Characteristics Rural Economic2

8/9/2019 Characteristics Rural Economic2

1/262

0


2/262

cim Kinh tNng thn Vit Nam: Kt quiu tra H gia nh Nng thn nm 2006 ti 12 tnh

Characteristics of the Vietnamese Rural Economy:

Evidence from a 2006 Rural Household Survey in 12 Provinces of Vietnam

1

Bo co nghin cu trong khun kh Chng trnh H trKhu vc Kinh doanh (BSPS) v Chng trnh H tr

Khu vc Nng nghip (ASPS) do Danida ti tr

c im kinh t nng thn vit nam :Kt qu iu tra h gia nh nng thnNm 2006 ti 12 tnh

Thng 8, 2007


3/262

2

Mc lc

Danh mc cc Hnh............................................................................................................................. 5Danh mc cc Bng ............................................................................................................................ 6Cc ch vit tt ................................................................................................................................... 7

Li ni u .......................................................................................................................................... 8Li cm n .......................................................................................................................................... 8

GII THIU ..................................................................................................................................... 10

1. C IM CC HC KHO ST ................................................................................. 13

2. THAM GIA TH TRNG LAO NG V CC HOT NG TO THU NHP ............ 212.1. Cc hot ng to thu nhp........................................................................................................ 222.2. a dng ha ............................................................................................................................... 25

2.3. Tm quan trng ca s phn b thi gian lao ng cho tng loi hot ng i vi vn to thu nhp....................................................................................................................................... 292.3.1. S phn chia thi gian cho cc hot ng lao ng ca h .................................................... 292.3.2. Tm quan trng ca lao ng v thu nhp .............................................................................. 312.4. Kt lun...................................................................................................................................... 33

3. T AI: C IM, SDNG T, U TV TH TRNG.................................. 343.1. S phn b v chia t thnh mnh ........................................................................................... 363.2. Tnh trng S........................................................................................................................ 433.3. S dng t ................................................................................................................................ 463.4. u t vo t ............................................................................................................................ 50

3.5. Th trng t ............................................................................................................................ 543.6. Kt lun...................................................................................................................................... 59

4. U VO SN XUT NNG NGHIP HI N NAY............................................................... 604.1. u vo cho sn xut nng nghip ............................................................................................ 614.2. Th trng u vo v u ra ..................................................................................................... 644.2.1. Khong cch thng mi ........................................................................................................ 644.2.2. Cung u vo v cu u ra .................................................................................................... 664.2.3. Kh nng tip cn th trng u vo v u ra ..................................................................... 684.3. Kt lun...................................................................................................................................... 71

5. TN DNG ................................................................................................................................... 715.1. Th trng tn dng nng thn ................................................................................................... 725.2. Cc ngun v iu kin vay ....................................................................................................... 735.3. Tip cn, chi ph v s dng tn dng ........................................................................................ 815.4. Cc h b t chi v t hn ch mnh......................................................................................... 875.5. Kt lun...................................................................................................................................... 89


4/262



Evidence from a 2006 Rural Household Survey in 12 Provinces of Vietnam3

6. QUN L RI RO ........................................................................................................... .9016.1. Nhng ri ro v x l ri ro .................................................................................................... 9016.2. Bo him chnh thc ................................................................................................................ 9676.3. Vn x hi .............................................................................................................................. 10126.4. Cc kt lun v ngha .......................................................................................................... 1034

7. TIP CN THNG TIN ........................................................................................................ 104057.1. Tip cn cc ngun thng tin chung ........................................................................................ 1057.1.1. Tip cn bo ch .................................................................................................................... 1057.2. Tip cn internet....................................................................................................................... 1067.3. Cc ngun thng tin phc v sn xut nng nghip ................................................................ 1077.3.1. Cc ngun thng tin chnh phc v sn xut nng nghip ................................................... 1077.3.2. Cc hot ng dch v khuyn nng..................................................................................... 1087.3.3. Cc hn gp t chc khuyn nng: .................................................................................. 108

7.3.4. Cc cuc ving thm h ca cc t chc khuyn nng: ....................................................... 1107.3.5. nh gi ca h v cc hot ng khuyn nng................................................................... 1107.4. Cc ngun thng tin v thay i chnh sch ............................................................................ 1107.5. Trnh hiu bit ca h v Lut t ai 2003 ....................................................................... 1117.5.1. Cc hot ng trin khai tuyn truyn v Lut t ai 2003........................................... 1117.5.2. S h gia nh c bit v Lut t ai 2003......................................................................... 1127.5.3. Trnh hiu bit ca h v Lut t ai 2003 .................................................................... 1137.6. Kt lun.................................................................................................................................... 114

8. KT LUN................................................................................................................................. 114

Ph lc bng biu............................................................................................................................ 117Ti liu tham kho........................................................................................................................... 124


5/262

4

Danh mc cc Hnh

Hnh 1.1: Cc h do n v nam lm ch h theo nhm tiu dng lng thc...............15

Hnh 1.2: T l h dng ngun nc an ton ung v un nu l chnh ......19Hnh 1.3: S phn b ngun nhin liu cho un nu ...20Hnh 1.4: Tin nghi v sinh, s phn b gia cc tnh......21Hnh 1.5: Phn b s rc (trong 12 thng qua)..21Hnh 2.1: S lng trung bnh thnh vin h tham gia lao ng c thu nhp....22Hnh 2.2: T l dn s trong tui lao ng tham gia 4 loi hot ng ......................... ....24Hnh 2.3: a dng ho s lng ngnh ngh v thu nhp ................................................................ 26Hnh 2.4: Phn cng lao ng h gia nh, theo tnh (%).............................................................. 30Hnh 2.5: Ccu thu nhp ca h theo ngun thu phn theo tnh (%)............................................. 32Hnh 2.6: Lao ng phi nng nghip ca h..34Hnh 3.1: S phn bt ai ni chung v theo khu vc ................................................................. 39

Hnh 3.2: Hm phn chia t tch lu theo tnh a .............................................................................. 40Hnh 3.3: T l cc mnh t c S ............................................................................................. 43Hnh 3.4: S lng thnh vin hng k tn trong S.............................................................. 44Hnh 3.5: T lt khng b hn ch la chn cy trng, theo tnh trng S ca t ................. 48Hnh 3.6: T lt c ti, theo mc ch s dng v vic c S hay khng.................52Hnh 3.7: S ph thuc v h tng cscng cng/HTX v kin nhn xt..55Hnh 3.8: t c c thng qua th trng mua bn t v h mua bn t .................................. 56Hnh 3.9: Ngi nhn t, tng v nhm ngho nht so vi nhm giu nht....59Hnh 3.10: Ni tp trung giao dch t theo khu vc.....60Hnh 4.1: T l cc h thu lao ng cho trng trt v chn nui..................................................... 63Hnh 4.2: T l cc h trng trt hoc chn nui vay vn cho sn xut.......................................... 635Hnh 4.3: T l cc x c ch.............................................66Hnh 4.4: Khong cch trung bnh (km) t hn ng giao thng gn nht ....66Hnh 4.5: Ngi cung cp la ging cho h...67Hnh 4.6: Ngi tiu th sn phm cy trng....68Hnh 4.7: T l sn phm bn cho h v thng li...69Hnh 4.8: T l h gp kh khn khi tip cn th trng...70Hnh 4.9: Cc loi kh khn khi tip cn th trng u vo hin nay..71Hnh 5.1: S khon tn dng trn 100 h c iu tra theo tnh. .............................................. 79Hnh 5.2: Phn b cc khon tn dng theo ngun v tnh (unweighted)........................................ 80Hnh 5.3: T l hc vay (%) v s khon vay/100 h .............................................................. 81

Hnh 5.4: T l h c d nvo thi im phng vn phn theo tnh (%) ..................................... 82Hnh 6.1: T l h chu mt mt trong 5 nm qua .......................................................................... 912Hnh 7.1: T l hc bo............................................................................................................ 1056Hnh 7.2: T l hc bo hng ngy phn theo nhm tiu dng ............................................... 1056Hnh 7.3: S dng internet ca h ................................................................................................ 1067Hnh 7.4: Tip cn cc im internet ............................................................................................ 1067Hnh 7.5: Tc ng ca khuyn nng n quyt nh ca h ....................................................... 1090


6/262




Danh mc cc Bng

Bng 1.1: c im chung cc hc kho st theo tng tnh...................................................... 13Bng 1.2: c im h, theo gii tnh v mc tiu dng lng thc ............................................... 15Bng 1.3 Trnh hc vn ca ch h, ph thng v chuyn nghip dy ngh............................... 16Bng 1.4 Khong cch ti trng v tr sU ban Nhn dn ......................................................... 17Bng 2.1: Cc hot ng ca dn s trong tui lao ng theo gii,nhm tiu th lng thc (%)........................................................................................................... 23Bng 2.2: a dng hot ng xt v c nhn (%)............................................................................. 27Bng 2.3 a dng hot ng trn bnh din h gia nh (%)............................................................ 28Bng 2.4 T l lao ng dnh cho cc loi hot ng h gia nh (%) .......................................... 29Bng 2.5: Tm quan trng ca lao ng v thu nh p (%) ................................................................ 31Bng 3.1: Phn bt v s chia t ra tng mnh.......................................................................... 37Bng 3.2 : Din tch t iu chnh cho ph hp vi quy m v cht lng h.......................... 38Bng 3.3: Ngun gc cc mnh t .................................................................................................. 42Bng 3.4: Ccu tn ng k trong S....................................................................................... 45Bng 3.5: Hn chi vi cc mnh t (chi vi t khng phi t ).................................... 47

Bng 3.6: S dng t (cho tt c cc mnh t khng phi t , khng phn bit t ca hhay hi thu) (%)............................................................................................................................ 49Bng 3.7: Tnh trng u t vo t hin nay - Thy li v cy lu nin..51Bng 3.8: u t ca h t 2002 v gi tru t trong 12 thng qua..54Bng 3.9: H b mt t trong 5 nm qua...56Bng 3.10: Cc kiu b mt t ca h (nhng mnh b mt trong 5 nm qua).58Bng 4.1: T l h trng trt s dng u vo .................................................................................. 62Bng 5.1: Phn b khon vay theo ngun vn v nm (phn trm) ................................................. 74Bng 5.2: c im chnh ca cc khon vay phn theo ngun (tt c cc khon vay)................... 76Bng 5.3: Nhng c im ch yu ca cc khon tn dng phn theo ngun (ring 2005) .......... 78Bng 5.4: Khong cch trung vn ni vay phn theo tnh v ngun ............................................ 82Bng 5.5: Chi ph lm th tc xin vay v bt hp php phn theo ngun ........................................ 83Bng 5.6: S dng mn vay phn theo ngun (Tt c mn vay, %) ................................................ 84

Bng 5.7: Ngun vay phn theo nhm tiu dng.............................................................................. 86Bng 5.8: Ngi chu trch nhim chnh i vi khon vay (ch 2 khon ln nht)...................... 867Bng 5.9: T l cc h b t chi, cc h t hn ch v cc h c nhu cu tn dng (%)................. 88Bng 5.10: Nhu cu tn dng theo nhm tiu dng trong vng 12 thng trc khi phng vn........ 89Bng 6.1: T l h chu thit hi phn theo nguyn nhn v tnh..................................................... 92Bng 6.2: Mt s thng tin v gi tr thit hi phn theo v tr v nguyn nhn (000 VND)......... 93Bng 6.3: Cc bin php x l ri ro .............................................................................................. 945Bng 6.4: Mc phc hi sau thit hai ........................................................................................ 956Bng 6.5: Cc h mua bo him ..................................................................................................... 978Bng 6.6: T l ngi c bo him phn theo loi bo him ....................................................... 9899Bng 6.7: L do khng tham gia bo him phn theo loi bo him.............................................. 990Bng 6.8: Nhng nguyn nhn khng tham gia bo himtheo nhm thu nhp v gio dc. ....... 1001Bng 6.9: Vn x hi - t l h tr li c .................................................................................. 1023Bng 6.10: Nim tin vo cng ng ............................................................................................. 1034Bng 7.1: Nhng ngun thng tin chnh ca h ........................................................................... 1045Bng 7.2: T l h nhn c s h trtrong trong vng 12 thng trc khi phng vn (%) .... 1078Bng 7.3: Cc hot ng khuyn nng trong trong vng 12 thng trc khi phng vn ............ 1089Bng 7.4: Cc ngun thng tin quan trng v thay i chnh sch (%)........................................ 1101Bng 7.5: X t chc cc hat ng tuyn truyn v Lut t ai 2003 ..................................... 1112Bng 7.6: Hiu bit v Lut t ai 2003 (phn trm)................................................................. 1123


7/262

6

Cc chvit tt

TN Ty Nguyn

CIEM Vin Nghin cu Qun l Kinh t TW

DFID B Pht trin Quc t (Vng quc Anh)

GDP Tng sn lng quc ni

GSO Tng cc Thng k

HG H gia nh

ILO T chc Lao ng Quc t

IMF Qu Tin t Quc t

GCNQSD Giy chng nhn quyn s dng t

MARD B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn

MOLISA B Lao ng, Thng binh, X hi

BSCL ng bng sng Cu Long

BTB Ven bin Bc Trung b

B ng Bc

NGOs T chc phi Chnh ph

TB Ty Bc

QTDND Qu Tn dng Nhn dn

BSH ng bng sng Hng

Rosca T chc quay vng tit kim v tn dng

NB ng Nam b

NTB Ven bin Nam Trung b

USD la M

VARHS iu tra Kh nng Tip cn Ngun lc Nng thn Vit Nam

VBARD Ngn hng Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn Vit nam

VBSP Ngn hng Chnh sch x hiVHLSS iu tra Mc sng H gia nh Vit Nam

VN Tin ng Vit Nam

WTO T chc Thng mi Th gii


8/262




Li ni u

Khi u ca bo co nghin cu ny c bt u t nm 2002 khi cuc iu tra v tip cnngun lc ca h gia nh (VARHS) c trin khai ln u tin ti cc tnh H Ty, Ph Th,

Qung Nam v Long An (Mekong, 2004). Kt qu ca cuc iu tra VARHS02 gm 932 h gianh nm l ngun khch l Vin Nghin cu Qun l Kinh t Trung ng (CIEM) thuc BK hoch v u t (MPI), Vin Chnh sch Chin lc Nng nghi p v Pht trin Nng thn(IPSARD) thuc B Nng nghip v Pht trin Nng thn (MARD) v Vin Khoa hc Lao ng vCc vn x hi (ILSSA) thuc B Lao ng Thng binh v X hi (MOLISA) cng vi Danidaln k hoch, trin khai nghin cu xy dng nn bn bo co ny.

Bo co ny c hnh thnh trn cscuc iu tra vi tn gi VARHS06 c trin khai trnphm vi 12 tnh Vit Nam. iu tra trn 2300 h gia nh ti 12 tnh, trong (i) 4 tnh (HTy, Khnh Ha, Ngh An v Lm ng) do Danida ti trtrong khun kh Chng trnh BSPS v(ii) 5 tnh (c Lc, c Nng, Lo Cai, in Bin v Lai Chu) do Danida ti trtrong khun khChng trnh ASPS, (iii) 3 tnh (Ph Th, Qung Nam v Long An) l cc tnh c iu tra tnm 2002. Bo co ny c xy dng da trn thng tin 1462 h mi c iu tra nm 2006 v932 h h gia nh c iu tra lp li ca nm 2002.

Vin Khoa hc Lao ng v Cc vn x hi (ILSSA) thuc B Lao ng Thng binh X hi(MOLISA) thc hin cng vic t lp k hoch n iu tra trn thc t. Khoa Kinh t (DoE) thuc ihc Tng hp Copenhagen phi hp vi CIEM, IPSARD v ILSSA trong cc hot ng v yu cu kthut, hng dn, tng cng nng lc theo tha thun. Ngn hng Th gii h trti chnh thng quay thc Danida/World Bankng thi a ra cc bnh lun trong qu trnh trin khai nghin cu.

Cc cuc iu tra VARHS02 v VARHS06 c thit k l kt qu ca s phi hp hiu qu nhmb sung cho cuc iu tra h gia nh cp quc gia quy m ln hn c gi l iu tra Mc sng

h gia nh Vit Nam (VHLSS) (GSO, 2002 v 2004). Mu iu tra ca VARHS bao gm c h gianh l nhng h c iu tra trong VHLSS. V thiu tra VARHS c xem l vi quy mnh hn nhng thu thp s liu chuyn hn, tp trung vo tip cn ngun lc ca h gia nh v cccn trm h nng thn ang i mt trong qun l sinh k ca h. t ai l vn c dnhnhiu cng sc trong nghin cu ny, bao gm c tc ng ca Lut t ai 2003; VARHS06 c

bit ch n thu thp thng tin ti tn tng tha t ca tng h nng dn. Ngoi ra, chng ti cnc gng lm r cc vn khc nh s khc nhau v vn gii v tnh trng i ngho.

Bo co ny c tnh cht m t nhm mc tiu a ra tng quan cc loi thng tin c trong csdliu ca VARHS06 v nhiu vn c th phn tch su. Tuy nhin cn ch rng, c gi nntham kho c nhng ni dung gii thiu trong bo co ny v cc bng cu hi thu thp thng tinca h gia nh v bng thu thp thng tin cp x m chng ti s dng thu thp thng tin c danh mc tng hp cc cu hi t ra trong qu trnh phng vn. Cc bng cu hi c th tixung t trang web; tt nhin, csd liu ca iu tra phong ph hn nhiu so vi nhng g trnh

by trong bo co m t ny. Hin chng ti ang trin khai cc nghin cu su v mt s vn ca kinh t nng thn Vit Nam v cc cuc iu tra tip theo vo nm 2008 v 2010 cng cchp thun s cung cp tt hn csd liu xuyn sut theo thi gian phn nh s pht trin cakinh t nng thn Vit Nam.


9/262

8

Li cm n

Tp th tc gi bit n TS. inh Vn n - Vin trng Vin Nghin cu Qun l Kinh t Trung

ng v TS. ng Kim Sn - Vin trng Vin Chnh sch Chin lc Nng nghip v Pht trinNng thn hng dn trong sut qu trnh t khi bt u n khi kt thc nghin cu v m bo

s cng tc hiu qu vi CIEM v IPSARD. Chng ti dnh li cm n c bit ti ngi Peter

Lysholt-Hansen - i s Vng quc an Mch ti Vit Nam, ngi lin tip ng h cho vic

nghin cu, ng thi cm n s h tr ti chnh ca Danida (BSPS v ASPS) v u thc World

Bank/Danish cung cp ti chnh cho nghin cu ny.

Thnh phn chnh ca nhm nghin cu pha Vit Nam gm TS. Nguyn Ngc Qu, b Nguyn L

Hoa (IPSARD), b ng Thu Hoi v ng Nguyn Hu Th (CIEM). Pha Nhm Nghin cu Kinh

t Pht trin (DERG) ca Khoa Kinh t, i hc Tng hp Copenhagen gm 3 ngi, trong TS.

Katleen Van den Broeck l tc gi chnh ca bo co ny, TS. Mikkel Barslund - ngi ng vai trchnh trong VARHS02, chu trch nhim thc hin chng v tn dng v nhiu cng vic hon

thin bo co. GS. Finn Tarp thc hin vic iu phi v hng dn nhm trong sut qu trnh trin

khai nghin cu.

Cng vic ca chng ti khng th hon thnh c nu thiu vng s hp tc trao i chuyn mn,

gi v khch l t pha cc t chc v c nhn m trong phi kn l:

Chn thnh cm n nhm iu tra ca Vin Khoa hc Lao ng v Cc vn x hi (ILSSA)

v tinh thn cng tc mang tnh xy dng v khch l ca h. Nhm iu tra c iu phi bi

TS. Nguyn Hu Dng, TS. o Quang Vinh, TS. Nguyn Th Lan Hng v cc cn b ca

Vin gm ng L Ng Bnh, ng L Hong Dng, ng Nguyn Kin Quyt, ng Nguyn VnD v b Trn Thu Hng. Nu khng c s c gng ca nhm iu tra ILSSA trong vic hon

thin bng hi, tp hun iu tra vin, trin khai vic iu tra trn thc a, lm sch s liu th

tt c nhng cng vic khc u trnn ho huyn. ILSSA cn m trch vic hp tc vi Tng

cc Thng k (GSO) v ng Nguyn Phong, ngi a ra nhng li khuyn b ch trong qu

trnh chn mu.

c bit bit n cc ng nghip ti CIEM v IPSARD v sng h v hng dn ca h trong

qu trnh nghin cu, l TS. Chu Tin Quang v ng Lu c Khi ca CIEM, TS. Nguyn

Anh Tun, ng Phng c Tng v b Trn Th Qunh Chi ca IPSARD. ng thi cng

c bit cm n TS. Phm Th Lan Hng ca CIEM.

Chng ti nh gi cao nhng kin t vn ca TS. Sarah Bales v li khuyn ca TS. Tim

McGrath v GS. Phil Abbott, i hc Purdue - ngi gip mt cch su sc, tp trung vo

xy dng bng hi. GS. Phil Abbot cn tham gia iu tra th cng vi thnh vin nhm nghin

cu gm ng Thomas Markussen v ng Pablo Selaya ca DoE. ng Thomas Markussen cn


10/262




a ra cc bnh lun su sc vo bn tho bo co do TS. Patricia Silva chun b. H l thnh

vin ca nhm nghin cu su ca TS. Carol Newman thuc trng Trinity, Ireland.

Cm n cc thnh vin tham d cc hi tho ti Vit Nam ng gp v gi hon thin

bo co. Trong bao gm hi tho do CIEM t chc ti H Ni ngy 27/11/2006, hai hi tho

khc cng do CIEM t chc ti Khnh Ho v Ngh An vo ngy 3 v 8/5/2007. Hi tho quc

gia do IPSARD t chc ti H Ni ngy 14/5/2007. Ti cc cuc hi tho ny, bn d tho bo

co c a ra trnh by v tho lun.

Chng ti nh gi cao s phi hp ca TS. Klaus Deininger v ng Tore Olsen t Ngn hng

Th gii.

Cm n cc nhn vin ca S qun an Mch, nhng ngi h trcng vic nghin cu ca

chng ti gm ng Henrik Vistesen v b V Hng Mai, b Cathrine Dolleris, b Nguyn Th

Lan Phng v cu c vn Danida cng cc nhn vin pha Vit Nam lm vic ti Chng trnh

ASPS, ng Ole Sparre Pedersen.

Bit n v s hp tc chuyn mn lin tc ca TS. John Rand ca DoE; b Helene Bie Lilleor

a ra li khuyn ngay t giai on u ca nghin cu ny; s h trca sinh vin Maja

Henriette trong vic hon thin bo co.

Trong qu trnh nghin cu c rt nhiu c gng tng cng nng lc nghin cu, trong

nhn mnh n hai hot ng l:

T 20-24/11/2006, TS. Katleen Van den Broeck v TS. Carol Newman (h hbi b Jeanet

Bentzen) t chc kho hc 1 tun tp trung v phn tch iu tra h gia nh ti IPSARD, H

Ni. C 15 hc vin n t IPSARD, CIEM v ILSSA tham gia kho o to, t r s nhittnh v quan tm n ti liu, tch cc tham gia vo chun b thc hnh trn my tnh.

T 25/1 n 15/2/2007, nhm nghin cu pha Vit Nam n DoE cng lm vic v hc

tp xy dng nn bo co ny. Chuyn cng tc ny cng vi s phi hp v sau ti Vit

Nam l mt phn quan trng trong hon chnh nghin cu ca chng ta.

Ngoi ra, chng ti rt cm n trn 2300 h gia nh ti 12 tnh dnh thi gian cho chng ti

trong qu trnh iu tra. Chng ti hy vng rng bo co ny s l ti liu tham kho quan trng

trong qu trnh xy dng chnh sch hng ti ci thin sinh k ca h.

Cui cng, mc d chng ti nhn c rt nhiu li khuyn tng nghi p v bn b, nhngnhm nghin cu chu hon ton trch nhim v nhng li, thiu st trong bo co ny.

Katleen Van den Broeck, Mikkel Barslund, Finn Tarp,

Nguyn Ngc Qu, Nguyn L Hoa,ng Thu Hoi

v Nguyn Hu Th


11/262

10

GII THIU

Khi u ca nghin cu ny c bt u t nm 2002 khi cuc iu tra Tip cn Ngun lc ca

h gia nh (VARHS) ln u tin c trin khai ti cc tnh H Ty, Ph Th, Qung Nam vLong An (Mekong, 2004). VARHS02 iu tra 932 h gia nh, y l nhng h c iu tra

ti VHLSS02. Mc tiu cbn ng sau ca VARHS02 l gip hiu r v mt nh lng tip cnngun lc ca h gia nh nng thn. Cu hi trc tin c t ra l h gia nh ang i mt vinhng cn trg v mc nh th no trong tip cn ngun lc. iu tra VARHS02 c thit

k b sung cho iu tra quy m ln do Tng cc Thng k thc hin l VHLSS c thchin 2 nm mt ln. VARHS02 nhm b sung thm thng tin cn thit cho mc tiu nghin cu t

932 h gia nh, y chnh l nhng h hon thnh bng cu hi iu tra ca Tng cc Thng kv thu nhp v chi tiu trong 6 thng u nm 2002.

tng chnh ng sau VARHS02 lc l do khi VHLSS khng cung cp thng tin cbn

cn thit hiu r cc vn phc tp ang ni ln vc im ca th trng t ai, lao ng v

vn. Rt him nhng thng tin v tip cn ca h gia nh ti cc th trng ny (c bit l h gianh nng thn), v chnh vic thiu nhng thng tin thu ht s quan tm xt v vic phttrin ng n th ch th trng l iu kin tin quyt Vit Nam chuyn t nn kinh t k

hoch ho tp trung sang nn kinh t th trng.

S cn thit ny vn khng thay i trong qu trnh thit k VARHS06 l cuc iu tra tip ni ca

VARHS02. V d, th trng t ai v th trng tn dng hot ng hiu qu hn vn l vn

chnh v khng gim tm quan trng duy tr s pht trin khu vc t nhn Vit Nam ngy nay sovi nm 2002. Nu khng tnh cc vn khc th iu ny ng rng cn phi hiu r hn vai tr

ca th trng t ai c v mt lm v cha lm c trong vic phn b ngun lc t ai cho

khu vc nng nghip bao gm c cc nh hng tch cc ca vic giao t n nh i vi khuynkhch u t vo nng nghi p. Tng t, c th hin trong thit k v trnh by, cn o sunghin cu mc giao dch ca th trng t ai, liu rng vic thu v chuyn nhng quyn s

dng t thc si vo hot ng v pht huy tc dng. Mt v d na v vn t ai l tcng ca cc iu khon hp ng vt c thc s hiu lc v hiu qu (v d hp ng tr tin

thu cnh so vi hp ng tr bng nng sn thu hoch).

Mt v d na v s cn thit phi b sung thng tin, s liu l v s hot ng ca th trng tn

dng nng thn v mc cn tr ca tn dng i vi pht trin nng nghip. Nghin cu sunhng vn ny (vi gc hon thin vic ra quyt nh) trc tin i hi phi c s liu v

khi lng tn dng m nng dn thc s vay, nhng cng cn phi bit s liu v d n u tkhng thc hin c do thiu tn dng cng nh v cc khon chi tiu cho tiu dng m h khngtrang tri c. Trong iu kin kh khn , nu khng tip cn c vi tn dng tiu dng th c

bng chng cho thy nng dn phi vin n la chn t hn, chng hn nh phi bn t liusn xut ca gia nh. Nu th trng tn dng khng hot ng mt cch ng n th nng dn

khng th mua li ti sn mt trc , hu qu h i ngho cn trnn i ngho hn, iu


12/262




gi rng th trng tn dng khng hon ho s dn n nhng tc ng tiu cc v tiu dngv tnh trng i ngho. Ni mt cch khc, y c s tng tc gia pht trin th trng, th ch

v i ngho cn c quan tm nghin cu.

V d th ba, y l vn c nht tr ngay t khi thit k l tip tc thu thp thng tin v

s liu v cc vn lin quan n tnh trng manh mn t ai. lm c iu ny cn phi thu

thp thng tin ca tng mnh t. VARHS06 c thit kc bit thu thp nhng loi thng tin

ny, nh cung cp thng tin chi tit hiu r hn v sn xut nng nghip m trc y khng

c c. iu tra ln ny cn cho php tm hiu cc vn lin quan cho nh vai tr ca gii v

i ngho trong tham gia th trng lao ng, sn xut nng nghip v tip th, tip cn tn dng, ri

ro v tip cn thng tin. Csd liu cn c thit k phn tch thm cc vn vai tr ca

ngi dn tc thiu s.

iu tra VARHS06 c thc hin c cp x v h gia nh vi nhng loi thng tin c th vi

tng loi nh sau:a. Phiu hi x v h gia nh tip cn ngun lc

Mc 1: Thng tin v nhn khu hc v tnh hnh chung ca x

Mc 2: Nng nghip: Trng trt, tho thun mua bn v thu t, loi hnh v quy m tai, thu nhp ngy cng nng nghip

Mc 3: Thu nhp v vic lm: Ngun thu nhp/vic lm chnh, hot ng kinh doanh

Mc 4: Csh tng: ng t, ng thu, in , ch, trng hc

Mc 5: Thi tit v thin tai: Din bin giai on 2002-2006

Mc 6: Qun l thu li: Cng trnh thu li ca HTX/cng ng

Mc 7: Lut t ai 2003: Trin khai thc hin Lut, ph bin thng tin v LutMc 8: Tn dng v tit kim: Cc t chc tn dng v tit kim: Ngn hng, Qu tn dng,

on th, ngi cho vay

Mc 9: Quan h x hi, tin tng v hp tc

b. Phiu hi h gia nh tip cn ngun lc

Mc 1: Trang ba: iu tra vin, ngy thng, dn tc/ngn ng

Mc 2: Danh sch h, c im chung cc thnh vin ca h

Mc 3: t nng nghip (ti tng mnh) v sn xut nng nghip

Mc 4: Chn nui, lm nghip, thu sn, dch v nng nghip, tip cn th trng

Mc 5: Ngh nghip, thi gian s dng v cc ngun thu nhp khc

Mc 6: Chi tiu lng thc thc phm v cc chi tiu khc, tit kim, hng ho lu bn ca h

Mc 7: Tn dng

Mc 8: Kh khn v x l ri ro

Mc 9: Quan h x hi v mng li


13/262

12

Vic thit kiu tra v iu tra thc trin khai trong 6 thng u nm 2006. Vic iu tra trn

thc a c trin khai t thng 7 n thng 9 trn a bn 12 tnh, l:

Bn tnh (H Ty, Ngh An, Khnh Ho v Lm ng) do Danida ti tr trong khun

kh Chng trnh BSPS Nm tnh (c Lc, c Nng, Lo Cai, in Bin v Lai Chu) do Danida ti trtrong

khun kh Chng trnh ASPS

Ba tnh (Ph Th, Qung Nam v Long An) l cc tnh c iu tra VARHS02.

Tng cng c 2324 h c iu tra trong VARHS06 bao gm c cc h iu tra trong

VARHS02. Trong tng s h mi iu tra ngoi s h iu tra nm 2002, c 1312 hc iu

tra lp li t cuc iu tra thu nhp v chi tiu VHLSS04.

S h mi chnh l s h c iu tra ti cuc iu tra thu nhp v chi tiu VHLSS04 ti 12 tnh

trong VARHS06. Tuy vy, vic chn mu iu tra cng phi i mt vi mt s thch thc do 3 ldo sau: (i) Tng cc Thng k thay i vic chn mu nm 2004 theo nh m t ca Phng c

Tng v Nguyn Phong (2007) (ii) mt s khu vc thuc a bn nng thn trthnh khu vc

th do s chia tch n v hnh chnh trong giai on 2004-2006; (iii) s gim st tiu chun, do

phi la chn ngu nhin khong 150 h gia nh tng s 1462 hiu tra. Nhng h ny

c nh gi theo trng s VHLSS04 (xem Phng c Tng v Nguyn Phong, 2007).

Nhm nghin cu quyt nh khng a VARHS02 vo trong bo co ny v kh khn trong vic

lng ghp (trng s) VARHS02 vi VARHS06 do mu iu tra thay i. Tuy vy, cc nghin cu

su sau ny vn c th s dng c s liu iu tra VARHS06 v VARHS02. Cng cn lu rng,

s liu iu tra v x chc thu thp i vi nhng x c t nht 3 h gia nh c iu tra.

Bo co m t ny c chun b da trn thng tin ca 1462 hiu tra nu trn. Ngoi phn

gii thiu, bo co cn bao gm 7 chng sau:

c im ca hiu tra

Tham gia th trng lao ng v hot ng to thu nhp

t ai: c im, s dng, u t v th trng

u vo cho sn xut nng nghip

Tn dng Qun l ri ro

Tip cn thng tin.

Cui cng, xin lu rng cc s liu c du tn v vy tt c danh tnh c b ra ngoi

trc khi phn tch theo quy trnh chun.


14/262




1.C IM CC HC KHO ST

Bo co ny c xy dng trn csphng vn 1462 h gia nh ti cuc iu tra Kh nng Tip

cn Ngun lc Nng thn Vit Nam nm 2006 (VAHRS06) ti 12 tnh, nh ch r trong Bng

1.1. Phn ln mu tp trung H Ty, Ph Th, Ngh An v c Lc. Do phng php chn munn bn tnh ny c s hc chn nhiu hn (xem phn Gii thiu); trong cc tnh ny, bn cnh

cc h kho st trong cuc iu tra Mc sng H gia nh Vit Nam nm 2004 (VHLSS04), cn

bao gm cc hc kho st trong VAHRS02. C thc gi s quan tm n mt s tnh c th,

nn chng ti s dng mt ccu tnh xuyn sut hu ht bo co.

Chng 1 trnh by tnh hnh chung ca cc hc kho st. Chng ti cp c im ch h

(gii, thnh phn dn tc, ngn ng v trnh hc vn), cc vn ngho i lin quan (ni c tr

ca cc h ngho nht trong mu v h c c im g khc khng), kh nng tip cn dch v

(trng hc) v cc iu kin sng (tip cn ngun nc, ngun nng lng v phng tin v sinh

trong gia nh).

20% h trong mu kho st do n lm ch h; 82% ch h l ngi Kinh; 98% ch h ni c

ting Vit v 86% s h ni ting Vit l chnh. Trong cc x cc tnh Lai Chu v in Bin

(khu vc Ty Bc), ch c 14% v 7% dn s l ngi Kinh v 16% v 12% cc ch h dng ting

Vit nh ngn ng chnh. Theo phn loi ca chnh quyn, 22% s h trong mu kho st xp loi

ngho.1 S h ngho ny phn b khng u trn cc tnh, tp trung nhiu Lai Chu, Lo Cai,

Lm ng, Qung Nam v in Bin v mt t l nhLong An v H Ty.

Bng 1.1: c im chung cc hc kho st theo tng tnh

Tn sut %Gii tnh

ch h

Ch h

thuc nhm

dn tc no

Ch h ni

ting Vit

Ting Vit l

ngn ng chnh

ca ch h

H ngho theo

phn loi ca

chnh quyn

(% Nam) (% Kinh) (%) (%) (%)

Tnha

H Ty (BSH) 187 12.8 77.8 98.4 100.0 99.5 8.6

Lo Cai (B) 90 6.2 89.0 23.7 100.0 57.2 39.0

Ph Th (B) 131 9.0 80.1 83.3 98.5 93.3 22.2

Lai Chu (TB) 116 7.9 92.2 14.1 65.7 15.8 45.4

in Bin (TB) 112 7.7 90.3 7.1 93.8 11.6 31.4

Ngh An (BTB) 196 13.4 83.3 89.6 99.4 90.6 24.5

Qung Nam (NTB) 114 7.8 72.8 96.5 100.0 97.3 32.0

Khnh Ha (NTB) 78 5.3 69.2 92.3 100.0 82.2 22.1

1 S liu ca B LTBXH (MOLISA).


15/262

14

k Lk (TN) 143 9.8 82.2 71.5 90.4 78.3 18.9

k Nng (TN) 108 7.4 83.7 76.5 97.1 79.3 25.1

Lm ng (TN) 69 4.7 78.8 63.7 100.0 69.6 37.3

Long An (BSCL) 118 8.1 65.8 100.0 100.0 100.0 14.6

Total 1,462 100 79.1 82.1 97.7 85.8 22.0

a Tn Khu vc: BSH (ng bng sng Hng), B (ng Bc), TB (Ty Bc), BTB (Bc Trung B), NTB (Nam Trung b), TN (Ty Nguyn),

BSCL (ng bng sng Cu Long) trong mu kho st khng bao gm cc h khu vc NB (ng Nam b).

S khc bit trong kh nng tip cn ngun lc c l khng hn do c im khu vc a l m cn

v nhng nguyn nhn khc nh gii v nhm giu ngho. Hu ht cc m t trong chng ny v

cc chng tip theo s ni r gii ca ch h (i khi l gii ca c nhn) v nhm (cc hc

chia thnh 5 nhm - ng phn v) tiu th lng thc2.

S h do n lm ch h tng i t h ngho hn (30% trong hai nhm ngho v ngho nht) so

vi h do nam gii lm ch h (43%) (Hnh 1.1). S liu ca VHLSS04 cng cho thy cc h do n

lm ch h c thu nhp v mc tiu th trung bnh cao hn.

Hnh 1.1: Cc h do nv nam lm ch h theo nhm tiu dng lng thc

Ch h n

Giu nht

25.9

Giu nh

18.7

Ngho nh

13.1

Ngho nht

16.6

Trung bnh

25.8

Ch h nam

Giu nht,

18.4

Giu nh, 20.3

Trung bnh,

18.5

Ngho nh,

21.5

Ngho nht,

21.3

2Ng phn v s tiu dng lng thc c tnh da trn s tiu dng lng thc trn u ngi (ca cc thnh vin cmt trong h). Khi xy dng cc ng phn v, chng ti da trn s tiu dng ch khng da trn thu nhp nh hu htcc ti liu nghin cu s ngho i da trn thu nhp tnh bng tin. Tranh lun v khuynh hng thin v tiu dngtrong nghin cu s ngho i hn l bin php nghin cu da trn thu nhp c th tm trong Deaton (1997, 2003) vRavallion (1994). Nhng ngay c khi s dng cc bin php da trn tiu dng, cng phi thn trng khi so snh, xemLanjouw v Lanjouw (2001). Trong VAHRS06 khng c phn ni v tt c mi kha cnh ca s tiu dng. Ch c sliu v s tiu dng mt s loi lng thc hoc nhm lng thc (13 nhm khc nhau). Tuy nhin, cc nhm lngthc c la chn c quan h cht ch vi nhau v do chng c thi din cho tng s lng thc c tiu dng.


16/262




C v nh phn ln cc h do n lm ch l ngi Kinh v ting Vit l ngn ng chnh ca ch h

(Bng 1.2). Cng c v nh cc h do n lm ch h thng c con ci tch khi h trgip

khi cn thit. S khc bit ln gia cc nhm tiu dng lng thc lin quan n tnh cch sc tc,

vi t l h ngi Kinh v h s dng ting Vit lm ngn ng chnh c tiu dng lng thc cao

hn. 50% s hc kho st nm trong nhm tiu dng lng thc thp nht l cc h ngho vch c 5% nm trong nhm giu nht. Mc d mt s h c th b xc nh sai, nhng xem ra php

chia ng phn v trong mu ni chung c khng nh bi tiu chun phn loi chnh thc.

Bng 1.2: c im h, theo gii tnh v mc tiu dng lng thc

Nhm dn tc

ca ch h

(% Kinh)

Ch h

ni ting

Vit

Ting Vit l

ngn ng

chnh ca

ch h

S trgip

ca con ci

tch h

Sinh ra ti x

(ch h,

vchng hoc

cha m)

Hc chnh

quyn xp loi

ngho

Ch H

N 92.3 98.1 92.9 40.2 71.5 28.1

Nam 79.5 97.6 83.9 32.1 75.6 20.4

Nhm tiu dng LTTP

Ngho nht 65.3 95.5 70.0 28.6 76.7 50.1

Ngho nh 76.6 96.9 80.5 29.2 76.5 25.0

Trung bnh 80.9 96.8 87.2 37.5 76.8 19.4

Giu nh 91.8 99.3 94.2 35.7 69.3 10.5

Giu nht 96.4 99.8 97.2 37.9 74.2 5.2

Bng 1.3 cho thy tng quan trnh hc vn vi nhng khc bit r rng gia cc nhm. Tnh

theo gii th t l n ch h khng bit c bit vit cao hn gp i so vi nam ch h. S khc

bit c bit ln cp trung hc3. Cng tng t, tng i nhiu n ch h khng c ngh chuyn

mn, ch yu mi c giy chng nhn tham gia cc kho o to chuyn nghip ngn ngy. Trong

cc nhm chi tiu lng thc, t l ch h khng bit c bit vit gim t 20% nhm ngho nht

xung 3% nhm giu nht. V t l ch h khng c o to ngh chuyn mn gim t 87 cn

67%.4

3 S khc bit ny mt phn c th do s khc bit v tui. Trung bnh cc n ch h gi hn nam ch h ti 9 tui.4 Theo Behrman v Knowles (1999), t l tr em c n trng Vit Nam lin quan cht chn thu nhp h. Slin quan cht ch gia thu nhp ca h v t l tr em i hc, cho thy tnh di ng x hi gia cc th h km v ccchi bnh ng km.


17/262

16

Bng 1.3: Trnh hc vn ca ch h, ph thng v chuyn nghip dy ngh

Ch h c trnh hc vn ph thng cao nhtCh h c trnh trung cp chuyn nghip

dy ngh cao nht

Khng bitc bit vit

Hon thnhcp 1

Hon thnhcp 2

Hon thnhcp 3

Khng cngh

Chuynnghip

=12thng

Trungcp Kthut

Caong,

i hc

Tnh

H Ty 4.5 18.4 43.9 15.4 75.9 15.6 2.7 4.2 1.6

Lo Cai 20.0 30.7 7.7 3.2 96.7 1.1 0.0 2.2 0.0

Ph Th 0.8 12.1 56.7 18.2 75.0 9.1 6.8 6.0 3.0

Lai Chu 46.1 16.6 8.7 5.3 82.6 9.5 4.3 1.9 1.7

in Bin 36.5 9.7 22.1 1.9 93.6 1.9 0.9 3.7 0.0

Ngh An 6.8 16.3 45.6 18.9 71.6 15.2 5.0 3.5 4.6

Qung Nam 7.9 29.0 23.6 10.4 85.1 6.2 4.4 1.8 2.6

Khnh Ha 10.2 25.6 11.7 14.1 89.8 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.6

k Lk 14.3 25.2 23.7 11.3 85.9 5.0 4.2 4.3 0.7

k Nng 5.9 27.8 29.4 22.3 81.3 5.6 2.9 7.5 2.7

Lm ng 18.6 27.7 23.4 11.4 91.4 1.4 1.4 5.8 0.0

Long An 6.9 25.9 19.6 7.5 87.4 5.9 1.7 2.5 2.5

Ch h

N 16.8 19.6 20.3 7.6 87.6 4.6 3.0 3.6 1.3

Nam 7.8 21.2 37.1 15.2 79.1 10.7 3.8 3.9 2.6

Nhm tiudng LTTP

Ngho nht 19.6 16.5 30.2 9.5 86.8 6.5 3.1 3.3 0.4

Ngho nh 10.0 21.4 35.3 7.7 86.7 7.6 4.1 1.6 0.1

Trung bnh 11.1 22.7 34.4 10.6 85.1 8.1 1.9 3.1 1.8

Giu nh 3.8 23.8 36.1 14.7 78.8 13.2 2.4 3.4 2.3

Giu nht 3.6 20.2 32.3 25.8 66.7 11.7 6.8 7.6 7.2

Tng 9.6 20.9 33.6 13.6 80.8 9.4 3.6 3.8 2.3

V mt tip cn trng hc (bng 1.4), s khc bit gia cc tnh hay cc nhm tiu th lng thc

rt r, cp hc cng cao s khc bit cng ln. Trung bnh cc trng tiu hc (cp 1) cch nh

khong 1-2 km v s khc bit tng i t. Cc trng cp 2 cch nh khong t 1 km (H Ty)

n 3.6 km (c Nng) v cc h ngho nht sng cch xa trng nht. Cc trng cp 3 cch nh

t 4.3 km (Khnh Ho) n 25.5 km (Lai Chu), v s khc bit gia cc tnh v cc nhm chi tiu

lng thc l ng k.


18/262




L mt trong cc c im v pha cung i vi ngnh gio dc, khong cch ti trng hc c vai

tr quan trng i vi s lng hc sinh ti trng (xem Handa v Simler, 2006 v Duflo, 2001 v

cc trng tiu hc Mozambique v Indonesia). C s tng quan r rng gia khong cch ti

trng v trnh hc vn. Ba trong s bn tnh c khong cch trung bnh t nh n trng cp 3

xa hn 10 km, in Bin, Lo Cai v Lai Chu c t l ngi ln hon thnh cp 3 thp nht. Cch ngho nht khng ch sng rt xa trng hc, m thng cn rt xa trung tm v cc dch v ca

thn bn, nh khong cch trung bnh ti tr sU ban Nhn dn, c coi l nm trung tm x.

Bng 1.4: Khong cch ti trng v tr sU ban Nhn dn

Khong cch ti trngtiu hc (km)

Khong cch ti trngcp 2 (km)

Khong cch ti trngcp 3 (km)

Khong cch ti Uban Nhn dn (km)

Tnh

H Ty 0.8 1.0 3.3 1.0

Lo Cai 1.7 3.2 10.7 3.0Ph Th 1.1 1.5 6.4 1.4

Lai Chu 1.0 1.9 25.5 3.1

in Bin 1.7 3.0 19.4 4.5

Ngh An 1.5 1.8 6.3 1.9

Qung Nam 1.5 2.5 7.4 2.4

Khnh Ha 0.9 1.7 4.3 1.4

k Lk 1.3 2.3 9.5 3.4

k Nng 1.5 3.6 14.9 2.4

Lm ng 1.8 2.9 8.5 2.8Long An 1.5 2.8 7.4 2.3

Ch H

N 1.2 1.8 6.2 1.8

Nam 1.3 2.0 7.7 2

Nhm tiu

dng LTTP

Ngho nht 1.2 2.2 10.1 2.4

Ngho nh 1.3 2.1 8.1 2.3

Trung bnh 1.3 1.8 7.2 1.8Giu nh 1.6 1.9 6.5 2.0

Giu nht 1.2 1.9 5.2 2.0

Tng 1.3 2.0 7.4 2.1


19/262

18

Hnh 1.2 sho thy t l phn trm s h dng nc sch cho n ung. 74% s h dng nc sch

cho n ung, nhng ch c 61% s h ngho nht s dng, trong khi t l h giu nht s dng

nc sch l 88%. Nhiu h do ph n lm ch s dng nc sch hn. S khc bit gia cc tnh

v vn ny rt ln, trong cc x k Nng ch c 9% s h dng nc sch, trong khi t l ny

H Ty l 95%. Cng nh vy, Lai Chu (41%), Khnh Ha (56%) v k Lk (56%) c t l sdng nc sch kh thp. Tr Lai Chu, hnh nh nhiu tnh pha Bc c nhiu kh nng tip cn

ngun nc an ton hn.

Hnh 1.3 trnh by s phn b cc ngun nng lng khc nhau c s dng nu n. S khc

bit gia cc tnh v cc nhm tiu th lng thc kh ln. Nhn chung, ci v cc sn phm ph

nh rm r, thn cy ng, rc, mnh g vn, tru v.v l 2 ngun cht t quan trng nht (47% v

29%). Vic s dng in nng thn l khng ng k, ch c di 1% s h trong mu dng in

nu n. Bn cnh ci v cc sn phm ph, kh ga t nhin phn no cng thng c s dng

(17%). T l h dng ci gim mnh theo nhm chi tiu lng thc, trong khi t l dng ga t nhin

li tng theo nhm chi tiu lng thc. in c s dng ch yu bi nhm giu nht. Cc hnhng khu vc cng v pha Nam cng s dng nhiu ga t nhin hn. Trong cc tnh pha Ty Bc

(in Bin v Lai Chu) rt t h s dng cc ngun nhin liu khc ngoi ci (91% v 92% s h

trong 2 tnh ny dng ci).

Hnh 1.2: T l h dng ngun nc an ton ung v un nu l chnh

0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

HTy

LoCa

i

LaiC

hu

Khn

hHo

Long

An Nam

Ngh

onh

Trun

gbnh

Giu

nh


20/262




Hnh 1.3: Sphn b ngun nhin liu cho un nu

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

HTy

Lo

Cai

LaiC

hu

Khn

hHo

Long

An

Nam

Ngh

onh

Trun

gb

nh

Gi

unh

ci in du than gas t nhin r m, thn ng v ph phm khc

V cc tin nghi v sinh (Hnh 1.4), ng ch l h cng giu, cng t h khng c toa-lt hoc ch

dng h phn hoc h x hai ngn. Khi h trnn giu c hn, h cng c iu kin s dng x bt

hoc x xm c nc git. V vn v sinh, hai loi nh x ni n trong 2 ct u ca hnh di

y (x bt c nc git toilets- v x xm di nc (latrine) c coi l an ton hn ba loi x t

bin t din ni n cui hnh. Ni chung cc hLai Chu v in Bin thng t dng thit

b v sinh hn cc hcc tnh khc. iu ny c l l do t l ngho i ti cc tnh ny cao hoc

h t c tip cn thng tin v thc hnh v sinh hn.Mt vn v sinh cn xem xt na l rc thi. a phng duy nht thu thp c mt khi lng

rc ng ch l H Ty (38%). Ni chung, dch v thu gom rc khng ph bin, ch c 11% s h

s dng dch v ny. Khng ngc nhin l t l thu gom rc tng ln theo nhm tiu th lng thc.

Cch x l rc thng thng nht l t. Duy ch c Lai Chu v in Bin, ngi ta thng rc

thnh ng.


21/262

20

Hnh 1.4: Tin nghi v sinh, sphn b gia cc tnh

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

HTy

Lo

Cai

LaiC

hu

Khn

hHo

Long

An

Nam

Ngh

onh

Trun

gb

nh

Gi

unh

x bt c git nc x xm c di nc h x 2 ngn cu tm h x o khng h x

Hnh 1.5: Phn b s rc (trong 12 thng qua)

Cc bng v hnh trn ch r iu kin sng, v nhng khc bit gia cc nhm hc kho st.

C s khc bit ln trong iu kin sng gia cc h ngho v ngho nht, cng c th hiu l s

khc bit ln gia cc tnh. Khng c du hiu g chng t h do n lm ch h ngho hn hoc

iu kin sng ti hn h do nam gii lm ch, nhng ngun vn nhn lc ca cc h do n lm

ch h thng km hn nhiu lin quan n trnh hc vn ph thng v chuyn nghip dy ngh.Cc h ny c th duy tr iu kin sng thng qua s gip ca con ci tch ra ring hoc

do hc xp loi h ngho. Trong phn cui bo co ta c th thy s khc bit trong kh nng

tip cn cc ngun lc v d chi vic lm, t ai, u vo hoc tn dng gia cc h do n v

nam lm ch h, iu ny c th do s khc bit v trnh hc vn.

0%

20 %

40 %

60 %

80 %

100%

thu gom mang t?i ni? t?p t rung ?t ch n l?p v?t xu?ng s ng , h? khcmang ti h rc t chn lp vt xung sng, h


22/262




2. THAM GIA TH TRNG LAO NG V CC HOT NGTO THU NHP

To ngun thu nhp l iu rt quan trng i vi nng dn. Nhm hiu r kh nng tip cn cc

ngun lc ca h, cn phn tch chi tit c th cc ngun lc. L mt phn ca ton b cng trnhnghin cu, chng ny s tp trung vo mt trong nm ngun lc chnh, l ngun nhn lc.

Nhn lc l ngun vn quan trng, bao gm k nng, kin thc, kh nng lao ng v sc kho tt.

Ngun vn nhn lc cho php ngi ta theo ui cc chin lc ngh nghip khc nhau v thnh

cng trong cc ngh nghip . Xt trn h gia nh, vn nhn lc bao gm s lng v cht lng

lao ng c trong h. iu ny thay i tu theo qui m h, trnh k nng, trnh hc vn,

nng lc ch h, tnh trng sc kho v.v... Ngun vn nhn lc l cbn c th tn dng c

c bn ngun vn khc.5

Phn ny s phn tch tp trung vo s s dng lao ng lin quan n thu nhp h. c bit, phn

tch c cu hot ng l cn thit nhm xc nh sng gp ca hot ng nng nghi p, lm

thu/lm cng, hot ng phi nng nghip v.vvo tng thu nhp ca h. Chng ti ch n s

phn cng lao ng, ccu lao ng v cc hot ng a dng lin quan n thu nhp t cc hot

ng ny.

S phn tch cp c nhn v h. i vi cc hot ng chung m mi ngi cng tham gia, s

phn tch cp c nhn. Trong phn ni va dng ha, chng ti s cp ccp c nhn v

h tin so snh. Trong phn cui, s phn tch tm quan trng ca lao ng v thu nhp cp

h gia nh.

Khi phn tch chng ti ch bao gm nhng c nhn ang tui lao ng, nhm ny bao gm dn snam tui t 15 n 60 v n t 15 n 55. Trong khi kho st, chng ti phng vn h v cc

hot ng chnh ca h (tin cng do lm thu, hot ng nng nghip trn t ca h, hot ng

phi nng nghip m thu nhp khng phi lng, khai thc ti nguyn cng cng v cng vic ni

tr). Tuy nhin, phn ni v cc hot ng c thu nhp s tp trung vo cc hot ng to thu nhp.

Khi phn tch s khng bao gm cng vic ni tr.

5 Xem Bng ch gii Hng dn Hc Ngh bn vng t xa ca DFID. Bn ngun lc khc l vn x hi, vn vt cht,vn t nhin v vn ti chnh.


23/262

22

Hnh 2.1: S lng trung bnh thnh vin h tham gia lao ng c thu nhp

Trong cc hc kho st, trung bnh mi h c khong 4 thnh vin. in Bin c quy m h

ln nht, xp x 6 ngi/ h. Ti tt c cc tnh kho st, trung bnh mi h c khong 3 ngi tham

gia lao ng v c thu nhp (Hnh 2.1). Hu ht lm nng nghip (khong 2-3 ngui), sau l lm

thu ly tin cng (khong 1-2 ngi) v cc hot ng phi nng nghip (khong 0-1 ngi).

C khc bit trong cc hot ng theo gii ca ch h. Cc h do nam gii lm ch h c nhiu lao

ng hn. Th nht, cc h ny c nhiu thnh vin hn. Th hai, c nhiu ngi lao ng v c

thu nhp hn cc h do n lm ch h. Theo nhm tiu th lng thc,6 cc nhm h ngho c

nhiu thnh vin hn cc nhm giu. Trung bnh, s thnh vin trong mt h ngho nht khong 5

ngi, trong khi mt h giu ch c 4 ngi. in Bin, Lai Chu, Lo Cai v k Lk c quy m

h ln nht. Cc tnh ny c mt na s thnh vin h lm nng nghip (Bng A4).

2.1. Cc hot ng to thu nhp

Nh ni trn, c 4 loi hot ng c coi l hot ng kinh t, to thu nhp. u tin l lm

thu ly tin cng, c nh ngha l cc hot ng trong c nhn lao ng c tr lng.

Hot ng th hai l lm nng nghip, bao gm ngi tham gia sn xut trong h lin quan n

nng nghip (trng la hoc cc cy trng khc), chn nui, lm nghip v nui trng thu sn. Th

ba l hot ng phi nng nghip v tin lng, bao gm bun bn, dch v, vn chuyn, v cc cngvic khc nh hot ng t to vic lm. Cui cng trong cc hot ng to thu nhp l khai thc

ti nguyn cng cng v d sn bt, nh c trn bin hay trn h cng cng, thu hi mt ong hoc

hoa tri v.v

6 Cc nhm (theo ng phn v) c tnh ton da trn mc tiu dng lng thc trn u ngi.

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

Thnh vin h Thnh vin h lm vic Thnh vin h c thu nhp

H Lo Ph Lai in Ngh Qung Khnh c c Lm Long TngTy Cai Th Chu Bin An Nam Ho Lc Nng ng An


24/262




Theo kt qu kho st, khong 94% s dn trong tui lao ng ang lm vic, v 89% tham gia

vo cc hot ng to thu nhp. 74% s thnh vin h lm nng nghip, 34% lm thu ly tin cng

v 17% tham gia cc hot ng phi nng nghip, khng c tin lng. Cn ghi nhn rng, t l

ngi lm cng vic ni trl cao (68%), mc d cng vic khng c bao gm trong cc hot

ng to thu nhp.

Bng 2.1 quan st s khc bit trong cc hot ng theo gii tr hot ng nng nghip. V d, ch

c 28% ph ni lm thu ly tin cng, trong khi t l ny nam gii l 39%. Cng tng t

i vi hot ng phi nng nghip v khai thc ti nguyn cng cng. Cng nn xt n thc t l

87% ph n phi lm cng vic ni tr, trong khi ch c 49% nam gii lm nhng vic ny. iu

nht qun vi s phn cng lao ng truyn thng theo gii tnh Vit Nam, theo ph n

phi m trch cng vic ni tr.

Bng 2.1: Cc hot ng ca dn s trong tui lao ng theo gii,

nhm tiu th lng thc (%)

Tham gia

lao ng

Hot ng

to thu nhp

Lm thu ly

tin cng

Nng

nghip

Phi

NN

Khai thc ti

nguyn cng cng

Ni

tr

Gii

N 94.7 90.3 26.1 78.0 20.3 7.0 85.9

Nam 92.5 90.2 40.0 74.1 16.7 11.8 41.7

Nhm chi tiu LTTP

Ngho nht 95.0 93.2 32.0 88.4 11.6 16.4 69.2

Ngho nh 96.1 93.5 32.9 82.8 15.7 11.6 65.2Trung bnh 95.2 92.3 34.6 81.2 18.3 7.9 64.5

Giu nh 93.3 88.2 32.0 72.2 22.2 6.3 61.9

Giu nht 88.4 83.9 34.0 55.3 25.0 4.2 57.8

Trung bnh 93.6 90.3 33.1 76.1 18.5 9.4 63.8

Nhn vo s phn b theo nhm tiu th lng thc, c mt sim th vng lu . Trong hai

nhm giu v giu nht c t l thnh vin lm nng nghip thp hn. Tng ti vi cng vic

khai thc ti nguyn cng cng. Trong khi , t l ngi tham gia hot ng phi nng nghip tronghai nhm ny li cao hn cc nhm ngho hn. Mt iu quan trng cn nghin cu l mi quan h

gia cc hot ng phi nng nghip v vn to thu nhp cho h. Nu iu gii thch v sao

nhng h ny trnn giu c hn th cn gip cc h nng thn thay i ccu hot ng nhm

gip cc h ngho nht tng thu nhp v thot ngho.


25/262

24

Nh trnh by trong Hnh 2.2B, cc tnh min ni in Bin, Lai Chu v Lo Cai c nhiu

ngi lm nng nghi p, khong 90%. Cc tnh Khnh Ha, Lo Cai, k Lk v Long An

(Hnh 2.2A) c s ngi i lm thu nhiu nht. T l trung bnh trong cc tnh ny l 45%.

tnh min ni in Bin, hu ht mi ngi lm nng nghip (90%). Hn na t l ngikhai thc ti nguyn cng cng cng cao. T l ngi i lm thu v tham gia cc hot ng phi

nng nghip li thp.

Hnh 2.2: T l dn s trong tui lao ng tham gia 4 loi hot ng

A: T l dn s trong tui lao ng i lmcng lnh lng

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Ha

Tay

Lao

Cai

Phu

Tho

LaiC

hau

Dien

Bie

n

Nghe

An

Qua

ngNam

Khan

hH

oa

Dak

Lak

Dak

Non

g

Lam

Don

g

Long

An

B: T l dn s trong tui lao ng lm nng

nghip

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

HaTay

Lao

Cai

Phu

Tho

LaiC

hau

Die

nBi

en

Nghe

An

Qua

ngNam

Khan

hHo

a

Dak

Lak

Dak

Nong

Lam

Don

g

Long

An

C: T l dn s trong tui lao ng tham gia

cc hot ng phi nng nghip

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

HaTay

Lao

Cai

Phu

Tho

LaiC

hau

Die

nBi

en

Ngh

eAn

Qua

ngNam

Khan

hH

oa

Dak

Lak

Dak

Nong

Lam

Don

g

Long

An

D: T l dn s trong tui lao ng khai thc ti

nguyn cng cng

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

Ha

Tay

Lao

Cai

Phu

Tho

Lai C

hau

Dien

Bie

n

Nghe

An

Qua

ngNam

Khan

hH

oa

Dak

Lak

Dak

Non

g

Lam

Don

g

Long

An

H Ty chng ti thy c s khc bit trong hot ng (Hnh 2.2C). y 32% s ngi tham

gia cc hot ng phi nng nghip, t l cao nht trong cc tnh kho st. Bn cnh , mt t l ln

i lm thu ly lng (29%). Hn na, t l lm nng nghip li thp. Cng tng ti vi tnh

Khnh Ha.


26/262




2.2. a dng ha

C nhiu nh ngha lin quan n a dng ho ngun thu nhp. Cc m hnh a dng ha thay i

theo nh ngha. Trong nghin cu ny, sa dng ha thu nhp c m t ngn gn l tnh a

dng ca cc ngun thu nhp. nh ngha ny st nht vi ngha gc ca t ny. N cp s giatng s lng ngun thu nhp hoc s cn bng gia cc ngun thu nhp khc nhau. H c hai

ngun thu nhp thng a dng hn h ch c mt ngun. Hn na, h c hai ngun thu nhp, mi

ngun ng gp mt na tng thu nhp, thng a dng hn h cng c hai ngun thu nhp, nhng

mt ngun ng gp 90% v mt ngun chng gp c 10% (Joshi v cng s, 2002; Ersado,

2003). Khi nim a dng thu nhp cng c s dng miu t phn ng gp ca thu nhp t

cc hot ng phi cy trng hoc phi nng nghip.

S gia tng t l thu nhp t cc hot ng phi nng nghip thng tng quan vi tng thu nhp

ca h v c nc. nh ngha ny va dng thu nhp lin quan n khi nim chuyn i ccu

cp quc gia. N c nh ngha l qu trnh gim lu di t trng ng gp ca khu vc nngnghip vo GDP v lao ng nng nghip.

Kinh nghim nghin cu ch ra rng trong mt s trng hp, tnh a dng ca thu nhp l mt chin

lc qun l ri ro ca cc h ngho nhm i ph vi thi tit thay i bt thng v tim nng

thp ca sn xut nng nghip. Trong cc trng hp khc a dng thu nhp cn gn lin vi nhng

nng dn c thu nhp cao hn, nhng ngi bit thay i ccu cy trng vi nhng loi cy c gi

tr cao v cc hot ng phi nng nghip. Sa dng trong cc hot ng phi nng nghip gn lin

vi s gia tng yu cu i vi cc sn phm phi lng thc khi thu nhp ca cc h tng ln. Phn

ng gp ca cc hot ng phi nng nghip vo tng thu nhp ca h thng nhiu hn trong cc

h c trnh hc vn cao hn, khu vc c in, th trng tt, v c thu nhp tng i cao.

Trong mt s trng hp, thu nhp t hot ng phi nng nghip cng quan trong i vi h ngho

nng thn. c bit khi a phng c nhiu h khng c t trng trt, v h phi da vo

ngun thu nhp t vic i lm thu nhng cng vic n gin, ph thng kim tin.7

Trong phn tch c s dng hai bin php a dng ho. Mt l s lng hot ng ngoi 4 hot

ng ni trn; v hai l ch s Simpson.8 Bin php th nht thng xem xt sa dng

7

Minot v cng s. (2006).8 Ch s Simpson v tnh a dng c s dng rng ri trong sinh hc o mc a dng sinh hc ca mt h sinhthi. Ch s Simpson v tnh a dng c xc nh nh sau: SID = 1- Pi

2. Trong Pi l t l cc cc sinh vt cxp trong cc loi i. Ch s Simpson v tnh a dng cng c thc din gii l xc sut cho rng hai sinh vt cla chn ngu nhin l cng loi. Chng ta c th s dng ch s Simpson so snh gia thu nhp v a dng ngnhngh ti nhiu khu vc trong ton quc. y, Pi l t l gia hot ng /ngun thu nhp i trng tng s thi gian laong hay c thu nhp. Gi tr ca SID lun ri vo gia 0 v 1. Nu ch c mt hot ng, P1=1, th SID=0. V slng hot ng/ngun thu nhp gia tng, nn cc phn (Pi) gim i, cng nh tng ca cc khon ng gp cn bng,v vy SID s tin ti 1. Nu hot ng k /cc ngun thu nhp gim i, th SID s ri vo khong gia ) v 1-1/k.


27/262

26

ho ngun thu nhp. Bin php th hai thng xem xt a dng ho ngnh ngh v a dng ho

thu nhp.9

C th p dng ch s Simpson v tnh a dng v bn a dng ngnh ngh v a dng thu nhp.

Ch bi mu sm hn l a phng c nhiu ngnh ngh/thu nhp hn. Hnh 2.3 ch r cc tnh nhin Bin, Lai Chu, Khnh Ha v.v c ngnh ngh v thu nhp a dng hn cc tnh khc.

Hnh 2.3: a dng ho s lng ngnh ngh v thu nhp

SimpsonIndexofJobDiversiicationCh s Simpson va dng ho ngnh ngh

Xt v c nhn, kt qu kho st cho thy hu ht thnh vin h trong tui lao ng tham gia 1-2

loi hot ng. 53% tham gia 1 loi hot ng v 43% tham gia hai loi hot ng. Mt t l nh

thnh vin h tham gia 3 loi hot ng (4%).Hnh nh ph n tham gia t hot ng hn nam gii.

Sa dng hot ng cho thy mt khc bit nh v gii ca ch h. Nhn chung, t l cc hot

ng ca nam ch h v n ch h l tng t. Thng thng, nam l ngi lao ng v ngun thu

nhp chnh ca gia nh, v nam gii cng thng l ch h. Nhng nu trng hp n l ch h,

ch yu l qu ph th lc h li l lao ng chnh v ngun thu nhp chnh ca gia nh. c

th l l do ti sao s lung hot ng ca cc ph n ny li ngang bng nam ch h.

9 Ch s Simpson c tnh vi quyn s. Pi cho a dng ngnh ngh tnh theo ngi /ngy cho mi hot ng v Picho a dng thu nhp tnh theo mi ngun thu trong tng s cc ngun thu nhp.

SimpsonIndexofIncomeDiversificationCh s Simpson va dng ho thu nhp


28/262




Bng 2.2 cho thy mt im th v. Cc hot ng ca ngi giu hn t a dng hn. Ch c 3% s

ngi trong nhm giu tham gia 3 hot ng v 0.3% c 4 hot ng. Trong khi 6,2% trong

nhm ngho nht tham gia 3 hot ng v 0% c 4 hot ng. C th gii thch s khc bit ny l

nhm h giu tp trung vo mt hot ng m h thnh tho chuyn mn hn. Nu ng nh vy,

n s gip nhm ny tng thu nhp v khng cn thit lm phi a dng hot ng. Ngh An vk Nng v Ph Th c t l cao nht v s ngi tham gia mt hot ng, trong khi in Bin c

t l thp nht. T l cao nht v s ngi tham gia 3 hot ng l Long An v Lai Chu.

Bng 2.2: a dng hot ng xt v c nhn (%)

Mt loi hot ng Hai loi hot ng Ba loi hot ng Bn loi hot ng

Gii

N 59.7 38.0 2.2 0.0

Nam 51.6 42.6 5.5 0.2

Ch h

N 60.1 37.3 2.6 0.0

Nam 54.7 41.0 4.2 0.2

Nhm tiu dng LTTP

Ngho nht 51.8 42.0 6.2 0.0

Ngho nh 53.7 43.1 3.0 0.2

Trung bnh 50.8 44.8 4.4 0.1

Giu nh 56.7 40.1 3.0 0.1

Giu nht 66.4 30.6 2.7 0.3

Tnh

H Ty 50.9 47.6 1.5 0.0

Lo Cai 40.8 53.7 5.5 0.0

Ph Th 64.1 33.2 2.1 0.6

Lai Chu 47.5 43.0 9.3 0.3

in Bin 24.7 68.8 6.0 0.5

Ngh An 64.4 32.0 3.4 0.2

Qung Nam 58.2 37.1 4.7 0.0

Khnh Ha 57.3 36.2 6.5 0.0

k Lk 55.1 41.4 3.5 0.0

k Nng 62.2 35.6 2.2 0.0

Lm ng 53.7 44.0 2.2 0.0

Long An 56.6 34.5 8.9 0.0

Tng 55.6 40.4 3.9 0.1


29/262

28

Khi so snh bnh din c nhn vi h gia nh, chng ti thy sa dng nhiu hn cc c nhn.

T l c nhn ch tham gia mt hot ng thp hn nhiu so vi t l tham gia 2-3 hot ng. Hn

na, cc h do n lm ch h c t l thnh vin tham gia 1-2 hot ng thu nhp cao hn mt cht,

v t l thnh vin c 3-4 hot ng t hn mt cht so vi h do nam gii lm ch h. Khi so snh

s liu bnh din h gia nh vi c nhn theo nhm tiu th lng thc, chng ti thy trong ttc cc nhm (ng phn v) t l h tham gia mt hot ng u thp hn, trong khi t l h tham gia

nhiu hn mt loi hot ng th tng ng bnh din c nhn. Nhiu h trong cc nhm giu

hn c 1-2 hot ng hn cc h trong cc nhm ngho hn. Trong khi , t l tham gia 3-4 loi

hot ng trong cc h giu hn li thp hn.

Bng 2.3: a dng hot ng trn bnh din h gia nh (%)

Mt loi hot ng Hai loi hot ng Ba loi hot ng Bn loi hot ng

Ch h % % % %

N 28.9 57.1 13.7 0.3

Nam 24.7 53.3 20.8 1.2

Nhm tiu dung TTP

Ngho nht 27.7 49.8 21.7 0.8

Ngho nh 18.3 61.7 19.1 1.0

Trung bnh 23.8 55.5 19.3 1.4

Giu nh 27.7 50.9 20.1 1.3

Giu nht 29.9 52.7 16.8 0.6

TnhH Ty 25.3 51.7 23.0 0.0

Lo Cai 10.4 68.6 21.0 0.0

Ph Th 25.0 62.2 10.6 2.2

Lai Chu 16.4 47.6 29.8 6.2

in Bin 2.7 68.6 27.0 1.8

Ngh An 32.0 50.2 16.1 1.6

Qung Nam 23.9 55.8 19.5 0.9

Khnh Ha 27.9 39.9 30.9 1.3

k Lk 33.6 53.3 13.1 0.0

k Nng 33.6 57.3 9.1 0.0

Lm ng 21.1 60.8 18.2 0.0

Long An 17.3 52.0 28.9 1.7

Tng 25.5 54.1 19.4 1.0


30/262




Theo l thuyt th sa dng ngnh ngh c th gip H gim thiu ri ro m bo thu nhp nnh hn. iu ny ng nh kt qu kho st, cho thy sa dng ngnh ngh c th khng t

c mc thu nhp nh mong mun, v nu chuyn v mt hot ng c th mang li nhiu li chhn. im ny c th thy r hn khi nhn vo sa dng hot ng tng tnh. Trong hai tnh

in Bin v Lai Chu, ngi dn tham gia nhiu loi hot ng hn cc tnh khc. Tuy nhin mca dng ho ngnh ngh cao nh vy li khng dn n thu nhp cao hn cc tnh khc. Do vy

khng th kt lun rng sa dng ha lin quan trc tip ti gia tng thu nhp cho cc tnh ny sovi cc tnh khc.

2.3. Tm quan trng ca sphn b thi gian lao ng cho tng loi hot ngi vi vn to thu nhp

2.3.1. Sphn chia thi gian cho cc hot ng lao ng ca h

S chuyn i ccu lao ng trong cc hot ng c th l nhn t quan trng gim ngho.

Bng 2.4 cho thy t l phn b thi gian lao ng cho cc hot ng khc nhau ca cc hc

kho st. Trung bnh cc h vn dnh nhiu lao ng cho cc hot ng nng nghip nht, v t lny l gn 37% tng thi gian lao ng ca h. Sau l vic ni tr, lm thu v hot ng phi

nng nghip, vi cc t l tng ng l 28%, 21% v 12%. Hot ng khai thc ti nguyn cngcng chim khong 2% tng thi gian lao ng ca h.

T l sc lao ng dnh cho lm thu v hot ng nng nghip ph thuc vo gii ca ch h. Hdo n lm ch dnh nhiu thi gian i lm thu hn cc h do nam lm ch. Ngc li, h li dnh

t thi gian cho cng vic nng nghip hn cc h do nam gii lm ch. i vi hot ng phi nngnghip v cc hot ng khc hu nh khng my khc bit khi so snh gii ca cc ch h.

Bng 2.4: T l lao ng dnh cho cc loi hot ng h gia nh (%)

Lm thuLm nng

nghipHot ng phinng nghip

Khai thc tinguyn cng cng Vic ni tr

Ch h

N 26.8 27.3 11.7 1.0 33.1

Nam 19.4 39.5 11.8 2.5 26.7

Nhm tiu dng LTTP

Ngho nht 15.4 43.6 6.2 3.3 31.6

Ngho 20.5 40.4 9.0 2.7 27.4

Trung bnh 22.2 38.7 8.8 1.6 28.7

Kh 19.9 37.2 14.7 1.4 26.8

Giu nht 26.5 25.2 20.5 2.2 25.6

Tng 20.9 37.0 11.8 2.2 28.0

Ghi ch: S liu c tnh ton da trn tng s ngy lao ng trong 12 thng qua dnh cho tng loi hot ng


31/262

30

Xu hng phn cng lao ng thy rt r theo nhm tiu th lng thc. Cc nhm giu hn c xu

hng dnh nhiu thi gian lao ng i lm kim tin v hot ng phi nng nghip. Thi gian

nhm giu nht dnh i lm c lng l 27%, trong khi t l ny nhm ngho nht l 15%. Mt

hnh nh tng t rt r nt khi xem xt cc hot ng phi nng nghip, nhm giu nht dnh 21%

thi gian cho cc cng vic ny trong khi nhm ngho nht dnh c 6%. Kt qu ny cho thy ccnhm giu hn dnh t thi gian cho cc hot ng nng nghip v khai thc ti nguyn cng cng

hn. Trong khi , cc nhm ngho hn th ngc li, h dnh nhiu thi gian hn cho cc hot

ng nng nghip. Thng thng nhm ngho nht dnh 44% thi gian.

Thng thng, cc h s dnh hu ht thi gian lm cng vic chnh, thng l ngun thu nhp

chnh ca h. Khi xem xt cc nhm tiu th lng thc, ta thy r khng nhng s khc bit v t

l phn cng lao ng gia cc nhm h gia nh, m cn c nhng khc bit trong ccu hot

ng ca cc nhm ny.

C gng tm hiu s khc bit v ccu gia cc nhm h ta thy mt im quan trng l thu nhpt vic lm cng n lng v cc hot ng phi nng nghip c vai tr then cht trong vic tng thu

nhp cho cc nhm h giu hn. Do , xem ra c th s thay i ccu hot ng c th gip cc

nhm ngho hn gim ngho, nhng h ny hin nay ch yu cuc sng vn da vo cc hot ng

nng nghip.

Hnh 2.4: Phn cng lao ng h gia nh, theo tnh (%)

0

20

40

60

80

100

%

Ha TayLao CaiPhu ThoLai ChauDien BienNghe AnQuang NamKhanh Hoa

Dak LakDak NongLam DongLong An

% lm thu % lm nng nghip

% phi nng nghip % khai thc ti nguyn cng cng

% khc

H Lo Ph Lai in Ngh Qung Khnh c c Lm LongTy Cai Th Chu Bin An Nam Ho Lc Nng ng An


32/262




C s khc bit trong s phn b thi gian lao ng gia cc tnh. Khnh Ha, Long An v Qung

Nam dnh nhiu thi gian i lm thu hn cc tnh khc. Cc tnh min ni nh Lai Chu, in

Bin v k Nng dnh t thi gian cho hot ng ny hn. Cc tnh ny ch yu da vo hot

ng nng nghip v h dnh 50-60% tng thi gian lao ng cho cng vic ny. Tng ti vi

cc tnh khc nh Lo Cai, Lm ng, k Lk, Ph Th v Ngh An (Hnh 2.4).Xem xt cc hot ng phi nng nghip ta thy t l cao nht H Ty, khong 35%. Sau l

Qung Nam v Khnh Ha. L do l hai tnh ny c nhiu hot ng kinh doanh.

2.3.2. Tm quan trng ca lao ng v thu nhp

T lng gp vo tng thu nhp l ch tiu quan trng nh gi nng sut lao ng mt cch

tng i. Hn na, khi phn tch thu nhp, s phi kho st t m s thay i trong t lng gp

vo thu nhp theo tng nm hiu su hn. Trong phn ny sa ra bc tranh hin trng da

trn s liu iu tra VARHS06.

Nh ni trn, s phn b thi gian lao ng v thu nhp c lin quan cht ch vi nhau. Bng2.5 cho thy thi gian lao ng v thu nhp t cc hot ng khc nhau. Cbn, thi gian lao ng

nhiu nht v thu nhp cao nht l t hot ng nng nghip, trung bnh chim 37%. iu ny ch

r tm quan trng ca nng nghip i vi cc h nng thn. Hot ng chim nhiu thi gian th

hai l cng vic ni trbao gm nu cm, lau nh v.v chim 28% thi gian ca ngi trong

tui lao ng ca h. Khng c thu nhp ngay t cc hot ng ny. Hot ng quan trng th hai

lin quan n thi gian lao ng v thu nhp t lao ng l lm thu. Khong 21% thi gian lao

ng c dnh cho vic ny v thu nhp t hot ng ny chim 28%. i vi hot ng phi nng

nghip, thi gian lao ng v thu nhp chim khong 12%. Thu nhp t vic khai thc ti nguyn

cng cng chim 2% tng s thi gian lao ng v tng thu nhp.

Xt theo gii ca ch h, kt qu cho thy cc h do nam lm ch h dnh nhiu thi gian hn cho hot

ng nng nghip hn cc h do n lm ch h trong khi i vi thi gian lm thu th ngc li.

Bng 2.5: Tm quan trng ca lao ng v thu nhp (%)

Lm thu Nng nghip

Phi nng nghip,

khng lng

Khai thc ti

nguyn cng cng

Ni

tr

Thi

gian

Phn thu

nhp t

Lao ng

Thi

gian

Phn thu

nhp t

lao ng

Thi

gian

Phn thu

nhp t

Lao ng

Thi

gian

Phn thu

nhp t

lao ng

Thi

gian

Ch h

N 26.8 35.5 27.3 25.1 11.7 10.9 1.0 0.7 33.1

Nam 19.4 26.5 39.5 39.8 11.8 12.7 2.5 3.0 26.7

Nhm tiu dng LTTP

Ngho nht 15.4 25.1 43.6 43.8 6.2 7.0 3.3 3.7 31.6


33/262

32

Ngho nh 20.5 32.5 40.4 41.3 9.0 10.1 2.7 2.3 27.4

Trung bnh 22.2 30.8 38.7 37.5 8.8 9.5 1.6 1.8 28.7

Giu nh 19.9 23.2 37.2 38.9 14.7 15.4 1.4 1.8 26.8

Giu nht 26.5 30.0 25.2 22.2 20.5 20.0 2.2 3.0 25.6

Tng 20.9 28.4 37.0 36.8 11.8 12.3 2.2 2.5 28.0

Ghi ch: T l thu nhp c tnh ton da trn s liu ca 12 thng qua. y chng ti ch tnh thu nhp t lao ng,

cn thu nhp t cho thu nh, bn nh hay cc ngun thu nhp khc khng bao gm vo tng thu nhp. Cc phn thi

gian lao ng c tnh ch da trn thi gian ca ngi trong tui lao ng (15 n 59 tui). u tin tnh ton

mc h gia nh, sau ly s trung bnh.

Hnh 2.5: Ccu thu nhp ca h theo ngun thu phn theo tnh (%)

Khi so snh cc tnh chng ti thy cng v pha nam tm quan trng ca vic i lm thu cng ln

v ngi dn dnh nhiu thi gian v c nhiu thu nhp t hot ng ny hn. Cc tnh c phn thunhp cao nht ti lm thu l Qung Nam, Khnh Ha v Long An (min Nam) v Ph Th

(min Bc). Cc tnh ni cc h c ngun thu nhp chnh l nng nghip bao gm in Bin, Lai

Chu, k Nng, Lo Cai, Ngh An, Lm ng, Ph Th v k Lk (tt cu hn 50%). Vic

khai thc ti nguyn cng cng c tm quan trng c bit in Bin v Qung Nam l ni m

cc hot ng ny mang li ngun thu ng k cho h.

0

20

40

60

80

100

%

Ha TayLao CaiPhu ThoLai ChauDien BienNghe AnQuang NamKhanh HoaDak LakDak NongLam DongLong An

% TN t lm thu % TN t nng nghip% TN t phi NN % TN t khai thc ti nguyn% TN t ngun khc

H Lo Ph Lai in Ngh Qung Khnh c c Lm LongTy Cai Th Chu Bin An Nam Ho Lc Nng ng An


34/262




Hnh 2.6: Lao ng phi nng nghip ca h

Hnh 2.6 cho thy s thay i ccu thu nhp t cc hot ng kinh t t 2004 n 2006 t kt qu

tnh ton t hai cuc iu tra theo ba min Bc, Trung, Nam. Ti c ba min, t trng thu nhp t

nng nghip u gim trong khi thu nhp t lm thu tng ln. iu ngc nhin l thu nhp t cc

hot ng kinh doanh phi nng nghip li gim i trn c 3 min trong khi thu nhp t cc ngun

khc tng ln pha Bc nhng li gim i min Trung v pha Nam.

mt chng mc no , kt quiu tra ch ra rng hot ng phi nng nghip t lm ca h to

ra thu nhp tng i cao. Trong phn ln cc trng hp, hot ng phi nng nghip t lm cho

thu nhp cao hn so vi lm nng nghip hoc i lm thu.

Ti mc no , kt quiu tra cho thy cc hot ng t to vic lm phi nng nghip mang

li thu nhp tng i cao. Trong hu ht trng hp, hot ng t to vic lm phi nng nghip c

li nhun cao hn c hai hot ng nng nghip v lm cng n lng. Ni chung, hot ng phi

nng nghip c v l mt nhn t quan trng i vi dn c nng thn, khng ch v mt to vic

lm m cn v mt hiu qu lao ng cao hn, mang li nhiu li nhun hn.

2.4. Kt lun

Phn tch hin nay cho thy cc h thng bao gm 4 ngi, 3 trong s h lao ng v c thu nhp.

Hot ng quan trng nht l nng nghip, v cc hot ng khc c xp th t nh sau: ni tr,

lm thu v cng vic c cho thu nhp. Ni chung cc h dnh hu ht sc lao ng ca mnh cho

sn xut nng nghip. Cc hot ng khc c xp th t nh sau: lm thu, phi nng nghip v

cc cng vic khc.

0

20

40

60

80

100

percent

Min Bc Min Trung Min Nam

2004 2006 2004 2006 2004 2006

% TN lm thu % TN t nng nghip

% TN phi nng nghip % TN t khai thc ti nguyn cng cng

% TN khc


35/262

34

Nhn chung, cc hu c hai loi hot ng to thu nhp chnh. Xem ra sa dng ngnh ngh

mang li thu nhp cao hn, v thu nhp cn c th ph thuc vo cht lng hot ng.

V vn nng sut lao ng, hiu qu ca cc hot ng nng nghip khng bng cc hot ng

khc. Thi gian dnh cho hot ng nng nghip nhiu, trong khi phn thu nhp t nng nghip lithp. Trong khi , lm thu v hot ng phi nng nghip hnh nh hiu qu cao hn. iu quan

trng l phi nhn vo phn thu nhp v phn lao ng phn b cho mi hot ng xc nh xem

hot ng no l tt cho h.

Kt qu trn y cho thy phi pht trin hn na nn kinh t nng thn Vit Nam, ni qu di do

lao ng v cht lng lao ng tng i thp. R rng l trong tng lai phi tp trung mrng

cc hot ng phi nng nghip.

3. T AI: C IM, SDNGT, U TV TH TRNG

Cng vi lao ng, t ai l nhn t ch cht sn xut cc u ra nng nghip nguyn khai

nh lng thc, nng sn hng ha v gia sc, gia cm. Kh nng tip cn t ai l s sng cn

i vi sn xut nng nghip; v vic s dng t ca h v kh nng tip cn t ai b chi phi

bi mt lot cc lut t ai vi mc ch m bo s phn chia t ai v quyn s dng t mt

cch cng bng.

Ton bt ai Vit Nam l t cng v thuc v nhn dn Vit Nam v do Nh nc qun l.

Cc lut chi phi vic phn bt c ci cch nhiu ln t khi phi tp th ho nm 1988. Theo

Lut t ai u tin, t c chia cho cc h trong mt thi hn n 30 nm tu theo quy m h.

n Lut t ai nm 1993 cc h mi c php chuyn nhng t. Theo lut ny, cc hcquyn chuyn nhng, trao i, tha k, cho thu v th chp t ai. Cng vi cc quyn ny, nh

nc s cp Giy Chng nhn Quyn s dng t GCNQSD (thng c gi l S) nh mt

bng chng php lut cho h c quyn s dng t. t c giao quyn s dng ti 50 nm v sau

khi ht hn sc gia hn. Mc d lut c p dng hn 10 nm, nhng S vn cha c

cp cho tt c cc mnh t v cn rt nhiu khc bit gia cc vng, min. Lut t ai mi nht

nm 2003 m bo ci tin h thng ng k t ai v nhng th tc hnh chnh r rng hn (v

nhanh chng hn). Mt nt mi trong lut ny l S yu cu ghi tn c vln chng nu c hai

ngi u c quyn s dng mnh t . Mt h qu c th xy ra cng vic xut hin th trng

t ai l s phn bt ai c th km cng bng hn nh ban u. Cc h ngho hn c thgp kh khn khi tip cn th trng. Chng ti s ni v vn phn bt ai v S trong

Phn 3.1 v 3.2, xt theo tnh v cc nhm tiu th lng thc.

t ai Vit Nam rt manh mn, c bit min Bc ni cc hc chia nhiu mnh rung v

cc mnh rung nh hn, thng khng lin k nhau. u tin ngi ta chia cho cc h nhng


36/262




mnh t c c im khc nhau (v mt cht lng t v a im) m bo tnh cng bng v

c quy m v cht lng t. Tuy nhin, s chim gi nhng mnh rung manh mn thng lm

cho sn xut nng nghip km hiu qu. Nhng th trng t ai linh hot hn s cho php nng

dn hp nht t ai ca h. Mt ln na, c im khu vc a l v nhm giu ngho li c th

hn ch tc hp nht t ai (Mc 3.1).

Bng chng chnh thc v quyn i vi ti sn t ai thng c coi l gip tng cng su

t vo t mt cch hiu qu hn (Feder v Onchan, 1987; Hayes, Roth v Zepeda, 1997). Tuy

nhin, cc kt qu phn tch trn lnh vc ny ang trnn mh (Holden v Yohannes, 2002)

hoc ph thuc vo tn dng v kh nng s dng t th chp (Feder v Feeny, 1991; Carter v

Olinto, 2003) hoc thm ch cho thy bng chng v nguyn nhn ngc li, ngha l u t vo t

m bo quyn tip tc c s dng t, ch khng phi u t l kt qu ca quyn c tip tc

s dng t, ngha l tnh ni sinh ca quyn s dng t (Besley, 1995; Brasselle, Gaspart v

Platteau, 2001). Bn cnh , nhng hn ch trong s dng t, c bit l s la chn cy trng,vn cn tn ti Vit Nam. iu ny c th hn ch hiu quu t ca vic cp S. Tip theo

chng ti s tm hiu m hnh gia vic s dng t, u t v quyn s dng chnh thc (Mc 3.3

v 3.4). Vic tm ra nguyn nhn l vt qu phm vi ca nghin cu ny.

Nghin cu VAHRS06 thu thp thng tin v 5 loi t: t l ti sn ca h v do h s dng;

t do h s dng nhng l thu hoc mn; t l ti sn ca h nhng cho ngi khc thu

hoc mn; t thu hoc mn trc y (trong 5 nm qua); v t l ti sn trc y. Theo

h sghi chp, 81% cc mnh t l ti sn ca h v do h s dng. V vn ny, gia cc tnh

c nhiu khc bit; Lai Chu v in Bin, 99% cc mnh t l ca h v do h s dng, trong

khi t l ny Ngh An ch l 71% v l tnh c t l h mt t cao nht10. Tt c cc hu sdng t (nu khng cho sn xut nng nghip th cng ) v hu nh tt c cc hu c t.

trong mu ch c 1% s h l khng c t. Tuy nhin, khi khng kt , ch c 86% c t nng

nghip (ngha l dng cho mc ch khc ngoi ). S liu ny hi cao hn s liu quc gia nm

2004 l 86% (Brandt, 2005). Ch c 79% h do n lm ch c t khng phi t , 88% h do nam

lm ch c loi t ny. 20% hang thu t trong khi mt t l nh hn nhiu cho thu t

(10%). Cc h giu nht t i thu t m hay cho thu t. Th trng thu v cho thu t mt

s tnh t ra si ng hn cc tnh khc. S khc bit gia cc tnh v cc nhm tiu th lng thc

cng xut hin y, 26% h tng mua t nht mt mnh t. S khc bit cng tng t khi xt

theo tnh v nhm tiu dng LTTP. Chng ti cng cp n hot ng ca cc th trng thu,cho thu bn t v nhng thay i trong th trng ny mt cch ngn gn (Mc 3.5).

10 Thay v l ch tiu ca mt th trng bn t si ng, chng ta s thy r (Bng 4.11-Ngh An) rng 90% cc mnht ny b nh nc hay x ly v ch c 0,5% bn.


37/262

36

Nhm xt n nhng khc bit va l, chng ti gi ccu xy dng tnh. Hn na, kho st

t m nhng cch tip cn khc nhau i vi s dng t v u t vo t da trn gii chng ti

tnh ton cc s liu thng k theo gii ca ch h. Nhm tm hiu xem cc h ngho hn c b gt

ra ngoi kh nng tip cn s dng t hay khng chng ti cng a ra cc con s thng k vt

qua cc nhm tiu th lng thc (cc nhm ng phn v da trn s tiu dng lng thc).

3.1. Sphn b v chia t thnh mnh

Tng quan v s phn b v chia t thnh mnh cho cc h trong mu kho st trnh by trong

Bng 3.1 v 3.2. u tin, l s khc bit rt ln v quy m t trung bnh ca mt h trn 12

tnh kho st, theo gii ca ch h. S trung bnh v trung v nh nht l H Ty v rng nht l

in Bin v k Nng. Trung bnh din tch t ca cc h do n lm ch cha c mt na

din tch t ca h do nam lm ch h (44% thm ch cn thp hn s liu quc gia l 54%,

Mekong Economics, 2004b). Mt phn ca s khc bit ny c th gii thch l quy m cc h do

n lm ch h thng nh hn (trung bnh ch c 4 ngi/h trong khi h do nam lm ch hthng c 5 ngi) nhng ngay c khi hiu chnh cho ph hp vi quy m h, din tch t ca

cc h ny vn ch bng 61% din tch ca cc h c ch h l nam. Nhm ngho nht c din tch

t/ h rng nht, nhng sau khi chnh li theo quy m h kt qu li cho thy nhm h giu

nht (20%) c ti sn t ln nht. Bn cnh s khc bit v din tch t trn u ngi, cht lng

t cng c th khc bit mt cch cbn. V d, t vng ng bng v chu th sng l ph nhiu

nht trong khi t vng ni c cht lng km hn nhiu. Hnh nht ca cc h do n lm ch

h c gi tr cao hn cc h do nam lm ch h, c bit l t trng cy hng nm. Nhng s liu

v nhm ngho nht li cho thy t lt c cht lng tt ca h (tnh bng gi tr bn) ch bng

mt na so vi nhm giu nht. c bit t trng cy lu nin, gi bn mt mt vung loi t nytng mnh theo nhm tiu th lng thc. Nh vy, xem ra nhm ngho nht khng ch c din tch

t nh hn m cn km gi tr hn.

Khong 78% din tch t ngoi t l t trng cy hng nm. Tr hai tnh H Ty v in Bin

c t l cao nht tng ng vi 93% v 89%. Cc tnh Ty Nguyn nhk Lk, k Nng v

Lm ng ng cui bng vi t trng cy hng nm ch chim cha ti 43, 32 v 26% tng din

tch t. V tnh bnh ng trong phn bt ai, hnh nh ti nhiu tnh mt s hng u bng

c din tch t tng i ln so vi nhng h cn li trong mu kho st, do lm cho quy m

t trung bnh tng ln. iu ny thy r trong tt c c cc nhm tiu th lng thc. thy r

hn tnh bnh ng chng ti trnh by cc th v s phn bt ni chung v t trng cy hng

nm (Hnh 3.1 v 3.2).


38/262




Bng 3.1: Phn bt v schia t ra tng mnh

Tng din tch t

(m2)

t trng cy

hng nm a

(m2)

S lng cc

mnh tDin tch mnh (m2)

Trung bnh Trung v Trung bnh Tr. bnh Ln nht

T l cc

mnh t

lin k ccmnh khc Trung bnh Trung v

Tnh

H Ty 1,931 1,728 1,575 5.8 14 6.8 331 250

Lo Cai 11,330 7,505 5,231 5.1 14 7.7 2,217 960

Ph Th 4,131 3,000 1,959 7.4 17 11.0 559 312

Lai Chu 11,929 9,500 9,758 6.3 16 19.6 1,894 1,200

in Bin 24,128 10,120 10,732 6.9 19 27.7 3,498 780

Ngh An 5,986 2,516 2,550 4.9 14 11.9 1,227 430

Qung Nam 12,487 2,480 5,023 4.3 12 7.7 2,888 500

Khnh Ha 6,323 2,822 3,415 2.5 12 21.2 2,583 1,000

k Lk 11,209 8,500 2,742 3.3 10 26.5 3,420 2,000

k Nng 22,161 17,900 3,932 3.2 10 31.6 6,899 2,000

Lm ng 10,032 7,600 1,474 2.6 8 19.0 3,849 2,000

Long An 10,717 5,742 8,295 2.9 15 54.9 3,674 2,000

Ch h

N 4,016 2,000 2,103 3.8 16 13.2 1,062 360

Nam 9,037 3,420 3,939 5 19 15.5 1,813 462

Nhm tiu dng LTTP

Ngho nht 10,632 3,391 4,492 4.9 17 13.4 2,172 500

Ngho nh 8,582 3,420 3,353 5.4 19 15.3 1,599 432

Trung bnh 5,406 3,000 2,582 4.8 16 13.2 1,132 400

Giu nh 6,438 3,000 2,735 4.7 14 12.6 1,373 432

Giu nht 8,891 2,352 4,617 4.0 18 22.6 2,250 460

Tng 7,989 3,050 3,556 4.7 19 15.1 1,688 432


39/262

38

95% s h c din tch t di 36.000 m2 trong khi 5% s h c din tch t t 36.000 n

766.217 m2. Hnh 3.1a v b cho thy hnh nh phn bt ai cho 95% h ngho hn trong mu.

a s hc kho st c t din tch t (70% c t hn 1 ha). S h c nhiu t cc tnh min

Nam cao hn mt cht (min Bc t l h c t hn 1 ha l 76%, trong khi min Nam l 55%).

Hnh 3.1c cho thy s phn chia t ai trn c hai min u khng hon ton bnh ng, nhngkhng min no bnh ng hn trong vic chia t.

Bng 3.2 : Din tch t iu chnh cho ph hp vi quy m v cht lng h

Din tch t trung

bnh trn u ngi

(m2)

Din tch t cy

hng nm trn u

ngi (m2)

c lng gi

tr bn t

trng trt

c lng gi tr

bn t trng cy

hng nm

c lung gi tr

bn t trng cy

lu nin

Tnh

H Ty 486 398 160 159 210

Lo Cai 2,347 1,022 7 7 5

Ph Th 1,099 515 11 11 6

Lai Chu 2,204 1,745 3 3 1

in Bin 3,895 1,711 2 2 6

Ngh An 1,339 576 10 9 49

Qung Nam 2,301 1,226 12 12 7

Khnh Ha 1,355 706 14 11 24

k Lk 2,224 523 15 9 21

k Nng 5,054 845 26 33 22

Lm ng 2,451 427 25 40 16

Long An 2,983 2,272 28 28 7

Ch H

N 1,157 608 92 97 16

Nam 1,892 868 42 44 29

Nhm chi tiu LTTP

Ngho nht 1,783 814 26 28 7

Ngho 1,783 699 56 58 30

Trung lu 1,346 671 78 85 16

Giu 1,530 658 40 41 31

Giu nht 2,259 1,229 46 46 49

Total 1,739 814 51 53 28


40/262




H s Gini v phn chia t ai l 0,68 i vi tng din tch t v 0,65 i vi t trn u ngi.Con s ny cao hn nhiu h s Gini quc gia nm 1998, Gini v phn chia t nng thn trn ungi l 0,50 (Deininger v Jin, 2003) nhng li tng t h s Gini 2004 v tng din tch tnng nghip l 0,64 (Brandt, 2005). S bt bnh ng cng khng khc nhau lm gia min Bc v

min Nam (cc h st Gini l 66% trn c hai min; cc h st Gini trn u ngi khc nhaumt cht gia min Bc l 61% v min Nam l 65%). Tuy nhin, nu ch nhn vo t trng cyhng nm, vi nhng hn ch chnh thc ch cho php c nhiu nht l 3 ha, th s phn chia cctnh min Bc l bnh ng hn.

Hnh 3.1: Sphn bt ai ni chung v theo khu vc

a. Phn bt ai di 95%, kho st tng din tch b. Phn bt ai di 95%, theo khu vc

c. Phn b tng din tch t ai (ng cong

Lorenz), theo khu vc

d. Phn bt trng cy hng nm (


41/262

40

0

.2

.4

.6

.8

1

Lorenz

landarea

(by

tinh_

2006)

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1Cumulative population proportion

Ha Tay Lao Cai

Phu Tho Lai Chau

Dien Bien Nghe An

Trong Hnh 3.2a v c chng ta thy mt s tnh min Bc (Ngh An v in Bin) v mt s tnh minNam (Qung Nam, Khnh Ho v Long An) c s bt bnh ng trong phn bt (cc h s Gini chot ca cc tnh ny tng ng vi 0,69 v 0,68; 0,84, 0,69 v 0,63). H Ty c h s Gini nh nht(0,31), ngha l c s phn chia bnh ng nht. Nm 2004, BSH cng c h s Gini cho t nng

nghip nh nht l 0,40 trong khi ng Nam B c h s ln nht l 0,75 (Brandt, 2005). Nh vy, inBin v k Nng l cc tnh c din tch t trung bnh ln, k Nng c s phn bt bnh ng hnnhiu (Gini 0,48). H Ty c s trung bnh nh nht ng thi c s phn chia t bnh ng nht.

Hnh 3.2: Hm phn chia t tch lu theo tnh a

a. Tng din tch t, cc tnh min Bc b. t cy hng nm (>= 3 ha), cc tnh min Bc

0

.2

.4

.6

.8

1

Lorenz

anlandar

ea

(by

tinh_

2006)

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1Cumulative population proportion

Ha Tay Lao Cai

Phu Tho Lai Chau

Dien Bien Nghe An

c. Tng din tch t, cc tnh min Nam d. t cy hng nm (


42/262




i vi t trng cy hng nm c din tch di 3 ha, Hnh 3.2b v d cho thy cc tnh min Bc

nhn chung c s phn bt bnh ng hn cc tnh min nam. Theo thi gian, s bt bnh ng

trong t ai ngy cng tng ln nhng iu ny khng phi lc no cng a n s bt bnh ng

trong thu nhp, nu cc h mun chuyn sang cc hot ng phi nng nghip (xem Chng 2, phn

thu nhp t nng nghip ca 12 tnh gim trong giai on 2002/4 v 2006).

V vn chia t thnh mnh, cc hH Ty khng ch c quy m t trung bnh nh nht, m

mi h cn s dng nhiu mnh m ch c khong 7% s mnh t lin k nhau (Bng 3.1). Ni

chung, cc tnh pha Bc c hin tng chia t thnh mnh nhiu hn v h c lch s chia t

trn nguyn tc ca ch ngha qun bnh. Tuy nhin, nu so vi ton b cc tnh min Bc, cc h

kho st li c nhiu mnh t hn. Theo Brandt (2005), s mnh t trung bnh mt h min Bc

c gim i t 6 trong nm 1998 cn cha n 5 mnh trong nm 2004 nh thc hin vic dn

in i tha trn min Bc. Xem ra ch c t ai ca cc h trong nhm giu nht l t manh

mn, h c t mnh l hn v t l cc mnh lin k cao hn, nh vy t ai ca cc h giu nht

hp nht hn. So snh vi kt qu ca VAHRS02 (Mekong Economics, 2004a) hnh nh hin nay

xu hng hp nht t ai ang gia tng mt cht (c ngha l n nm 2006 trung bnh s mnh

t ca cc h t hn).

Bng 3.3 cho thy hu ht hot ng ca th trng t tp trung cc tnh min Nam. Tr Qung

Nam, ti cc tnh min Nam khc ch c cha n

Date post:	29-May-2018
Category:	Documents
Upload:	duong-xuan-lam
View:	216 times
Download:	0 times

Characteristics Rural Economic2

Documents