Characteristics of the Characteristics of the Antebellum Southern Antebellum Southern

EconomyEconomy

Characteristics of the Characteristics of the Antebellum Southern Antebellum Southern

EconomyEconomy1.1. Primarily agrarian.Primarily agrarian.

2.2. Economic power shifted from the Economic power shifted from the “upper South” to the “lower South.”“upper South” to the “lower South.”

3.3. ““Cotton Is King!”Cotton Is King!” * 1860--> 5 mil. bales a yr. * 1860--> 5 mil. bales a yr. (57% of total US exports). (57% of total US exports).

4.4. Very slow development of Very slow development of industrialization.industrialization.

5.5. Rudimentary financial system.Rudimentary financial system.

6.6. Inadequate transportation system Inadequate transportation system (Few RR).(Few RR).

Southern Economic WeaknessesSouthern Economic Weaknesses

Southern Southern AgricultureAgricultureSouthern Southern

AgricultureAgriculture

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Slaves Picking CottonSlaves Picking Cottonon a Mississippi on a Mississippi

PlantationPlantation

Johnny Come LatelyJohnny Come Lately

• Tobacco was the first cash crop and was a Tobacco was the first cash crop and was a mainstay in NC, VA, and MDmainstay in NC, VA, and MD

• Indigo had been a big deal, but declined after the Indigo had been a big deal, but declined after the Am-RevAm-Rev

• Rice growing was big in the small strips on the SC Rice growing was big in the small strips on the SC coast (extended to NC and GA)coast (extended to NC and GA)

• Sugar was very important to the Gulf coastSugar was very important to the Gulf coast

• Corn # 1 crop on small scale farms to feed familiesCorn # 1 crop on small scale farms to feed families

• Cotton boomed long after these cropsCotton boomed long after these crops

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

Changes in Cotton Changes in Cotton ProductionProduction

18201820

18601860

Native American people were living on what was perhaps the richest cotton soil in the world

Cotton KingdomCotton Kingdom

Eli Whitney

Indian Removal: Trail of TearsIndian Removal: Trail of Tears Why did slavery expand?

Geography:Cotton spoils the land$: Most profitable business in US

Slaves Using Slaves Using

the Cotton Ginthe Cotton Gin

Slaves Using Slaves Using

the Cotton Ginthe Cotton Gin

Value of Cotton Value of Cotton Exports Exports

As % of All US As % of All US ExportsExports

Value of Cotton Value of Cotton Exports Exports

As % of All US As % of All US ExportsExports

    

South produced 75% of world’s cotton. South produced 75% of world’s cotton.

Show video NYC Historical Show video NYC Historical SocietySociety

Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)

Southern Society Southern Society (1850)(1850)““Slavocracy”Slavocracy”

[plantation owners][plantation owners]

The “Plain Folk”The “Plain Folk”[white yeoman farmers][white yeoman farmers]

6,000,0006,000,000

Black FreemenBlack Freemen

Black SlavesBlack Slaves3,200,0003,200,000

250,000250,000

Total US Population --> Total US Population --> 23,000,00023,000,000

[9,250,000 in the South = 40%][9,250,000 in the South = 40%]

Slaves in PopulationSlaves in Population

Southern Population Southern Population (1860)(1860)

Southern Population Southern Population (1860)(1860)

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Population Slave-Owning Population (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

Slave-Owning Families Slave-Owning Families (1850)(1850)

The Societal PyramidThe Societal Pyramid

Black slaves = 3,200,000

Free blacks = 250,000

Yeoman farmers = 4,000,000

Lesser masters = 400,000

Planter aristocrats = 12,000

The “Slavocracy”The “Slavocracy”

• Planter aristocracyPlanter aristocracy– 1,700 families owning 100+ slaves1,700 families owning 100+ slaves– This is where the real wealth and “power” This is where the real wealth and “power”

are concentratedare concentrated

• Lesser mastersLesser masters– 255,000 of the 345,000 families in this grouping own 255,000 of the 345,000 families in this grouping own

less than 10 slaves.less than 10 slaves.– Most own 1 or 2 Most own 1 or 2

Would it be logical to think there was some aspiration by the Lesser Masters

to become Planters?

Would it be logical to think there was some aspiration by the Lesser Masters

to become Planters?

Planters in the PopulationPlanters in the Population

75% of white 75% of white southerners southerners

owned no slaves owned no slaves at all.at all.

The Plain FolksThe Plain Folks

• Subsistence farmers:  "crackers”, “hillbillies”, & Subsistence farmers:  "crackers”, “hillbillies”, & “clayeaters"  “clayeaters"  – = 6,000,000 (3/4 of the white population) by 1860= 6,000,000 (3/4 of the white population) by 1860

– Resent snobbery of the upper classesResent snobbery of the upper classes• are vigorous supporters of slaveryare vigorous supporters of slavery

– Prevailing belief in racial superiorityPrevailing belief in racial superiority– Comfort of outranking Comfort of outranking anyoneanyone  on the hierarchy of  on the hierarchy of

miserable lives.miserable lives.• "Mountain whites" in Southern highlands"Mountain whites" in Southern highlands

– Virtually marooned in the AppalachiansVirtually marooned in the Appalachians– Resent planters & slaveryResent planters & slavery– Going to support of Unionism during the Civil WarGoing to support of Unionism during the Civil War

ConclusionConclusion

Southern society was based on a Southern society was based on a hierarchical structure with the planter hierarchical structure with the planter

aristocracy on the top, maintaining all the aristocracy on the top, maintaining all the “power”, and flowing downward to rest on “power”, and flowing downward to rest on

the backs of slave labor. the backs of slave labor.

TaraTara – Plantation Reality – Plantation Reality or Myth?or Myth?

TaraTara – Plantation Reality – Plantation Reality or Myth?or Myth?

Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?Hollywood’s Version?

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

A Real Mammie & Her A Real Mammie & Her ChargeCharge

Scarlet and Scarlet and MammieMammie(Hollywood (Hollywood

Again!)Again!)

Scarlet and Scarlet and MammieMammie(Hollywood (Hollywood

Again!)Again!)

The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”The Southern “Belle”

A Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave FamilyA Slave Family

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

Slaves Slaves posing in posing in front of front of

their cabin their cabin on a on a

Southern Southern plantation.plantation.

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction Notice, Slave Auction Notice, 18231823

Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856

Slave Auction: Slave Auction: Charleston, Charleston, SC-1856SC-1856

Slave MasterBrands

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave muzzle

Anti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave PamphletAnti-Slave Pamphlet

Slave tag, SC

Slave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave AccoutrementsSlave Accoutrements

Slave leg irons

Slave shoes

The Second Middle Passage: Being sold down the riverThe Second Middle Passage: Being sold down the riverMovement from the Upper to the Lower South Movement from the Upper to the Lower South

Why?Why?

600,000-1,000,000

Ken Burns Civil War CauseKen Burns Civil War Cause

• Show 11.25 to 22 on slaveryShow 11.25 to 22 on slavery

The Legal The Legal Status of Status of Slavery in Slavery in AmericaAmerica

Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in the Norththe North

Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in the Norththe North

Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820

Missouri Compromise, Missouri Compromise, 18201820

US Laws Regarding US Laws Regarding SlaverySlavery

US Laws Regarding US Laws Regarding SlaverySlavery

1. U. S. Constitution: * 3/5s compromise [I.2] * fugitive slave clause [IV.2] * Allowed to end the

international slave trade

in 20 years

1. 1793 --> Fugitive Slave Act.

2. 1850 --> stronger Fugitive Slave Act.

Southern Slavery, on the Southern Slavery, on the way out?way out?

Southern Slavery, on the Southern Slavery, on the way out?way out? 1780s: 1st antislavery society created in

Philadelphia

By 1804: slavery eliminated from last northern state, Haitian Independence.

1808: the legal termination of the slave trade, enforced by the Royal Navy.

1820s: newly indep. Republics of Central & So. America declared their slaves free.

1833: slavery abolished throughout the British Empire.

1844: slavery abolished in the French colonies.

1861: the serfs of Russia were emancipated.

• Analyze (Explain) the ways in which Analyze (Explain) the ways in which African Americans created a distinctive African Americans created a distinctive culture in slavery from white culture.culture in slavery from white culture.– Did slaves resist slavery?Did slaves resist slavery?– Did Africans retain any cultural customs, Did Africans retain any cultural customs,

or did slavery erase all African traditions?or did slavery erase all African traditions?

The Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of SlaveryThe Culture of Slavery1. Black Christianity [Baptists or

Methodists]: * more emotional worship services. * negro spirituals.

2. “Pidgin” or Gullah languages.

3. Nuclear family with extended kin links,where possible.

4. Importance of music in their lives. [esp. spirituals].

Jumping overthe broom stick

  Wade In the WaterWade In the Water

• (Chorus)(Chorus)Wade in the water.Wade in the water.Wade in the water, children.Wade in the water, children.Wade in the water.Wade in the water.God's gonna trouble the water.God's gonna trouble the water.

• Well, who are these children all Well, who are these children all dressed in red?dressed in red?God's a-gonna trouble the waterGod's a-gonna trouble the waterMust be the children that Moses Must be the children that Moses ledledGod's a-gonna trouble the water.God's a-gonna trouble the water.

• ChorusChorus

Who's that young girl dressed in white Wade in the Water Must be the Children of Israelites God's gonna trouble the Water.

ChorusJordan's water is chilly and cold.God's gonna trouble the water.It chills the body, but not the soul.God's gonna trouble the water.ChorusIf you get there before I do.God's gonna trouble the water.Tell all of my friends I'm coming too.God's gonna trouble the water.Chorus

Follow the Drinking GourdFollow the Drinking Gourdhttp://pathways.thinkport.org/secrets/gourd2.cfm

• When the sun comes When the sun comes backbackAnd the first quail callsAnd the first quail calls

• Follow the Drinking Follow the Drinking Gourd.Gourd.For the old man is For the old man is waiting for to carry you waiting for to carry you to freedom, to freedom, If you follow the If you follow the Drinking GourdDrinking Gourd

• These are signs that These are signs that winter is ending — winter is ending — when the days start when the days start getting longer, yet it is getting longer, yet it is still cold. still cold. 

• Some people think the Some people think the old man was Peg Leg old man was Peg Leg Joe, a carpenter who Joe, a carpenter who reportedly traveled reportedly traveled throughout the deep throughout the deep south.south.

•The river bank makes a mighty The river bank makes a mighty good road,good road,The dead trees show you the The dead trees show you the way.way.Left foot, peg foot, traveling onLeft foot, peg foot, traveling onFollow the Drinking GourdFollow the Drinking Gourd

The river ends between 2 hillsThe river ends between 2 hillsFollow the Drinking Gourd.Follow the Drinking Gourd.There’s another river on the other There’s another river on the other sidesideFollow the Drinking Gourd.Follow the Drinking Gourd.

• The river bank here is the river bank The river bank here is the river bank of the Tombigbee River in of the Tombigbee River in Mississippi. “Left foot, peg foot” talks Mississippi. “Left foot, peg foot” talks about marks that were placed on about marks that were placed on dead trees along the river bank. If dead trees along the river bank. If Peg Leg Joe did create this song, Peg Leg Joe did create this song, perhaps he left his mark on the perhaps he left his mark on the trees.trees.

• When the Tombigbee ended, slaves When the Tombigbee ended, slaves should go north over the hills until should go north over the hills until they came to another river, the they came to another river, the Tennessee River.Tennessee River.

• When the great big When the great big river meets the little river meets the little river,river,Follow the Drinking Follow the Drinking Gourd.Gourd.For the old man is a-For the old man is a-waiting to carry you waiting to carry you to freedomto freedomIf you follow the If you follow the Drinking Gourd.Drinking Gourd.

• The Tennessee River The Tennessee River joins the Ohio River. joins the Ohio River. Once slaves crossed Once slaves crossed the Ohio, they were in the Ohio, they were in free territory. There, free territory. There, people from the people from the Underground Railroad Underground Railroad could help them as could help them as they escaped to they escaped to freedom.freedom.

““The Drinking Gourd”The Drinking Gourd”• ‘‘When the sun comes up and the first quail calls, follow the drinking When the sun comes up and the first quail calls, follow the drinking

gourd.gourd.

• For the old man is a-waiting to carry you to freedom,For the old man is a-waiting to carry you to freedom,

• If you follow the drinking gourd.’If you follow the drinking gourd.’

•  ‘  ‘ The riverbank makes a very good road. The riverbank makes a very good road. The dead trees show you the way, The dead trees show you the way,  Left foot, peg foot, travelling on  Left foot, peg foot, travelling on  Follow the drinking gourd. ‘ Follow the drinking gourd. ‘

• ‘‘The river ends between two hills. The river ends between two hills.     Follow the drinking gourd.     Follow the drinking gourd.     There's another river on the other side,     There's another river on the other side,     Follow the drinking gourd. ‘    Follow the drinking gourd. ‘

•   ‘  ‘Where the great big river meets the little river, Where the great big river meets the little river,     Follow the drinking gourd.     Follow the drinking gourd.     For the old man is a-waiting for to carry you to freedom,     For the old man is a-waiting for to carry you to freedom,     If you follow the drinking gourd. ‘    If you follow the drinking gourd. ‘

Slave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave Resistance1. “SAMBO” pattern of behavior used

as a charade in front of whites [the innocent, laughing black man caricature – bulging eyes, thick lips, big smile, etc.].

Slave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave ResistanceSlave Resistance2. Refusal to work hard.

3. Isolated acts of sabotage.

4. Escape via the Underground Railroad.

Runaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave AdsRunaway Slave Ads

Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages

Quilt Patterns as Secret Quilt Patterns as Secret MessagesMessages

The Monkey Wrench pattern, on the left, alerted escapees to gather up tools and prepare to flee; the Drunkard Path design, on the right, warned escapees not to follow a straight route.

RebellionsRebellions

Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South

Slave Rebellions Slave Rebellions in the Antebellum Southin the Antebellum South

1822

Gabriel Prosser

1800Both found out and suppressedBoth found out and suppressed

Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 1831Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 1831Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 1831Nat Turner’s Rebellion, 1831

•Model Slave, PreacherModel Slave, Preacher

Received visions from GodReceived visions from God

Turner’s Orders: “Kill All White Turner’s Orders: “Kill All White People!”People!”

• Approximately 60 white men, women and Approximately 60 white men, women and children were killed during Nat Turner's children were killed during Nat Turner's Rebellion; most were hacked to death with axes, Rebellion; most were hacked to death with axes, stabbed, or bludgeoned. The largest number of stabbed, or bludgeoned. The largest number of casualties were children. In one instance, Turner casualties were children. In one instance, Turner and his insurgents stopped at the house of Levi and his insurgents stopped at the house of Levi Waller where they killed him, his wife, and Waller where they killed him, his wife, and children. Ten of the children were decapitated children. Ten of the children were decapitated and their headless bodies piled in the front yard.” and their headless bodies piled in the front yard.”

• The state executed 56 slaves; militias killed at least 100 blacks, and probably many more. The number of black victims overall far exceeded the number of rebels or of white victims.

Effects of Turner’s RebellionEffects of Turner’s Rebellion

• The Virginia General Assembly passed The Virginia General Assembly passed new legislation making it unlawful to new legislation making it unlawful to teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes teach slaves, free blacks, or mulattoes to read or write. The General Assembly to read or write. The General Assembly also passed a law restricting all blacks also passed a law restricting all blacks from holding religious meetings without from holding religious meetings without the presence of a licensed white the presence of a licensed white minister. Similar laws were also minister. Similar laws were also enacted in other slave-holding states enacted in other slave-holding states across the South across the South

Southern ReactionSouthern Reaction• Abolitionist literature Abolitionist literature

banned in the Southern banned in the Southern mailsmails – Federal government Federal government

ordered southern ordered southern postmasters to destroy postmasters to destroy abolitionist materials and abolitionist materials and to arrest federal to arrest federal postmasters who did not postmasters who did not comply. comply.

• Bounty on Garrison’s Bounty on Garrison’s headhead

• (Postmasters were to (Postmasters were to publish names of publish names of abolitionists to incite abolitionists to incite lynch mobs to form)lynch mobs to form)

Jackson’s Postmaster: Amos Kendall

• Blamed on newly formed abolitionist William Blamed on newly formed abolitionist William Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator and his Lloyd Garrison and the Liberator and his literature in Southern mailliterature in Southern mail

• After this was the last time the South After this was the last time the South debated ending slavery and became united debated ending slavery and became united in Pro-Slavery argumentsin Pro-Slavery arguments

• In 1820s, southern antislavery societies In 1820s, southern antislavery societies outnumbered northern onesoutnumbered northern ones

Tariff QuoteTariff Quote

"Much as we love our country, we would rather see our cities in flames, our plains drenched in blood - rather endure all the calamities of civil war, than parley for an instant upon the right of any power than our own to interfere with the regulation of our slaves."

-William Drayton(1828)

Nullification Crisis, 1832 (Southerners concerned powerful federal government might support abolition some day?)

- John Calhoun

Gag RuleGag Rule

“Could not sit there and see the rights of the Southern people assaulted day after day, by the ignorant fanatics from whom these memorials proceeded."

- James Henry Hammond

•Gag Rule, 1836-1844•Elijah Lovejoy killed in Alton, Illinois in 1837

• How did the South use religious, legal, How did the South use religious, legal, and economic arguments to defend the and economic arguments to defend the institution of slavery?institution of slavery?

Southern Pro-Slavery Southern Pro-Slavery PropagandaPropaganda

Southern Pro-Slavery Southern Pro-Slavery PropagandaPropaganda

Biblical Quotes to defend slaveryBiblical Quotes to defend slavery• ““Slaves, submit yourselves to your masters with all respect, Slaves, submit yourselves to your masters with all respect,

not only to those who are good and considerate, but also to not only to those who are good and considerate, but also to those who are harsh” those who are harsh” Peter 2:18Peter 2:18

• "Masters, provide your slaves with what is right and fair, "Masters, provide your slaves with what is right and fair, because you know that you also have a Master in heaven.” because you know that you also have a Master in heaven.” Colossians 4:1 Colossians 4:1

• "Slaves, obey your earthly masters in everything; and do it, "Slaves, obey your earthly masters in everything; and do it, not only when their eye is on you and to win their favor, but not only when their eye is on you and to win their favor, but with sincerity of heart and reverence for the Lord. Whatever with sincerity of heart and reverence for the Lord. Whatever you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, you do, work at it with all your heart, as working for the Lord, not for men, since you know that you will receive an not for men, since you know that you will receive an inheritance from the Lord as a reward. It is the Lord Christ inheritance from the Lord as a reward. It is the Lord Christ you are serving." you are serving." Colossians 3: 22-24Colossians 3: 22-24

• Methodist, Baptist, & Presbyterian, churches split into Methodist, Baptist, & Presbyterian, churches split into North-South factions over the slavery issueNorth-South factions over the slavery issue

Pro-slavery whites responded by Pro-slavery whites responded by launching a massive defense of slavery.launching a massive defense of slavery. 1.1. Legal: Constitution, Fugitive Slave Act, & State’s RightsLegal: Constitution, Fugitive Slave Act, & State’s Rights2.2. Slavery supported by the Bible (Genesis) and Great Slavery supported by the Bible (Genesis) and Great

Civilizations (slavery existed in ancient Greece and Civilizations (slavery existed in ancient Greece and Rome). Rome).

3.3. Slavery helped civilize and Christianize AfricansSlavery helped civilize and Christianize Africans4.4. Master-slave relationships resembled those of a Master-slave relationships resembled those of a

"family.“"family.“5.5. George FitzhughGeorge Fitzhugh -- most famous pro-slavery defender -- most famous pro-slavery defender

in the book in the book Cannibals All Or Slaves without MastersCannibals All Or Slaves without Masters1.1. Contrasted happiness of slaves with "Contrasted happiness of slaves with "northern wage northern wage

slaves”slaves”2.2. Fresh air in the south as opposed to stuffy factoriesFresh air in the south as opposed to stuffy factories3.3. Full employment for blacksFull employment for blacks4.4. Slaves cared for in sickness and old age unlike northern Slaves cared for in sickness and old age unlike northern

workers. workers.

2009 DBQ2009 DBQ

From 1775 to 1830, many African From 1775 to 1830, many African Americans gained freedom from slavery, Americans gained freedom from slavery, yet during the same time period the yet during the same time period the institution of slavery expanded. institution of slavery expanded.

• Explain why BOTH of the changes took Explain why BOTH of the changes took place. place.

• Analyze the ways BOTH free African Analyze the ways BOTH free African Americans and enslaved African Americans and enslaved African Americans responded to the challenges Americans responded to the challenges confronting them.confronting them.

African Americans during the African Americans during the RevolutionRevolution

• Declaration of Independence ideas of liberty & equality Declaration of Independence ideas of liberty & equality excited African Americans excited African Americans

• Southern whites expected the British to start slave rebellionsSouthern whites expected the British to start slave rebellions– 1775, Virginia Royal Governor Lord Dunmore offered 1775, Virginia Royal Governor Lord Dunmore offered

freedom to any slave who fought for the British, 800 joinedfreedom to any slave who fought for the British, 800 joined• African Americans fought in the war on both sidesAfrican Americans fought in the war on both sides

– Washington at first barred them from the Continental Army, Washington at first barred them from the Continental Army, but policy changed as got more desperate, 5,000 fought for but policy changed as got more desperate, 5,000 fought for RebelsRebels

– 1,000’s joined British under General Clinton after the fall of 1,000’s joined British under General Clinton after the fall of Charleston, most sold into slavery in the West Indies after Charleston, most sold into slavery in the West Indies after the warthe war

• 55,000 slaves escaped to freedom55,000 slaves escaped to freedom• Slave revolts never materializedSlave revolts never materialized

Why did slavery end?Why did slavery end?

• Revolutionary spirit of 1776, "All men are created equal" Revolutionary spirit of 1776, "All men are created equal" Declaration of Independence, global trend too, like British Declaration of Independence, global trend too, like British EmpireEmpire

• Fight in the Revolutionary WarFight in the Revolutionary War• Northwest Ordinance, Missouri Compromise, state Northwest Ordinance, Missouri Compromise, state

abolition of slaveryabolition of slavery• Slave trade made illegal by the Constitution starting in Slave trade made illegal by the Constitution starting in

18081808• Thousands of southern slaves freed after the Revolution, Thousands of southern slaves freed after the Revolution,

some African Americans are free in the South, more so in some African Americans are free in the South, more so in places like Maryland or Delawareplaces like Maryland or Delaware

Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in the Norththe North

Early Emancipation in Early Emancipation in the Norththe North

Why did slavery expand?Why did slavery expand?

• COTTON GIN #1 !!!!! Eli Whitney, growth of COTTON GIN #1 !!!!! Eli Whitney, growth of plantation slavery, cotton despoils the land $$$$$$plantation slavery, cotton despoils the land $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$

• Removal of British & Spanish from the West and Removal of British & Spanish from the West and then Indian Removal, Andrew Jackson, Tecumseh then Indian Removal, Andrew Jackson, Tecumseh and War of 1812, moved into the Black Belt Regionand War of 1812, moved into the Black Belt Region

• Transportation and Market Revolution, textiles in Transportation and Market Revolution, textiles in NE, to ship-Steamboats, Robert FultonNE, to ship-Steamboats, Robert Fulton

• Louisiana Purchase, 1803, Created an Agrarian Louisiana Purchase, 1803, Created an Agrarian Empire, Slave EmpireEmpire, Slave Empire

Southern Southern AgricultureAgricultureSouthern Southern

AgricultureAgriculture

How did African Americans How did African Americans respond to freedom?respond to freedom?

• Try to help slaves in the South, like Try to help slaves in the South, like Frederick Douglass, David Walker-AppealFrederick Douglass, David Walker-Appeal

• Write Slave NarrativesWrite Slave Narratives

• Create free black communities, face Create free black communities, face discriminationdiscrimination

• Create own churches, Baptist and Create own churches, Baptist and MethodistMethodist

• American Colonization Society tried to American Colonization Society tried to send them back to Africa, Liberiasend them back to Africa, Liberia

How did African Americans How did African Americans respond to slavery?respond to slavery?

• Not working as hardNot working as hard

• Played stupid and lazy, SamboPlayed stupid and lazy, Sambo

• Breaking tools, stealing, Breaking tools, stealing,

• Religion: Exodus & Moses Religion: Exodus & Moses

• Music, Negro SpiritualsMusic, Negro Spirituals

• Extended family networksExtended family networks

• ““Pidgin” or Gullah languages.Pidgin” or Gullah languages.

• Tried to buy FreedomTried to buy Freedom

• Running away, underground RR, Harriet TubmanRunning away, underground RR, Harriet Tubman

• Rebellions, Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, 1821, Nat Rebellions, Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey, 1821, Nat Turner, 1831! Still a lack of rebellions compared to the rest of Turner, 1831! Still a lack of rebellions compared to the rest of the Western Hemispherethe Western Hemisphere

Steal Away Turner’s Rebellion- Steal Away Turner’s Rebellion- How?How?Chorus: Steal away, steal away!

Steal away to Jesus!Steal away, steal away home!I ain't got long to stay here!

My Lord calls me!He calls me by the thunder!The trumpet sounds it ina my soul!I ain't got long to stay here!

Chorus.

My Lord, he calls me!He calls me by the lightning!The trumpet sounds it ina my soul!I ain't got long to stay here!

Chorus.