CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AS CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AS DRIVERS FOR FOREST TRANSITION: Case study in Baghdevi CFUG, Chitwan District, Nepal and LMDH Galang Taruna Ciamis District Indonesia and LMDH Galang Taruna, Ciamis District, Indonesia Ell K D ti [1])* Lilik B P t 2) Mh h Ellyn K. Damayanti [1] )* , Lilik B. Prasetyo 2) , Maheshwar Dhakal [2] ) , Misa Masuda [3] ) , Mardiana Wachyuni 2) , and Diana Puspawati 2) [1] Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), INDONESIA [2] Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, NEPAL [3] G d t Sh l f Lif d E i t l S i Ui it f T k b JAPAN [3] Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, JAPAN * Contact: DKSHE Building, Faculty of Forestry, Jl. Ulin, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680; Tel./Fax. +62-251-8621947; E-mail: [email protected]
Transcript
CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS ASCHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHOLDS AS DRIVERS FOR FOREST TRANSITION:
Case study in Baghdevi CFUG, Chitwan District, Nepal and LMDH Galang Taruna Ciamis District Indonesiaand LMDH Galang Taruna, Ciamis District, Indonesia
Ell K D ti[1])* Lilik B P t 2) M h h Ellyn K. Damayanti[1])*, Lilik B. Prasetyo2), Maheshwar Dhakal[2]), Misa Masuda[3]), Mardiana Wachyuni2), and Diana
Puspawati2)
[1] Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University (IPB), INDONESIA[2] Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Ministry of Forest and Soil Conservation, NEPAL[3] G d t S h l f Lif d E i t l S i U i it f T k b JAPAN[3] Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, JAPAN* Contact: DKSHE Building, Faculty of Forestry, Jl. Ulin, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor 16680; Tel./Fax. +62-251-8621947; E-mail: [email protected]
INTRODUCTION
Deforestation constitutes the main problem in developing countries (Allen & Barnes in developing countries (Allen & Barnes, 1985; Laurence, 2007)Deforestation rate in Indonesia:Deforestation rate in Indonesia:
1.1 million hectares/year (MoFRI, 2008)1.87 million hectares/year (FAO, 2007) 1.87 million hectares/year (FAO, 2007)
Two conflicting opinions: Deforestations are due to activities of small Deforestations are due to activities of small farmers / peasants who possess only small tracts of land (FAO 1990; World Bank 1990; Barbier et al 1993)Barbier et al., 1993).Big companies are the cause of deforestation (World Bank, 1994).( , )
INTRODUCTION: NEPALTotal area: 147,181 km2Located between India and China
Total population: 23.15 millionAnnual growth rate: 2.24%86% of the total population lives in 86% of the total population lives in the rural areas
Forest based on land ownership:Forest based on land ownership:National forestPrivate forest
IndiaChina
Based on management objectives and rights:objectives and rights:
Government-managed Forest (GMF), Community Forest(CF)
IndiaIndia
(CF), Leasehold Forest (LF), Religious Forest (RF), Protected Forest (PF) India Protected Forest (PF) and forest under the Protected Areas
t (PA)Community Forestry started since 1970s systems (PA)Community Forestry started since 1970sMore than 19,000 community based forest user groups are managing about 25% of the total national forest area
Source: MFSC, 2009
INTRODUCTION: JAVATotal area of Indonesia: 191,944,000 haTotal terrestrial of Java: 12,749,900 haTotal forest area of Indonesia: 126 829 561 28 ha
Total area of Java is only 7% of the total area of Indonesia Total forest area of Indonesia: 126,829,561.28 ha
Total terrestrial forest area of Java: 3,024,958 hathe total area of Indonesia
High density populationFarmers in Java, who possess only relatively small tract of land, or farm laborers, would attempt to enlarge or
h l i d l d b i If population growth cannot be
search more cultivated land, to obtain greater yield (Prasetyo , et al., 2009) and conversion of forest and agricultural land to settlement (Prasetyo, Damayanti,
If population growth cannot be controlled, in year 2050 population density in Java will reach 2,070 individuals/km2 (Prasetyo, Damayanti, & M d 2009)land to settlement (Prasetyo, Damayanti,
& Masuda, 2009).& Masuda, 2009)
23,7 % of Java is forestland,Production & protection forest areas in Java are managed by Perhutani with Forest Resource Management Together
ith th C it (PHBM) t with the Community (PHBM) program, to reduce deforestation and increase farmer’s welfare around the forests in Java
INTRODUCTION: FOREST TRANSITION
Forest transition is the change from shrinking to expanding forests (Mather 1992 & Grainger to expanding forests (Mather, 1992 & Grainger, 1995 in Mather & Needle, 1998).Nepal:p
The rate of forest area decrease was 1.7% per year between 1978/79 and 1994, the rate of forest and shrub depletion was 0 5% per the rate of forest and shrub depletion was 0.5% per yearthe recent studies from 20 Terai districts revealed h h f f h that the rate of forest cover change was at an
annual rate of 0.06% during 1990/91 to 2000/2001.Macro level studies and visual interpretations revealed that Nepal’s forest coverage and condition is significantly improving due to the Community is significantly improving due to the Community Forestry (CF) intervention (Ministry of Forests and Soil Conservation, 2009).
INTRODUCTION: FOREST TRANSITION (2)
Indonesia Studies in Kuningan District and Ciamis District in Studies in Kuningan District and Ciamis District in Java revealed that on district based analysis, reforestation have been happening with:
f i f 0 67% i K i Di i reforestation rates of 0.67% in Kuningan District between 2002-2009 (Prasetyo, Damayanti, & Masuda, 2009) and 11.98% in Ciamis District between 2001 – 2010 (Prasetyo & Damayanti, 2010).
Indonesia (Sumatera, Indonesian Borneo, and West Indonesia (Sumatera, Indonesian Borneo, and West Papua) is classified into deforested countries together with Malaysia and Myanmar as results of infrastructure expansion investment in infrastructure expansion, investment in agriculture, and establishment of cash crop plantations (FAO, 2011) ( )District based/small scale studies such as in Kuningan and Ciamis revealed the reversal
OBJECTIVES
This study aims at identifying the characteristics of households that enggage in Community Forestry (CF) of gg g y y ( )Nepal and Forest Resource Management Together with the Community (PHBM) Together with the Community (PHBM) that becomes driving factors for the
f f t tisuccess of reforestation
METHODS
Detail Chitwan Case Ciamis CaseLand use and land cover 2009 2009Land use and land cover change analysis
2009 2009
Landsat data 1999, 2009 2001, 2010Household survey 2010 2010
Institution Baghdevi CFUG LMDH Galang TarunaNumber of household 1 045 166Number of household members
1,045 166
Number of respondents (h h ld / )
CFUG member: 22 23(households/HH) Non-CFUG: 8
Sampling intensity 2.11% 13.86%
LOCATION OF STUDY: CHITWAN
Before 2003After 2003
LOCATION OF STUDY: CHITWAN
Before 2003After 2003
LOCATION OF STUDY: CHITWAN
Before 2003After 2003
LOCATION OF STUDY: CIAMIS
2001 2010
LOCATION OF STUDY: CIAMIS
2001 2010
METHODS
Detail Chitwan Case Ciamis CaseLand use and land cover 2009 2009Land use and land cover change analysis
2009 2009
Landsat data 1999, 2009 2001, 2010Household survey 2010 2010
Institution Baghdevi CFUG LMDH Galang TarunaNumber of household 1 045 166Number of household members
1,045 166
Number of respondents (h h ld / )
CFUG member: 22 23(households/HH) Non-CFUG: 8
Sampling intensity 2.11% 13.86%
Results of these analysis were used to identify the ill f i t i villages for interview
RESULTSRESULTS
Community Forestry SettingCommunity Forestry SettingPHBM Setting
Baghde i CFUG Chit an NepalBaghdevi CFUG, Chitwan-NepalLMDH Galang Taruna, Ciamis-Indonesia
H h ld h t i tiHouseholds characteristics
COMMUNITY FORESTRY SETTINGDetail information on Nepal’s Community Forestry Initiated : 1976
Legally implemented : on the enforcement of the Forest Act (1993) and Forest Regulation (1995)
Management system : handing over a portion of forest to local community to be managed, so they are benefitting forest products for their daily consumption
Form of institution : Community Forest User’s Group (CFUG)
Benefit of CFUG members : utilizing forest products in their CF and they can fix their own price for forest products and membership fee
LMDH= Forest Village Community InstitutionHPD= Village-managed ForestHPD= Village-managed ForestMoU between the village and the head of district forest management unit (KKPH)LoA between LMDH and head of division forest management unit (KBKPH)
KPHExtension
LMDH Crosschecks & procedures
MoU & LoA
Source: Field survey, 2009
establishment
BENEFIT OF PHBM
BAGHDEVI CFUG, CHITWAN, NEPALThere has been a decrease in forest cover of Chitwan District Members of Baghdevi CFUGof Chitwan District, including in Baghdevi CF.Deforestation took place
9201000
1200
lds
g
Deforestation took place on the same time with application for CF and continued even after CF 826
1045800
1000
ouse
hol
continued even after CF was handed over.Baghdevi CFUG was established & applied 400
600
ber
of h
o
established & applied for CF in 1997, approved in 2001 with forest areas handed
200Num
b
over was 482.39 Ha The turning point of forest transition was in
0
2001 2006 2010
Yearo est t a s t o as 2003 (Data analysis, n.d., unpublished).
Source: Field survey, 2010
Year
LMDH GALANG TARUNA, CIAMIS, INDONESIA
Established in 2002 and since then and since then managed 800 Ha forestlandReforestation took 205
250
lds
Members of LMDH
Reforestation took place in Ciamis District between 2001 2010 ith
166150
200
hous
eho
2001 – 2010 with rate of 11.98% per year (Prasetyo and 50
100
ber
of h
y ( yDamayanti, 2010)The turning point of forest transition was
0
2002 2010N
umb
forest transition was in 1997 (Dataanalysis, n.d., unpublished)
Other land (forestland) 0 14 0 42 Other land (forestland) 0.14 – 0.42
Note: 1 katha = 0.33 Ha or 1 Ha = 30 kathaSource: Field surveys, 2010
DISCUSSIONBasic difference between CF and PHBM:
In CF, forest is handed over to the local community, to be managed, utilized, and conserved CFUG “owns” the forestIn PHBM, local community can use the forest in term of usingthe land for agricultural crops up to 3 years after planting the main trees (tumpangsari), and protect the main trees to obtain incentive in the form of benefit sharing up to 25% at the end incentive in the form of benefit sharing up to 25% at the end of planting cycle but forest is managed by Perhutani
This explained why members of Baghdevi CFUG is increasing while members of LMDH Galang Taruna is increasing, while members of LMDH Galang Taruna is decreasing, that forest in Baghdevi area is important and has more meaning for the members.
Forest products especially firewood and timber from nearby Forest products, especially firewood and timber from nearby forest can only be available for those who becomes members of CFUG. Meanwhile in PHBM, allowed period for planting agricultural Meanwhile in PHBM, allowed period for planting agricultural crops is only up to three years after planting the main trees and the member of LMDH must maintain and protect the main trees until the end of the planting cycle, for about 30
ith t th i f l i tiyears without other meaningful incentives.
CONCLUSION
High percentage of respondents who are f ith i t d l d d farmers with private-owned land and managed lands seems become the d i i f b hi d f idriving factors behind reforestation.Farmers who owned/managed-lands / gtend to work on their lands. They fulfil their daily needs from working the land. y gBoth CFUG and LMDH seems have same idea that forest becomes their saving for idea that forest becomes their saving for the future and their children, so they conserve and protect the forestconserve and protect the forest.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our gratitude to:The Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (No 21405005) from the Japanese (No. 21405005) from the Japanese Society for the Promotion of Science,the Directorate General of Higher Education, Ministry of National yEducation of Indonesia for their financial support through research grant financial support through research grant No. 688/SP2H/PP/DP2M/X/2009 and No 447/SP2H/PP/ DP2M/VI/2010 and No. 447/SP2H/PP/ DP2M/VI/2010 and
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