygous = TtShort = homozygous recessive = tt

Punnett Squares

Genotypic ratio:2 Tt : 2 tt 2:2

Phenotypic ratio:2 Tt = Tall2 tt = short2 Tall : 2 short 2:2

Punnett Squares In dogs, a black nose(B) is dominant and

a pink nose (b) is recessive. Cross two dogs heterozygous for black noses.

Heterozygous = Bb for both parents

Punnett Squares

Genotypic ratio:1 BB: 2 Bb: 1 bb 1:2:1

Phenotypic Ratio1 BB = black2 Bb = black1 bb = pink3 black nose : 1 pink nose 3:1

DO NOW THURSDAY If a woman who is homozygous

dominant for tasting PTC has a child with a man who cannot taste PTC, give the expected genotypic and phenotypic ratio for their children.

Quiz Expectations1. QUIET2. Do your best. (Eyes on own paper.)3. Finished? (Read the article on the back

of your quiz and answer the questions on the back of your scantron. DO NOT write on the quiz.)

DNA Structure DNA is a very large molecule located in

the nucleus of most cells. Each and every cell in your body

contains about 2 meters of DNA in its nucleus.

That would be like fitting 20 meters of thread from a spool into a space the size of a small capsule.

Could you do it?

DNA Structure SO how does each cell fit all of this DNA

into its nucleus? The cell has to COIL it into condensed

packages called chromosomes. Therefore, DNA is a coiled molecule. It is often called a twisted ladder. The

scientific term is double helix.

DNA Structure This coiled DNA is made up of two

strands that are held together when subunits of the DNA molecule match up with one another.

These subunits that make up the DNA are called nucleotides.

DNA Nucleotides There are four DNA nucleotides:

Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Thymine (T) Cytosine (C)

DNA Nucleotides The nucleotides on the two strands of

DNA pair up with one another to hold the two strands together.

In DNA, A always pairs with T and G always pairs with C.

DO NOW MONDAY List the four nucleotides found in DNA.

Learning Targets 9.1 Explain the structure of DNA. 9.2 Identify the 4 nucleotides in DNA. 9.3 Describe why structural changes

(mutations) to genes located on chromosomes may affect proteins.

9.4 Explain why mutations may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism.

DNA Function Your DNA controls everything about you by

controlling the production of proteins that are found in EVERY part of your body.

The order of nucleotides (letters) in DNA controls the structure of every protein in your body.

DNA Function Since DNA is so large, it cannot come out

of the nucleus to travel to the place in the cell where the proteins are made.

Therefore, a copy of the DNA that is smaller is made.

This smaller copy of the DNA is called RNA. This RNA is small enough to leave the

nucleus and travel to the place in the cell where the proteins are made.

DNA Function In order to code for proteins, the RNA copy of

DNA is read three letters at a time. These three letter DNA “words” code for the

subunits of proteins called amino acids. There are 20 different amino acids and there are

many three letter DNA “words” that code for most of these amino acids.

DNA “word” Chart

DNA Function The sequence of these amino acids in the protein

controls the structure and function of the protein. If the amino acid sequence is incorrect, the

protein won’t work. If the DNA nucleotide sequence is incorrect, then

the amino acid sequence will be incorrect, and the protein wont work.

DNA Function Changes in the DNA that result in

incorrect amino acid sequences and proteins that won’t work cause many genetic disorders in humans, including cystic fibrosis and albinism.

These changes in the DNA are called MUTATIONS.

Mutations are usually harmful, but can sometimes be neutral or even beneficial.

Mutations https://www.brainpop.com/science/cellul

arlifeandgenetics/geneticmutations/

Mutations There are different types of

mutations:1. Additions2. Deletions3. Substitutions

Mutations: Addition

An extra letter or more is added to the DNA by mistake.

Result: Incorrect amino acid sequence and protein wont work = BAD

Mutations: Deletion A letter is removed from the DNA by

mistake

Result: Incorrect amino acid sequence and protein won’t work = BAD

Mutations: Substitution One letter is substituted for another in the

DNA by mistake

One Result: Incorrect amino acid sequence and protein won’t work = BAD

Mutations: Substitution Another Result: amino acid

sequence is unaffected and protein will still work = NEUTRAL (a silent mutation)

Mutations: Beneficial?? When can a mutation be beneficial? If the mutation makes the animal more

adapted to survive in its environment

EXAMPLE: Albinism is a mutation. A white animal in Barren County = BAD (no

camouflage so it gets eaten by predators)

A white animal in the Arctic= GOOD (is camouflaged in the snow so it is hidden from predators and survives.

DO NOW TUESDAY Identify each mutation below by name, tell

whether its harmful or neutral, and explain why.

AAsn

Ser

Val

Val

Pro

Pro

BAsn

Asn

Val

Val

Pro

Ala

C

?

Remediation and EnrichmentThose students who made Mastery on the

Heredity Quiz will complete the Egg Genetics Activity and Penny Toss Genetics Activity.

Those student who made Progressing and Needs Improvement will work with me in a small group. We will go over your original quiz and do a quiz redo to help you master the Learning Targets covered on the Heredity Quiz.

Both groups are expected to be ON TASK at all times.

Learning Targets 9.1 Explain the structure of DNA. 9.2 Identify the 4 nucleotides in DNA. 9.3 Describe why structural changes

(mutations) to genes located on chromosomes may affect proteins.

9.4 Explain why mutations may result in harmful, beneficial, or neutral effects to the structure and function of the organism.

Heredity and Mutations Video Watch the video and answer the video

quiz and post-test questions. http://www.discoveryeducation.com

DO NOW MONDAY What is the name of each of the

following genotypes? AA Aa aa

What is the difference between genotype and phenotype?

Learning Targets 11.1 Develop a model to describe why

asexual reproduction results in offspring with identical genetic information.

11.2 Develop a model to describe why sexual reproduction results in offspring with genetic variation.

Sexual Reproduction Model

When sexual reproduction occurs, TWO parents each contribute HALF of their DNA to the offspring, producing offspring that are GENTICALLY DIFFERENT from each other and from the parents.

This can be seen in a Punnett Square just like the ones we have been completing in class. A a

A

a

AA Aa

Aa aa

Parent 1 and Parent 2 produce offspring that are genetically different.

Asexual Reproduction Model When asexual reproduction occurs, ONE

parent passes ALL of its DNA to its offspring, making the offspring GENTICALLY IDENTICAL to the parent.

This can also be seen in a Punnett Square.

Since there is only ONE parent, we put the genes of this ONE parent on both sides of the square.

a a

a

a

aa aa

aa aa

The ONLY parent contributes all of its DNA to the offspringso they are identicalto that parent.

DO NOW TUESDAY

Give the genotypic and phenotypic ratio for these parents.

Learning Targets 12.1 Explain how technology has changed the

way humans influence the inheritance of desired traits in organisms.

12.4 Discuss the technology discoveries that have led to artificial selection.

DO NOW WEDNESDAY Tell your thoughts about DNA

technology and whether you think its effects are positive or negative. Be sure to support your opinion with details.

Learning Targets 12.2 Explain artificial selection

(specifically gene modification, animal husbandry, and gene therapy).

12.3 Discuss the impacts these technologies have on society.

DO NOW THURSDAY Pick one and explain what it is, how it is

done, and what it is used for. Gene modification Gene therapy Animal husbandry

Learning Targets I can demonstrate mastery of heredity

and mutations learning targets on a written exam.

DO NOW FRIDAY Study for test.

Learning Targets I can demonstrate mastery of heredity

and mutations learning targets on a written exam.

Test Expectations All tests must be completed during the

period. (No staying after the bell.) Do your best. (Eyes on own paper.) Finished?

Turn test and scantron in to cart Pick up science magazine and read silently.

Types of Crosses Monohybrid: ONE trait is followed

during a cross of two parents (2 x 2 Punnett Square)- Like the ones we did yesterday

Dihybrid: TWO traits are followed during a cross of two parents (4 x 4 Punnett Square)

Dihybrid Cross Each parent will have 4 letters (2 for

each trait- 1 from each parent) Each parent will give the offspring one

gene (letter) for each trait, meaning the offspring will also have 4 letters (2 for each trait- 1 from each parent)

Parents: AaBb x AaBbA= purpleA= whiteB= TallB= short

Dihybrid Cross: Example

Dihybrid Cross: Guided Practice Red flower color is dominant over white flower color. Tall

plant height is dominant over short height. A tall red flowered plant (heterozygous for both traits) is crossed with a short white flowered plant.

Dihybrid Cross