+ All Categories
Home > Documents > CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTES FROM NATURAL...

CHARACTERIZATION OF WASTES FROM NATURAL...

Date post: 09-Jun-2018
Category:
Upload: lykhuong
View: 216 times
Download: 0 times
Share this document with a friend
32
REFERENCES
Transcript

REFERENCES

REFERENCES

Abbasi, S.A. and Nipaney, P.C. (1991). Biogas productionfrom the aquatic weed pistia (gistia stratiptes).§i@¥eS9ur¢s,Te¢hnQl@s1' 37=21l-2l4­

Abbasi, S.A., Nipaney, P.C., Schaumberg, G.D. (1990).Bioenergy potential of light common aquatic weeds.§i9l99l2€l_W9§P?§' 34= 359-366­

Agardy, F.J., Cole, R.D. and Pearson, E.A. (1963).Kinetics and activity parameters of anaerobicfermentation systems. §§P1_H_3eport, SanitaryEngineering Laboratory, University of California,Berkeley, pp.62—63.

Akkada, A.R. and Blackburn, T.H. (1963). Someobservations on the nitrogen metabolism of rumenprOt@@lyti¢ ba¢teria- q@urnal_ci-QfiitiQeneralmicrobiology, 31: 461~469. m”W'M‘“”’9m“*“fiW77W“‘ 7“

Albertson, O.E. (1961). Ammonia nitrogen and theanaerobic environment. Journal of Water Pollution§9P§?9l_€§@§5s§}9Q» 33= 979495559991;*?T:Lt”:t::9‘:L9

Aller, R.F. (1979). Methane production from urban solidwastes. Feduation of Republic of Germany, Freitag—Verlag Unweltechnik, 2: 316-322.

American Public Health Association (1975). Standardmethods for examination of water and waste water.Ed. 14. American Public Health Association,Washington DC, p.531.

Andrew, C. (1979). Biogas: An energy source for thefuture» H9§ti¢@l¥v2alI2@@strx' 79= 22~23­

194

Andrews, J.w. (1968). Prgcedings of 23rd lndustrial WasteQonference, Purdue University. (Ed. J.M. Bell). Ann­Arbor Science Publishers, Michigen, p.285.

Anglo, P.H., Tanaka, H. and Haga, K. (1978). Productionand disulfurisation of biogas from swine waste.Kalikasan, 7: 247-258.

Arokiaswamy, N.S.S. (1978). Management of energy forrural development. Energy Management, 2: 175-182.

Athanassopoulos, N.J., Kouinis, J., Papadimitriou, A.and Koutinas, A.A. (1989). Effect of high sulphitecontents on anaerobic digestion of raisin finishingwaste water. piologicalgfiastes, 30: 53-60.

Bachik, A.T., Karim, M.Z., Poon, Y.C., Lim, C.H., Lim,K.H. and John, C.K. (1987). Land application ofrubber factory effluent. Planters Bulletin, 192: 63.

Badger, D.M., Bogue, M.J. and Stewart, D.J. (1979).Biogas production from crops and organic wastes. NewZealand Journalof Science, 22: ll~l3.

Balasubramanya, R.H. and Kasturibai, R. (1992).Recycling of biogas plant effluent through aquaticplant (Lemna) culture. Bioresource “Technology,41: 213-216.

Balasubramanya, R.H., Khandeparkar, V.G., Betrabet, S.M.and Sundaram, V. (1981). Production of biogas fromwillow dust by a batch fermentation process. JournalQ? T@¥tilerA$$Q¢i@tiQfl' 145-l49~

Balasubramanya, R.H., Khandeparkar, V.G. and Sundaram, V.(1986). Production of biogas and biomanure from thetextile processing residue, willow dust by dryanaerobic fermentation. agricultural y _Wastes,16: 295—302.

Balch, w.E. and Wolfe, R.S. (1976). Growth ofmethanogenic bacteria under pressure. gppliedy andEnvironmental Microbiology, 32: 781—79l.

195

Bansal, M.L., Mittal, C.P., Sondhi, H.S. andNeelakantan,. S. (1977). Biogas production durinanaerobic dqgestion of livestock excreta. India

9n—

Qournaluof Qairy Science, 30: 338-340.

Barnett, A., Pyle, L. and Subramanian, S.K. (1978)Biogas technology in the third world:multidisciplinary review. International DevelopmenResearch Centre, Ottawa, pp.28~ll0.

At

Bellamy, W.D. (1974). Single cell protein fromcellulosic wastes. Biotechnology and Bioengineering16: 869-880.

Biswas, T.D. (1977). Biogas plant: Prospects anlimitations. Inyentiontlntelligence, 1: 71-72.

Blackburn, T.H. and Hobson, P.N. (1962). Further studieon the isolation of proteolytic bacteria from thsheep rumen. Canadian Journal ofMicrobiology, 2969-81. 9 “'9 W7” 9 9“ 9

Boruff, C.S. and Buswell, A.M. (1934). The anaerobi

d

S

8

C

fermentation of lignin. American Chemical SocietyJournal, 56: 886. W 777* 799ml 999977

Bousfield, S., Hobson, P.N. and Summers, R. (1974)Pilot plant high rate digestion of piggery and silagwastes. Journaligf App1iedfiBacteriology, 37: ll-13

Bousfield, S., Hobson, P.N. and Summers, R. (1979).

8

A

note on anaerobic digestion of cattle and poultrywastes. Agricultural Wastes, 1: l6l~163.

Bryant, M.P. (1972). Commentary on the Hungate techniquefor culture of anaerobic bacteria. American_ Journalpf Clinicaléhutrition, 25: 1324-1325i “"9 “9l ‘C

Bryant, M.P. (1976). -Microbiology of anaerobicdegradation and methanogenesis with special referenceto sewage. In: Microbial EnergyLConyersion. (EdsH.G. Schlegel and J. Barnea), Varlag, Goltze, K.GGottingen, pp.lO7-111.

1

Bryant, M.P. (1979). Microbial methane production:Theoretical aspects. Journal of_Animal SCienC§, 481193.

Callander, I.J. and Barford, J.P. (1984). Improvedanaerobic digestion of pig manure using a towerfermenters. Agricultural Wastes, ll: 1-30.

Canel, E. and Young, M. (1980). Solid state fermentationsystems. Process Biochemistry, 15: 2-7.

Carrod, P.A., and wilke, C.R. (1978). Enzymes andmicroorganisms in food industry waste processing andconversion to useful products: A review of theliterature. Resource Recovery and Qonservation, 3:l65—l68. 7 9 8 3 31 7877* Wdimli Tniwiwmmg

Chahal, D.S. (1982). Bioconversion of lignocellulosesinto food and feed rich in protein. In: Advances in

96

ggricultural Microbiology. (Ed. N.S. Subbai ‘naaiiOxford and IBH Publishing Co., New York. pp.55l-585.

Chawla, O.P. (1973). Winter and cowdung gas plant.Indian;Earming, 23: 29-30.

Chen, T.H., Day, D.L. and Steinberg, M.P. (1988).Methane production from fresh versus dry dairymanure. siological Wastes, 24: 297—306.

Chhonkar, P.K. (l98la). Microbial ecology duringanaerobic fermentation of cellulosic waste materials.In: §iogasg;Technology. (Eds. S.K. Vyas and N.S.Grewal). USG Publishers and Distributors, Ludhiana,India, pp.l2—l5.

Chhonkar, P.K. (l98lb). Accumulation of hydrolyticenzymes during fermentation of diverse cattle wastematerial. In: Biogas Technology. (Eds. S.K. Vyas andN.S. Grewal). USG Publishers and Distributors,Ludhiana, India, pp.l6—l9.

Chick, W.H. (1972). Initial studies of BOD from latexconcentrate factories. Dunlop Estates BerhadResearch Department Communication, Malaysia.

197

Chick, W.H. (1973). Methods of pollution control forlatex concentrate factory effluent. _ Dulop EstatesBerhad Research Department Communication, Malaysia.

Chynoweth, D.P. and Mah, R.A. _(l977). _Bacterialpopulations and end products during anaerobic sludgefermentation of glucose. §ourna1;of%Water _Pol1uti9n§9@t¥Ol Federation’ l= 405-406­

Chynoweth, D.P., Ghosh, S. and Klass, D.L. (1979).Anaerobic digestion of Kelp. Institute of GasTechnology, Chicago, USA.

Cowling, E.B. (1963). Structural features of cellulosethat influence its susceptibility to enzymatichYdr@lYSiS- In=. Advances in EnZymsti¢,EydrOlx8iS ofCelluloseg andg Relatedp Materials. Peragmon Press,London,7 pp.253¥256.f 7 T 5 if 717

Cullimore, D.R., Maule, A. and Mansuy, N. (1985). Ambienttemperature for methanogenesis from pig manure wastelagoons: Thermal gradient incubation studies.Agricultural Wastes, 12: 147-157.

Dahiya, A.K. and Vasudevan, P. (1986). Biogas plantslurry as an alternative to chemical fertilizers.Biomass, 9: 67-74.

Daniel, T., Mathiazhagan, A. and Boominathan, K. (1990).Evaluation of §1iricida maculata, lpomea cornea, andpaddy straw as alternate feed stock for theproduction of biogas. Journal of;Ecohio1ogy, 2(2):113-121.

Dar, G.H. and Tandon, S.M. (1987). Biogas productionfrom pretreated wheat straw, lantana residue, appleand peach leaf litter with cattle dung. giologicalWastes, 21: 75-83. 177777”

Datta, R. (1981). Acidogenic fermentation oflignocellulosez Acid yield and _conversion of¢@mP@n@ntS- §iQtsshn9l@qz_snd Biesnsinssties» 23=2167~2l70.

198

De Renzo, D.J. (1977). Energy from bioconversion of wastematerials. Noyes Data Co., New Jersey, pp.l78—l9l.

Deshpande, P., Sarnaik, S., Godbole, S.H. and Wagle,P.M. (1979). Use of water hyacinth as an additive inbiogas production. Qurrent Science, 48: 490-492.

Dolmat, M.T. (1978). Agricultural utilization of rubberfactory effluent: A review of its potential. IRRDBSymposium, 1978, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

Dolmat, M.T., Karim, M.Z., Isa, Z. and Pillai, K.R.(1979). Land disposal of rubber factory effluent:Its effects on soil properties and performance ofrubber and oil palm. Procedingsiofi RPZMM Planters;Conference, 1979, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp.436—457.

Dudhbhate, I.A., Ranade, D.R. and Godbole, S.H. (1984).Pretreatment of cattle dung for augmentation ofbiogas production. Seventh y plnternationalBiotechnolo Symposium, 19-25 Febfuary 1984,‘"”fié§r _; l -.3Y.. ,l _ ,lDelhi, India, l: 255-256.

Durand, J.H., Iannotti, E.L., Fischer, J.R. and Miles,J.B. (1988). Modeling, simulating and optimisingthe anaerobic digestion of swine manure. Biologicalwastes, 24: l-15.

Eckholm, E.R. (1976). The other energy crisis. Yojana,20: 16-17.

Fang, R.M., Situ, H., Deng, H. and Li, A.L. (1985). Aresearch on biogas generation from typical rubberprocessing effluent. Environmental PollutionControl, 7(5): l8-22. A A l*i”:” (‘M888 1 q TTHTZ

Ferrara, R., Barberis, R., Jodice, R., Vicenzino, E.and Vanni, A. (1984). Influence of kinetics ofhydrolysis, acidogenesis and methanogenesis onenhancement of the production of biogas from animalexcreta. Agricultural Wastes, ll: 79-90.

199

Ferry, J.G., Paul, H. and Wolfe, R.S. (1974).flethanospirillum. A new genus of methanogenicbacteria and characterisation of g. hungatii sp.n.lnternationaly Journal yoffi Systematic“ Bacteriology,24: 465-469.

Field, J.A., Renew, R.B. (Jr.), Kroontje, W. andCaldewell, J.S. (1985). Nutrient recoveries fromplug-flow anaerobic digestion of poultry manure.Agricultural wastes, 13: 207-216.

Fujita, M., Scharer, J.M. and Young, M. (1980). Effecton corn stover addition on the anaerobic digestion ofswine manure. Agriculturalywastes, 2: 177-182.

Chose, T.K. and Bhadra, A. (1981). Maximisation ofenergy recovery in biomethanation process: 1. Use ofcowdung as substrate in multi reactor system.Process Biochemistry, 16: 23-25.

Ghose, T.K. and Das, D. (1982). Maximisation of energyrecovery in the biomethanation process: 2. Use ofmixed residue in batch system. Erocess Biochemistry,17: 38-42. if “W if A W7

Godbole, S.H., Janadan, A.G. and Ranade, D.R. (1981).Associative action of the various groups ofmicroorganisms in the production of biogas.Biovigyanam. 7: 109-113.

Goering, H.D. and Van Socst, P.J. (1975). Forage fibreanalysis. US Department of agriculture, AgriculturalResearch Service, Washington DC.

Gollakota, K.G. and Jayalakshmi, B. (1983). Biogasproduction by anaerobic digestion of oil cake by amixed culture isolated from cowdung. Biochemical and§iophysica1:Research_Communications, 110: 32-35. 77 7

Gosh, S., Henry, M.F. and Christopher, R.W. (1985).Hemicellulose conversion by anaerobic digestion.Biomass, 6: 257-269.

200

Gunaseelan, V.N. (1988). Anaerobic digestion ofGliricidia leaves for biogas and organic manure.Biomass, l7: 1-12.

Gunaseelan, V.N. and Lakshmanaperumalswamy, P. (1990).Biogas production potential of parthenium.Qiglogicalgflastes, 33: 311-314.

Guo M. and Mah, Y. (1981). Studies on the decompositionrate of new materials in biogas fermentation.fleishengyugueilonghao, 8: l55—l57.

Han, Y.W., Lee, J.S. and Anderson, A.W. (1975). Chemicalcomposition and digestibility of rey grass straw.Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 23: 928.

Hansson, G. (1981). Methane fermentation: End productinhibition, thermophilic methane fermentation andproduction of methane algae. Ph.D. Thesis,Department of Technical Microbiology, University ofLund, Sweden, pp.7—8. '

Hashimoto, A.G. (1981). Methane production and effluentquality from fermentation of beef cattle manureand molasses. fiiotechnology _1andL _W3ioengineeringfiymposium, 2: 481-492.

Hashimoto, A.G. (l982a). Effect of mixing, duration andvacuum on methane production rate from beef cattlewaste. Biotechnology:andiBioengineering, 24: 9-23.

Hashimoto, A.G. (l982b). Methane from cattle waste:Effects of temperature, hydraulic retention time andinfluent substrate concentration on kineticparameters (K.). §ioteghnolgy_ and “Bioengineering,24: 2039-2052.

Hashimoto, A.G. (1983). Thermophilic and mesophilicfermentation of swine manure. Agricultural “Wastes,6: 175-l9l. W9 Wm V H

201

Hashimoto, A.G. (1984). Methane from swine manure:Effect of temperature and influent substrateconcentration in kinetic parameter (K). AgriculturalWastes, 9: 299-308.

Hashimoto, A.G. (1986). Ammonia inhibition ofmethanogenesis from cattle wastes. AgriculturalWastes, 17(4): 241-261.

Hashimoto, A.G. (1989). Effect of inoculum/substrateratio on methane yield and production rate fromstraw. Eiglogical Wastes, 28: 247-255.

Hashimoto, A.G. and Robinson, S.A. (1982). Pilot scaleconversion of manure straw mixture to methane.Resourcesiand conservation, 8: 19-28.

Hashimoto, A.G., Chen, Y.R. and Varel, V.H. (1980).Theoretical aspects of methane production: State ofthe Art. Fourth international Symposiumion LivestockWastes, 1980, American Society of AgriculturalEngineers, St. Joseph, Michigan, pp.89—91.

Haug, R.T., Shickey, D.C., Gossett, J.M. and McCarty,P.L. (1978). Effect of thermal pretreatment ondigestibility and dewateribility of organic sludges.qournalg ofi@aterJRo1lution Qontrol Federation, 50:73—85.

Heinsichs, D.M., Poggivaraldo, H.M. and Oleszkiewicz, J.A.(1990). Effects of ammonia on anaerobic digestion ofsimple organic substrates. Journal ofg EnvironmentalEngineering, 116(4): 698-710. A I W WK if 7 M

Henderson, C. (1973). An improved method for enumeratingand isolating lipolytic rumen bacteria. Journal_ ofAppliedgBacteriology, 36: 187-188.

Hills, D.J. (1979). Effects of carbon nitrogen ratio onanaerobic digestion of dairy manure. AgriculturalWastes, 1: 267-278. A A A

Hills, D.J. (1980). Biogas from a high solids combinationof dairy manure and barley straw. ASAE Transactions,23: 1500-1504.

Hills, D.J. (1982). Chemical characteristics of methaneproduction from turkey manure. Poultry Science, 6:677-684.

Hill, D.T. and Bolte, J.P. (1989). Digester stress asrelated to ISO—butyric and ISO-valeric acids.Biological Wastes, 28: 33-37.

Hills, D.J. and Roberts, D.W. (1981). Anaerobicdigestion of dairy manure and field crop residues.Agricultura1;Wastes, 3: 179-189.

Hobson, P.N. (1973). The bacteriology of anaerobicsewage digestion. Process Biochemistry, 8: 19-25.

Hobson, P.N. (1982). Production of biogas fromagricultural wastes. In: Adyances_ ig1;§gricu1tura1Microbiology. (Ed. N.S. Subba Rao). Oxford and IBHPublishing Co., New York, pp.523-550.

Hobson, P.N. and Mann, S.O. (1961). The isolation ofglyceryl fermenting the lipolytic bacteria from therumen of the sheep. §ourna1of_Generalm Microbiology,25: 227-240.

Hobson, P.N. and Shaw, B.G. (1971). The role of strictanacrobes in the digestion of organic material. In:Microbia11_A§pects of Pollution, Academic Press, NewYork; PP.l03-121.

Hobson, P.N. and Shaw, B.G. (1974). The bacterialpopulation of piggery waste anaerobic digesters.Water Research, 8: 507-516.

Hobson, P.N. and Shaw, B.G. (1976). Inhibition ofmethane production by Methanobagterium formicicum.Hater Research, 10: 849-852. 3 1 1"

2

Hobson, P.N., Bousfield, S. and Summers, R. (1974).Anaerobic digestion of organic matter. CriticalgBeyiews infEnvironmentalpContrgl, 31: 187-191.

Hobson, P.N., Bousfield, S., Summers, S. and Mills, P.J.(1978). Anaerobic digestion of farm animal wastes.In: Engineering_ Prpblems pyith Effluents fromLiyestoch. EEC Seminars, 1978,“cambriagé, Ui.:;‘8 K

Hobson, P.N., Bousfield, S., Summers, R. and Mills, P.J.(1980). Anaerobic digestion of piggery and poultrywastes. In: Anaerobicm;Digestion (Eds. D.A.Stafford, B.J. Wheatley and D.E. Hughes). AppliedScience Publishers Ltd., London, pp.237-250.

Hobson, P.N., Bousfield, S. and Summers, R. (1981).Microbiology and Biochemistry of anaerobic digestion.In: Methane "Production _from pAgri§ultural jiandpomesticp Wastes. Applied Science Publishers Ltd.,London,”9pp.l0—28.

Bong, c.w. (1981). Ponding as a treatment system foreffluents with special reference to latex concentratefactories. Prgceeding§_ofgBRIM Planters‘ Conference,1981, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp.38l—387.

House, D. (1978)- The complete biogas handbook: At homeevery where, C/o Vahid, Rt.2, Box 259, Aurora, CR97002, USA, PP.23-39.

Humphries, E.C. (1956). Mineral components and ashanalysis. In: ModernMethod:_of_MP1ant Analysis,Springer—Verlag, Berlin, 1: 468-502. 86 I 8

Hungate, R.E. (1957). Microorganisms in the rumen ofcattle-a constant ration. Canadian MJgurnalMg ofMicrobiglggy, 3: 289-311. Ami I *8 W dill

Hungate, R.E. (1966). The rumen and its microbes.Academic Press, New York, pp.25—35.

204

Hunik, J.H., Hamelers, H.V.M. and Koster, 1.w. (1990).Growth rate inhibition of acetoclastic methanogens byammonia and pH in poultry manure digestion.Biological Wastes, 32: 285-297.

Iannotti, B.Z., Porter, J.H., Fisher, J.R. and Sievers,D.M. (1979). Changes in swine manure duringanaerobic digestion. In: Develgpment Qf IndustriaiMigrobielegy. Publication of the Society forIndustrial Microbiology, Amsterdam.

Ibrahim, A., Lee, H., Ponniah, C.D., Pushparajah, E.,Rao, B.S., John, C.K., Singh, M.M., Sung, C.P.(1974). Studies on effluents from rubber processingfactories in Malaysia. Rubber Research Institute ofMalaysia, 94 p.

Ibrahim, A., Sethu, S., Karim, M.Z. and Esa, Z. (1979).Anaerobic/Facultative ponding system for treatment oflatex concentrate effluent. Proceedings of RRIMPlanters‘ Conference, 1979, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,ppJ4I§>435. WWW

Ibrahim, A.B. (1983). Improved anaerobic digestion ofrubber effluent using the upflow anaerobic filter.Proceedings of RRIMe Planters‘ Conference, 1983,Kuala Lumpar, Malaysia, 6§T369-379. is“""

Ilamurugu, K. (1985). Microbiological properties ofanaerobically digested wastes in relation to energy.M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil Nadu AgriculturalUniversity, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India.

Jackson, M.L. (1962). Soil chemical analysis. Constableand Co., Ltd., London, 498 p.

Jagadeesh, K.S., Geeta, K.S. and Reddy, T.K.R. (1990).Biogas production by anaerobic digestion ofEupetorium odoratum L. Biological Wastes, 33: 67­70. 7 film“

Jain, M.K., Singh, R. and Tauro, P. (1981). Anaerobicdigestion of cattle and sheep wastes. egrieuiturewastes, 3: 65-73. 8777

205

Jain, M.K., Singh, R. and Tauro, P. (1982). Biochemicalchanges during anaerobic digestion of animal wastes.§ater_Rese§rch, 16: 411-415.

Jain, M.K., Singh, R. and Tauro, P. (1983). Cattlewaste anaerobic digestion in a semicontinous and abatch digesters. Agricultural was???) 7: 251-259.

Jerger, D.E., Dolenc, D.A. and Chynoweth, D.P. (1982).Bioconversion of woody biomass as a renewable sourceof energy. Biotechnology and_P Bioengineering§ymposium, 12: 233-248.

Jewell, W.J., De1l'orto, S., Fanfani, K.S., Fast, S.,Jacksons, D. and Kabrick, R.M. (1978). Anaerobicfermentation of agricultural residue: Potential forimprovement and implementation. US Department ofEnergy Report, No.E4. 76-8-O2, 2981-7, 427 p.

Jeybal, A. and Thanu, N.M. (1991). Biogas generation fromglue industry waste. Urja, 29(6): 67-69.

Jimenez, S., Cartagena, M.C. and Aree, A. (1990).Influence of lignin on the methanisation oflignocellulosic wastes. Biomass, 21: 43-54.

John, C.K., Ponniah, C.D., Lee, H. and Ibrahim, A.(1974). Treatment of effluent from block rubberfactories. Proceedings of RRIM Planters‘ Qonference,1974, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp.229—243.

John, C.K., Ping, L.C. and Wong, K.Y. (1975). Treatementof rubber factory effluents using rotating bio-discsystem. Workshop Study on Agro-Industrial _Wastes,1975, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 8

John, C.K., Wahab, M.H.A., Karim, M.Z. and Pushparajah, E.(1977). Utilization wastes from natural rubberproducing factories. Planter, 53: 449-467.

Johnson, C.M. and Ulrich, A. (1960). Determination ofmoisture in plant tissue. In: §oi1 and Plant IissueAnalysis __forg PTree_ Cu1tures,8” Oxford 19and*i8I€§Publishing Co., pp.1l4-115.

206

Joseph, K., Kothandaraman, R. and Mathew, J. (1991).Comparative studies on cellulolytic enzymesproduction and yield of three species of oystermushrooms. Proceedingsgof the;MationalSymposiumg onMushrogms, 1991, Trivandrum, India; PP.l87—189.

Kalra, M.S. and Panwar, J.S. (1986). Anaerobic digestionof rice crop residues. ggrigulturaly Wastes, 17:263-269.

Kalia, A.K. and Kanwar, S.S. (1990). Anaerobicfermentation of Ageratum for biogas production.§iological,Was§€S, 32: 155-158.

Kalia, V.C., Kumar, A., Jain, S.R. and Joshi, A.P.(1992). Biomethanation of plant materials.Bioresource_Iechnol9g1, 41: 209-212.

Karim, M.Z., Bachik, A.T. and Jadi, A.W.M. (1989).Effect of land application of rubber factoryeffluent: Groundwater and streamwater qualities.Prscssdinss -9f .RRIM. Rusberiifiressrfsi -§@nfsren¢s'1989, Malacca, Malaysia, pp.565-576.

Karim, M.Z.A. and Ibrahim, A. (1985). Biologicaloxidation of rubber effluent using the rotatingbio-disc. Broceedingsyyof_ the r_1nternationa1Conference, 1985, Kuala Lumpur, Malayisa, 2: 193­201.

Kaspar, J.F. and Wahrman, K. (1978). Kinetic parametersand relative harnovess of some important catabolicreactions in digesting sludge. gppliedg _andBnvironmental_MicrobiglOqX, 36: 1-3. if

Keefer, C.E. (1947). The digestion of sewage sludgecontaining various concentrations of solids. SewageWorks Journal, 19: 1-5.

Khan, A.w. (1977). Anaerobic degradation of cellulose bymixed cultures. Canadian Journal_ of Microbiology,23: 1700-1705. W 77777 77’ 7 7 7“ 9“

207

Khan, A.w. (1980). Degradation of cellulose to methane bycoculture of Acetivibrio cellulolyticus andMethanosarcina barkeri. FEMS_Microbio1ogy Ibetters,9: 233-235.)

Kirsch, E.J. and Sykes, R.M. (1971). Anaerobic digestionin biological wastes treatments. Progress (Winindustrial Microbiology, 9: 155-237.

Klein, S.A. (1972). Anaerobic digestion of solid wastes.Qompost Sciences, 13: 6-8.

Knol, W., Vandermost, M.M. and Dewart, J. (1978). Biogasproduction by anaerobic digestion of fruit andvegetable wastes: A preliminary study. Journal? orsgience of Food and Agricultuye, 29: 822-830.

Koster, I.W. and Lettinga, G. (1988). Anaerobic digestionat extreme ammonia concentrations. BiologicalWastes 25' 51 59.I - "

Kothandaraman, R. and Nair, M.K.B. (1976). Natural rubberprocessing and environmental pollution. §ubber;8oardBulletin, 13: 41-42.

Kothandaraman, R., Joseph, K., Mathew, J. and Jayarathnam,K. (1989). Mushroom cultivation on rubber woodwaste: A new approach. Rubber Board pBu11etin, 25:17-20. A A "'9 W9” '

Kothandaraman, R., Joseph, K., Mathew, J. andJayarathnam, K. (1991). Preliminary investigationsinto the feasibilities of growing oyster mushroom(Pleurotus florida) in rubber wood saw dust.£ifO¢f¢.e5in§.S 1 Oi the Naotienal §[email protected] 2n,_ M2$b1=<>@ms'1991, Trivandrum, India, pp.l0l. ' 27

Krishnappa, A.M., Ranganna, B., Deshpande, P.B. andRao, B.V. (1979). Gobar gas plant sludge is superiorto farm yard manure. §urrent Research, 8: 41-42.

Kulkarni, P.R., Ho, P. and Stanton, W.R. (1973).Utilization of rubber effluent: 2. Planter, 49:359-361.

2

Kuriakose, B. (1992). Primary processing. In: NaturalRpbber:_ Biology CultivationandpfiTecpnology. (Eds.MIR. (Sethuraj and N.M. Mathew). Elsevier SciencePublishers, Amsterdam, pp.370—398.

Lalitha, K., Sankar, K., Rao, K.N. and Vasanthy, N.(1984). Methanogenesis from a novel substrate,Leucaena leucocephala and the energy: Farm concept.Seventh International Biotechno1ogy_Symposium, 19-25February 1983,” New Delhi, India, 1: 244~245.

Lapp, H.M., Sparteng, A.B., Schulte, D.D. and Buchan,L.C. (1975). Methane production from animal wastes:Fundamental considerations. Canadian_ Journal_ ofAgricultural Engineeripg, 17: 97:102.

Lapp, H.M., Schulte, D. and Stevens, M.A. (1982). Biogasproduction from animal manure: Research report.University of Manitoba, Canada.

Lapp, H.M., Schulte, D. and Stevens, M.A. (1984).Biogas production from animal manure. ResearchReport, Faculty of Agriculture, University ofManotaba, Canada.

Lau, C.M., Subramaniam, A. and Tajima, Y. (1989).Recovery and applications of waste solids fromnatural rubber latex serum. Proceedings of thfi RRIMRubber Growers[ Conference, 1989, Malacca, Malaysia,ppiS25l547. "*0 3 130* W 3

Laube, V.M. and Martin, S.M. (1981). Conversion ofcellulose to methane and carbon dioxide by tricultureof Acetivibris ssllulrsisus» Desvlfovibris 22- andMethsnessrsins barRsrii- §22lied-andEnvir@nmenta1Microbiology, 42: 413-420.

Laura, R.D. and Idnani, M.A. (1972). Effect of wheatyield and nitrogen uptake from manures made fromspent slurry. PlantandSoi1, 37: 283-285.

Lawrence, A.W. (1971). Application of process kinetics todesign of anaerobic process. In: ApaerobicBi@lQ§i°sl-Tr¢@tmentPrO¢eS§e$=rAdv@n¢es.in.ChemicalSciences, 105: 163-189. ” W W 7 W 0 1 W "

2

Lim, C.H. and P'ng, T.C. (1984). Land application ofrubber factory effluent on oilpalm and rubber.international MQonferences_on Soils and Nutrition flofPerepial Crops, 1984, WKuala Lumpur, Malayisa, p.387T

Lingaiah, V. and Rajasekharan, P. (1986). Biodigestionof cowdung and organic wastes mixed with oil cake inrelation to energy. Agriculturalwuwastes, 17(3):161-174.

Mah, R.A., Ward, D.M., Baresi, L. and Glass, T.L.(1977). Biogenesis of methane. Annual Review ofMicrobiology, 31= 309-341. “*7 3 ‘"3 377*)“

Mahadevaswamy, M. and Venkataraman, L.V. (1990).Integrated utilization of fruit processing wastes forbiogas and fish production. Biological Wastes, 32:243-251.

Mallik, M.K., Singh, U.K. and Ahmad, N. (1990). Batchdigester studies on biogas production from Cannabisi­sativa water hyacinth and crop wastes mixed with dungand poultry litter. giolggicalfwastes, 31: 315-319.

Mathew, J., Kothandaraman, R., Joseph, K. andJayarathnam, K. (1986). Pollution problem pertainingto liquid effluents from natural rubber processingfactories. IAW§§_Technica1 Annual, 13: 36-40.

Mathew, J., Kothandaraman, R. and Joseph, K. (1987).Economic utilization of effluent from sheet rubberprocessing factories. lAWPC Technical_Annual, 14:23-26. if AW 7” H7 67*

Mathew, J., Kothandaraman, R., Jayarathnam, K. and Joseph,K. (1988). Natural rubber processing industries inIndia and its impact on environment. lnternational£29 *?§e¥e‘3°.e- -3921 at En vi r.9nmer1t_a.l 11II"P@_1.¢.t.,AI5ali§iS gel fofDeve1opingCountrie§, 1988, New Delhi, India. 7 “W

Mathew, J., Kothandaraman, R. and Joseph, K. (199la).Aeration and algal culturing: A method of biologicaltreatment for crumb rubber processing factoryeffluent. Journal of Plantation Crops, 18: 328-331.

210

Mathew, J., Kothandaraman, R. and Joseph, K. (199lb).Cultivation of oyster mushroom on rubber processingfactory waste: A possible solid waste utilizationmethod. groceedings yofygNationalg_§ymposiumonMushrooms, 1991, Trivandrum, India, pp.97-99.

McCarty, P.L. (1964). Anaerobic waste treatmentfundamentals: 2. Environmental requirements andcontrol. Pub1ic_Wor§s, 10: 123-126.

McCarty, P.L. and McKinney, R.E. (1961). Volatile acidtoxicity in anaerobic digestion. Journaly_ofi WaterRollution Control Federation, 33: 223-225.

McCarty, P.L. and Young, L.Y., Gossett, J.M., Stuckey,D.C. and Healy, J.B. (1976). Heat treatment forincreasing methane yields from organic materials.In: Microbial%EnergyConversion. (Eds. H.G. Schlegeland J. Barnca Erich). Goltze, K.G. Gotringen,pp.l76-199.

Middleton, F.M. (1977). Advanced waste water treatmenttechnology in water reuse. In: Water Renovation andReuse. (Ed. Hillel I. Shuval). Academici Press," MewYork, 463 p.

Millet, M.A., Barter, A.J. and Satter, L.D. (1975).Cellulose as a chemical and energy resource. JohnWiley and Sons, New York, 193 p.

Mishra, U.P. (1954). Production of combustible gas andmanure from bullock dung and other organic materials.Association of IARI Thesis, Indian AgriculturalResearch Institute, New Delhi.

Molesworth, T.V. (1957). The problem of latex factoryeffluents and water pollution in Malaysia. ChemistryDivision Report no.l2, Rubber Research Institute ofMalaysia, Malaysia.

Molesworth, T.V. .(l958). Water pollution and effluenttreatment. First Progress Report, Chemistry DivisionReport no.l5, Rubber Research Institute of,Malaysia, Malaysia.

211

Molesworth, T.V. (1960). The treatment of aqueous effluentfrom rubber production using a trickling filter.Rreseedisas @fNa§ura1 Rubber -R@§ear¢h Qsnisrsncsl1960, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp.944-959.

Mountfort, D.O. and Agher, A.A. (1978). Changes inpropositions of acetate and carbondioxide used asmethane precursors during the anaerobic digestionof bovine waste. §pp1iedy pandfli EnvironmentalMicrobiology, 36: 648-650. 7 M 8” 8

Munde, A.V. (1977). Energy through gobar gas for smallfarmers. KhadiGramVUdyog, 22: 546-548.

Murugesan, R. (1982). Effect of temperature on themicrobial digestion of organic wastes in relation tobiogas generation. M.Sc. (Ag.) Thesis, Tamil NaduAgricultural University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu,India.

Muthurajah, R.N., John, C.K. and Lee, H. (1973).Developments on the treatment of effluent from newprocess SMR factories. groceedings _of_ the LRRTMPlanters: Conference, 1973, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,pp.402-418.7'" 887*

Nagar, S. (1975). Gobar gas plants on developing ruraleconomy. §hadi Gram Qdyog, 22: 28-29.

National Academy of Sciences (1981). Fuels from wastes.In= FO@d<-Fuel_and.FertiliZerfr@m@r9ani¢ WaS@@s'Washington DC, 65 p. 8 8

Natta, L.F., Muk, M.T. and Selvaraj, D. (1977). Treatmentof effluent from a rubber processing plant.Proceedings of RRIM§lanters'Conference, 1977, KualaLumpur, Malaysia, pp.233—248.

Neelakantan, S., Sandhi, H.S., Manocha, A. and Sarma,S.C. (1978). Anaerobic fermentation of plantmaterials into acids and biogas. Current mSgienc§,47: 147-151. "7 78777 87877“

212

Nelson, N. (1944). Photometric adaptation of theSomogy's method for the determination of glucose.gevrnal of Bicloaisalchsmisfrxl l53= 375-379­

Nipaney, P.C. and Panholzer (1987). Influence oftemperature on biogas production from Pistiastratiotes. Hiological wastes, 19: 267-274.

Novak, H. and Carlson, G. (1969). The kinetics ofanaerobic long chain fatty acid degradation.Eieseedinss .°f11iZQ9 _évvua1 ¢On§s¥s@¢@ efile WaterPollution Control Federation, October 1969, Pallos.

Oba, H.‘ and Honda, J. (1981). Methane generation fromorganic wastes. gapanese Qatent, 81: 44-099.

Oi, S., Matsui, V., Iizuka, M. and Yamamoto, T. (1977).The effect of hemicellulolytic enzymes on mesophilicmethane fermentation. Journal of FermentationTechnology, 55: 114-121. NTMHHHHWTT fflywwlf 2“ma*

Oi, S., Yamanaka, H. and Yamamoto, T. (1980). Methanefermentation of baggasse and some factors to improvethe fermentation. Journa1”_g of FermentationTechnology, 58: 367-372.11 WW“) “rm? 1 TM

Olah, A.F. and Sherwood, R.T. (1973). Glycosidaseactivity and flavonoid accumulation in alfalfainfected by Qgcochyta imperfecta. Phytopathology,63: 739-742. 6” uwwww

Palanisamy, A. and Rajasekharan, P. (1983). Combustiblegas through anaerobic degradation of organic wastes.@adras_Agricultura1;§ournal, 70: 816-820.

Pancholy, S.K. and Rice, E.L. (1973). Soil enzymes inrelation to old field succession: Amylase, cellulase,invertase, dehydrogenase and urease. Soily Sciencefiesis§x,e£1Am§5i§§n_ProsesdingeI 3?= 4?-51-7 7 7

Pandey, A., Rathika, L.G. and Ramakrishna, S.V. (1990).Start—up in anaerobic treatment of natural rubbereffluent. giologigal Wastes, 33: 143-147.

213

Pathak, B.S., Jain, A.K. and Dev, D.S. (1985).Biogasification of cattle dung and cattle dung ricestraw mixture at different solid concentrations.Agricultural_Waste§, 13: 251-259.

Pathe, P.P., Alone, B.Z., Titus, S.K., and Binde, A.D.(1982). Studies on parameters during anaerobicdigestion of organic fraction of refuse. IndianJoprnalyof Environmental Health, 24: 8—l3.

Pavlostathis, S.G. and Gossett, J.M. (1985). Alkalinetreatment of wheat straw for increasing anaerobicbiodegradability. Biotechnolgy and ggioengineering,27: 334~344.

Paynter, M.J.B. and Hungate, R.E. (1968).Characterization of Methanobacterium mobilis sp.n.isolated from bovine rumen. “Journal ofBacteriology,22: 1943-1951.

Pelczar, M.J. (Jr.), Chan, E.C.S. and Krieg, N.R. (1993).Microbiology. Tata McGraw—Hill Publishing CompanyLtd., New Delhi, 918 p.

Pfeffer, J.T. (1974). Temperature effects on anaerobicfermentation of domestic refuse. Biotechnology andBioengineering, 16: 771-773. M” CM” “WM” 010

Pfeffer, J.T. (1980). Anaerobic digestion process. In:Anaerobic, Digestion. (Eds. D.A. Stafford, B.I.Wheatley and D.E. Hughes). Applied Publishers Ltd.,London, pp.l5—35.

Piper, C.S. (1950). Soil and plant analysis. InterScience Publication, New York, 308 p.

Pohland, F.G. (1968). High rate digestion control: 3.Acid base equilibrium and buffer capacity.Proceedings mof 23rd mIndustrial_ Waste_ Conference,Pudue University, 1968, Lafayette,VTndiana, 7ppJ27S~284.

214

Ponniah, C.D., Chick, W.H. and Seow, C.M. (1975).Treatment of effluents from rubber processingfactories. Proceedings of the lnternational RubberConference, I975, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp.367—388.

Ponniah, C.D., John, C.K. and Lee, H. (l976). Treatmentof effluent from latex concentrate factories:Preliminary report. Proceedings of HBQJM PlanterslConference, 1976, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp.3l0—323.

Pramer, D. and Schmidt, E.L. (1965). Experimental soilmicrobiology, Burges Publishing Co., Minneapolis,Minnesota, 107 p.

Prins, R.A., Van Nevel, C.J. and Demeyes, D.I. (1972).Pure culture studies of inhibitors for methanogenicbacteria. Antonieg Van fiLeouwenhock Journal _ ofMicrobiologyand Serology, 38: 28l:287f*m8i PM

Pyle, L. (l978). Anaerobic digestion: The technical' options. In: Biogas Technology inthe Thirdp Worldi

5_ Multidisciplinaryy_Review. (Eds. A. Barnett, L.Pyle and S.K. Subramanian). InternationalDevelopment Research Centre, Ottawa, pp.47—52.

Rajasekharan, P. (1980). Microbiological changesaccompanying degradation of water hyacinth in ananaerobic digester. MadrasyAgricultural Journal, 67}39-41. Km 77 (CW7 “W7 79”’

Rajasekharan, P. (1981). Effect of fish and chicken wasteson microbial population and biogas generation.madraséngrigultural Journal, 68: 444-449.

Rajasekharan, P. and Nagarajan, P. (1979). Distribution ofmicroorganisms and their influence on the biogasgeneration in various agricultural wastesincorporated treatment. Second_§ll_India Symposiumon_Soil Biology andaficology, 1979, UAS, Bangalore,India.

215

Rajasekharan, P., Swaminathan, K.R. and Jayapragasam, M.(1989). Biogas production potential of Euphorbiatirucalli Q. along with cattle manure. Biologicalwastes; ‘3o= 75-77.

Ranade, D.R., Gore, J.A. and Godbole, S.A. (1980).Methanogenic organisms from fermenting slurry of thegobar gas plant. Current Science 49: 395-397.; in ’_; ii *1 *3‘ T T; . i _f' I

Ranade, D.R., Yeole, T.V., Meher, K.K., Gadre, R.V. andGodbole, S.H. (1989). Biogas from solid wasteoriginated during biscuit and chocolate production:A preliminary study. Biologicalwastes, 28: 157-161.

.0

Reichards, B.K., Cummings, R.J., White, T.E. and Jewell,W.J. (1991). Methods for kinetic analysis ofmethane fermentation in high solids biomassdigesters. §iomassand_Bioenergy, 1: 65-73.

Reig, M., Toldra, F., Tsai, G.J., Jansen, N.B. and Tsao,G.T. (1989). (Methane generation from chemicallypretreated cellulose by anaerobic fluidized bedreactors. Rioloqigalwastes, 29: 201-210.

Robbins, J.E., Arnold, M.T. and Lacher, S.L. (1979).Methane production from cattle waste and delignifiedstraw. Infegtionyandllmmunigy, 38: 175-176.

Rolz, C. and Humphries, A. (1982). Microbial biomassfrom renewables: Review of alternatives. AdvancesinrBiQ¢h¢@i¢sl-En9inserinq» 2l= 1-53­

Rubber Board (1993). Indian rubber statistics, Kottayam,India.

Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia (1974). Studies oneffluent from rubber processing factories inMalaysia. The Rubber Research Institute of Malaysia,Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 94 p.

Sandors, F.A. and Bloodgood, D.E. (1965). The effect ofnitrogen to carbon ratio on anaerobic decomposition.J9unnal__Qf_Watsr_PQllutiQn.§9ntrQl-,Esfi§ratiOn, 37:1745177f“J K 3 *0” "K 1% Txfqzwxjrfjiwiiwilxfijf

2

Sarada, R. and Nand, K. (1989). Start up of anaerobicdigestion of tomato processing wastes for methanegeneration. Biological Wastes, 30: 231-237.

Sathianathan, M.A. (1975). Biogas: Achievements andchallenges. Association of Voluntary Agencies forRural Development, New Delhi, pp.4—42.

Sax, R.I., Mourice, H. and Pette, K.C. (1980). Productionof biogas from waste waters of food processingindustries. Conference”, on (Industrial Wfinergy§onservationgMTeghnology and Exhibition, 1980,Houston, USA.

Schellenbach, S. (1980). Imperial valley biogas projectoperations and methane production from cattle manure:October 1978 to November 1979. Institute of GasTechnology, pp.473-495.

Schulse, K.L. (1958). Studies on sludge digestion andmethane fermentation: 1. Sludge digestion atincreased solids concentration. Seyage _ Wand1ndustrial_Wastes, 30: 1-3.

Sehgal, H.S., Kaur, K. and Sehgal, K.G. (1991).Phytoplankton response to biogas slurry in carpponds. §iore§ourceMTechnology, 37: 229-234.

Sethu, S., Chang, W.P., Mohd Zin, A.K., Nordin, A.K.B. andYong, w.M. (1977). Effluent discharge from latexconcentrate factories. Proceedinggy of“ they BRIMPlanters‘ Qonference, 1977, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,215-229.

Sharma, A.K. and Panwar, J.S. (1985). Effect oftemperature on biogas production in a water hyacinthdigester. Urja, 22(1): 13-18.

Sharma, S.K., Saini, J.S., Mishra, I.M. and Sharma, M.P.(l987a)- Mirabilis leaves: A potential source ofmethane. Biomass, 13: 13-24.

217

Sharma, S.K. Saini, J.S., Mishra, I.M. and Sharma, M.P.(1987b). Predigestion of rice straw to improvebiogas production. Urja, 22: 203-209.

Shiralipour, A. and Smith, P.H. (1984). Conversion ofbiomas into methane gas. Biomass, 6: 85-92.

Singh, R.B. (1971). Biogas plants: Generating methanefrom organic wastes. Gobar gas Research Station,Ajitmal, Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, India, pp.l-36.

Singh, R.B. (1974). Biogas plant: Generation of methanefrom organic wastes. Gobar gas Research Station,Ajitamal Etawah, Uttar Pradesh, pp.24-36.

Singh, A.J. and Miglani, S.S. (1977). Some socioeconomicimplications of gobar gas plant. lndianéJournalg_ofHome_Sci§DC9, 2: 42-45.

Singh, R. and Tauro, P. (1987). Problems and prospects ofimprovement in biogas production from cattle waste.In= BiQs9§_Ts9hn9;2sy=ifiseelsme and E£e§2set§- (Eds­S.K. Vyas, N.S. Sandhar and K.N. Duggal). USGPublishers and Distributors, pp.l29-136.

Singh, R., Jain, M.K. and Tauro, P. (1980). Assimilationof acetate and production of methane by cattle wasteslurry. §grrgntgScien§§, 49: 399-400.

Singh, R., Jain, M.K. and Tauro, P. (1982). Rate ofanaerobic digestion of cattle wastes. Agriculturalwastes, 4: 267-272.

Singh, R., Jain, M.K. and Tauro, P. (1983). Predigestionto improve production of biogas from cattle waste.Aqrisslissaliflssfisei 6= 167-174­

Singh, R., Malik, R.K., Jain, M.K. and Tauro, P. (1984).Biogas production at different solids concentrationsin daily feed cattle waste. Agricultural Wastes, ll:253-258. 777E177” 7" 7W**'"'

218

Singh, R., Jain, M.K. and Tauro, P. (l985a). Kinetics ofacetate dissimilation during methanogenesis fromcattle waste. Qurrent Science, 54: 1073-1074.

_ C

Singh, R., Kamra, D.N. and Jakhmola, R.C. (l985b). Effectof addition of molasses and lactic culture on thefermentation pattern of buffalo dung. AgriculturalWastes, 14: 127-133.

Singhal, R.C., (1977). Energy through urease from gobargas plants. §urukshetr§, 25: 23-25.

Smith, P.H. and Hungate, R.E. (1958). Isolation andcharacterization of @ethanobacterium_ ruminantium.Jgurnal of Bacteriolggx, 75: 713-7l8.

Smith, D.H. and Mah, R.A. (1966). Kinetics of acetatemetabolism 'during sludge digestion. gpplied andEnvironmental Microbiologx, 14: 368-369. 22227 2

Stafford, D.A., Flawkes, D.L. and Horten, R. (l980a).Microbial aspects of anaerobic digestion: Relevantbacteria involved in methane production. In:Methane_ Preéustionrfrem Wests Organic lMat§er- CRCPress Inc., Boca Raton, Florida, pp.43-53.

Stafford, D.A., Wheatley, B.I. and Hughes, D.E. (l980b).Anaerobic digestion. Allied Science Publishers Ltd.,London, p.47.

Steel, R.G.D. and Torrie, J.H. (1960). Principles andprocedures of statistics with special reference tobiological sciences. New York, McGraw—Hill, 1960,481 p.

Summers, R. and Bousfield, S. (1980). A detailed study ofpiggery waste anaerobic digestion. AgriculturalWastes, 2: 61-78. 2 *8 8* 7 6

Sushilkumar and Biswas, T.D. (1982). Biogas productionfrom different animal excreta. lndian_ Journal, ofagrisultqral S¢ieq¢e§, 52= 513-520-‘P 8 7 7 '37‘)

219

Svendsen, E.K. and Blackburn, T.H. (1986). Sequentialphase in the anaerobic degradation of swine manure.Ag§igu1tural_wastes, 16: 47-65.

Swaminathan, K.R., Rajasekharan, P., Manian, R. andKamaraj, S. (1982). Enrichment of nutrients inorganic wastes through anaerobic digestion. MadrasAgricultural Journal, 69: 590-592.

Tan, A.G. and Stott, J.B. (1987). A comparative study ofthe combustion characteristics of rubber wood andsome Malaysian wood species. Qpurna1egofveNatura1Rubber Research, 2(1): 27-45.

Tan, H.T., Pillay, K.R. and Barry, D.J. (1975). Possibleutilization of rubber factory effluent on cropland.P£¢¢esdin9S,r-@f_iIQfiern@tiOnal- RvbPsr-rr¢9nfersn¢@'1975, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 3: 158-172.

U

Taysum, D.H. (1956). Bacterial culture media from wasteHevea latex sera. Qeurnal of Applied Bacteriology,19: 60-61. K (T H9‘ 0 ("M 7 M

Taysum, D.H. (1960). The establishment of a bacterialpopulation of latex vessels during normal tapping.Proeeedingsig of Ntheg “Natural W RubbereU;ResearchConference, 1960, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp.858—865.

Theradimani, M. and Marimuthu, T. (1991). Pleuretueplatypusz An efficient decomposer of (coconutcoirpith. Proceedings of theuNationa1_Sympqsium goeMushroome, 1991, Trivandrum, India, pp.l98~202.

Thomas, E.V., Kumaran, M.G. and Kothandaraman, R. (1980).Collection and processing of the crop: Generalconsiderations. In: Handbeok of _Natura1e RubberProduction ein__India. (Edit PQN. lRadhakrishnaPillai). (Rubber Research Institute of India, RubberBoard, Kottayam, 668 p.

Toerien, D.F. (1967). Enrichment culture studies onanaerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria found inanaerobic digestion. WaterMReseerch, 1: 147-155.

220

Toerien, D.E. and Hattingh, W.H.J. (1969). Anaerobicdigestion: 1. The microbiology of anaerobicdigestion. flater_Research, 3: 385.

Toerien, D.P., Siebert, M.L. and Hattingh, W.H.J. (1967).The bacterial nature of the acid forming phase ofanaerobic digestion. Water Research, 1: 497-507.

Traore, A.S. (1992). Biogas production from galotropisProcera: A latex plant found in West Africa.Eioresource Technology, 41: 105-109.

Tsao, G.T. (1987). Prepost treatment. In: AnaerobicQigestionyfof Biomass. (Eds. D.P. Chynowethfl and" R.Isaacson). Elsevier Applied Science, London, pp.9l­107.

Updegraff, D.M. (1969). Semimicro determination ofcellulose in biological materials. AnalyticalBiochemistry, 32: 420—424.

Vanden Berg, L. and Lentz, G.P. (1981). Effect ofwastes, inoculum and solid retention time on methaneproduction and stability of the anaerobic contactprocess. Advancesin Biotechnology, 6: 257-262.

.‘.

Vanden Berg, L., Patel, G.B., Clark, D.S. and Lentz,C.P. (1976). Factors affecting rate of methaneformation from acetic acid enriched by methanogeniccultures. Qanadian_;§ourna1 of, Microbiology, 22:1312-1319. “Z7777 7 “E 7

Van Velsen, A.F.M. and Lettinga, G. (1980). Effect offeed composition on digester performance. In:Anaerobic ‘Digestion (Eds. D.A. Stafford, B.I.Wheatley and D.E. Hughes). Applied SciencePublishers Ltd., London, pp.1l3—121.

Van Velsen, A.F.M., Lettinga, G. and Den Ottelounder, D.(1979). Anaerobic digestion of piggery waste: 3.Influence of temperature. Netherlands“, Journal” ofAgricultural Science, 27: 255-267. 7 77 W A 7177

221

Varel, V.H., Chen, Y.R., and Hashimoto, A.G. (1980).Effect of temperature and retention time on methaneproduction from beef cattle waste. gppliedy andEnvironmental Microbiglggy, 40(2): 217-222.

Verma, D.A. (1978). Gobar gas plant: An innovativeposture. Khadi Gram Qdyog, 25: 136~138.

Visser, A., Gao, Y. and Lettinga, G. (1993). Effects ofpH on methanogenesis and sulphate reduction inthermophilic (SSOC) UASB reactors. BioresourceI??bDOl9q1, 44= 113-121.

Wahab, M.H.A. (1986). Utilization of agrowastes foroyster mushroom cultivation. Proceedings, of “RRIMRubber, Growers‘y Conference, 1986, Kuala Lumpur,fialaysia, §PT275—285.—

Wate, S.R., Chakrabani, T. and Subramaniyam, P.V.R.(1983). Effect of cobalt on biogas production fromcattle dung. IndiaQ_Journal_gf Environmental Health,25: 179-190.

Webb,-H.R. and Hawkes, F.R. (1985). Laboratory scaleanaerobic digestion of poultry litter, gas yieldloading rate relationships. Agricultural Wwastes,13: 31-49. 577"“

Wiegant, W.M. and Zeeman, G. (1986). The mechanism ofammonia inhibition in the thermophilic digestion oflivestock wastes. Qgriculturallfiastes, 16: 243-253.

wilkie, A., Jimenez, S. and‘ Hawkes, D.L. (1986).Enhancement of anaerobic methanogenesis from Napiergrass by addition of micronutrients. Biomass,11(2): 135—146.

Winfrey, M.R., Nelson, D.R., Klevickes, S.C. and Zeikus,J.G. (1977). Association of hydrogen metabolism withmethanogenesis in lake Mendota sediments. Appliedand Environmental Microbiology, 33: 312-315.

222

Winter, J.V. and Cooney, G.L. (1980). Fermentation ofcellulose and fatty acids with enrichments fromsewage sludge. European“ Jgurnaluwpofg AppliedMicrobiology and Biotechnology, ll: 60-66.

Wohlt, J.E., and Frobish (1990). Thermophilic_ methaneproduction from dairy cattle_ waste. Biologicalwastes, 32: 193-207.

Wolin, M.J. (1974). Metabolic interactions amongintestinal microorganisms. American Journal ofClinical Nutritipg, 27: l320—l322.

Wong, M.H. and Cheung, Y.H. .(l989). Anaerobic digestionof pig manure with different agroindustrial wastes.Qiological Wastes, 28: 143-155.

Wong Chong, C.M. (1975). Dry anaerobic digestion. In:Energy,’Ag§iculture,andfiflaste Management. (Ed. W.J.Jewell). Ann Arbor Science Publishers, Michigan,pp.36l-372.

Wood, B.J. and Lim, K.H. (1989). Developments in theutilization of palm oil and rubber factory effluents.Planter 65: 81.i V

Yapa, P.A.J. (l984).- Effluent disposal and environmentalpollution in rubber plantations in Sri Lanka.Proceedings 9f_ International Rubber Conference,1984, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, pp.391-403.

Yeow, K.H. and Yeop, A.K. (1983). The present status ofeffluent utilization in Malaysia. Proceedings ofBglfly Planters‘ Conference, 1983, Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia, 347+36§: (W7

Young, J.C. and McCarty, P.L. (1969). The anaerobicfilters for" waste treatment. Qgurnalg ofgwiwaterPollution Control Federation, 41: 160-173.

Zadrazil, F. (1978). Cultivation of Pleurotus. In: ThePiologym and Cu1tivation_9f Edible Mushrooms. (Eds?S.T. Chang and W.A. Hayes). Academic Press, NewYork, PP.52l~557.

Zajic, J.E. (1971). Water pollution: Disposed and reuseVolume I. Marcel Dekker Inc., New York, pp.l9l—222.

Zauner, E. and Kuintzel, U. (1986). Methane productiofrom ensiled plant material. Biomass, 10: 207-223.

Zeikus, J.G. (l98O). Microbial populations in digestersIn: §naerobic_Qigesti9n (Eds. D.A. Stafford, B.I

223

D

Wheatley and D.E. Hughes). Applied SciencePublishers Ltd., London, pp.6l-68.


Recommended