Characterizing Source Emissions

8/9/2019 Characterizing Source Emissions

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Characterizing Source EmissionsCharacterizing Source Emissions

John G. Watson ([email protected])Judith C. Chow

Desert Research InstituteReno, NV, USA

Presented at

The Worsho! on Air "ua#it$ %ana&e'ent,%easure'ent, %ode#in&, and ea#th **ects

Uni+ersit$ o* a&re-, a&re-, roatia

/0 %a /112


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ObjectivesObjectives

3Re+iew !ast and current sourcesa'!#in& 'ethods *or P%

e'ission rates and source!ro*i#es

3I##ustrate recent testin&!rotoco#s *or di#ution sa'!#in&s$ste's


7/42

Important Emissions SourcesImportant Emissions Sources3 4u&iti+e dust *ro' wind erosion, a&ricu#tura# acti+ities,

construction, stora&e !i#es, and +ehic#e tra**ic on !a+ed andun!a+ed roads.

3 Ducted e5haust *ro' industria# *aci#ities (e.&., coa#6 and oi#6*ired !ower stations, s'e#tin&, ce'ent !#ants, che'ica#!#ants, !etro#eu' e5traction and re*inin&, ass

'anu*acturin&, !a!er 'ain&, shi!!in&).3 Vehic#e e5haust *ro' cars, trucs, 'otorc$c#es, and -uses.

3 7urnin& and cooin& *ro' sto+es, char-roi#ers, trash, *orest*ires, and a&ricu#tura# -urnin&.

3 A''onia *ro' ani'a# hus-andr$ and *erti#i8ation.


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Important Emissions CharacteristicsImportant Emissions Characteristics

3 Emissions Rate:

A'ount e'itted !er unit ti'e or unit o* acti+it$.

3 Particle Size:Deter'ines trans!ort and de!osition !ro!erties.

3 Chemical Composition:

4ractiona# a-undance o* &aseous and !articu#ate che'ica#co'!onents in e'issions. Used to s!eciate in+entor$ and toa!!ortion a'-ient concentrations to sources.

3 Temporal Variation:'issions chan&e on dai#$, wee#$, seasona#, and annua#

c$c#es. Ti'in& o* e'issions a**ects at'os!heric trans!ortand di#ution as we## as hu'an e5!osure to outdoor air!o##ution.


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Emissions are Measured for DifferentEmissions are Measured for Different

PurposesPurposes3 Certification:Veri*$ that a !rocess desi&n is ca!a-#e o* achie+in&e'issions -e#ow a re&u#ated #i'it. (e.&., 4TP en&ine tests)

3 Compliance:Deter'ine that in6use !rocesses are within !er'itted

+a#ues (e.&., +ehic#e s'o& tests, !eriodic stac tests,o!acit$ tests)

3 Emissions tradin:Re#ate actua# e'issions to a##owances (e.&., continuous

S9/

'onitors).3 Emission in!entories:

Rea#6wor#d e'issions *or !o##ution !#annin&.

3 Source apportionment:

S!eciated e'issions *or source and rece!tor 'ode#in&.


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3Emissions measured for one

purpose are t"picall"inaccurate for otherpurposes#


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Emissions ModelEmissions Model

o'!onent i e'issions *#u5es :

;ij *raction o* co'!onent i in source j

5 e'ission *actor ('ass

5 =contro# e**icienc$>

5 =te'!ora# !ro*i#e>


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PM Source ProfilesPM Source Profiles

O r g a n i c C a r b o n

E l e .

C a r b o n

A l u m i n u m

S i l i c o n

P h o s p o r u s

S u l f u r

C h l o r i n e

P o t a s s i u m

C a l c i u m

T i t a n i u m

V a n a d i u m

C h r o m i u m

M a n g a n e s e

I r o n

N i c e l

C o p p e r

! i n c

A r s e n i c

S e l e n i u m

" r o m i n e

S t r o n t i u m

# e a d

Chemical Compound

A b u n d a n c e ( % )

0.001

0.01

0.1

C h l o r i d e

N i t r a t e

S u l f a t e

A m m o n i u m

S o l . P o t a s


E l e . C a r b o n

A l u m i n u m

S i l i c o n

P h o s p o r u s S u l f u r

C h l o r i n e

P o t a s s i u m

C a l c i u m

T i t a n i u m

V a n a d i u m

C h r o m i u m

M a n g a n e s e I r

o n

N i c e l

C o p p e r ! i

n c

A r s e n i c

S e l e n i u m

" r o m i n e

S t r o n t i u m # e

a d

Chemical Comound

A b u n d a

oad!us

0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

100

C h l o r i d e

N i t r a t e

S u l f a t e

A m m o n i u m

S o l . P o t a s


E l e . C a r b o n

A l u m i n u m

S i l i c o n


C h l o r i n e

P o t a s s i u m

C a l c i u m

T i t a n i u m

V a n a d i u m

C h r o m i u m

M a n g a n e s e I r o n

N i c e l

C o p p e r ! i n c

A r s e n i c

S e l e n i u m

" r o m i n e

S t r o n t i u m # e

a d

Chemical Comoun

A b u n d

a n c e

Coal"#ired$o%er $lant

S o l . P o t a s


E l e . C a r b o n

A l u m i n u m

S i l i c o n


C h l o r i n e

P o t a s s i u m

C a l c i u m

T i t a n i u m

V a n a d i u m

C h r o m i u m

M a n g a n e s e I r

o n

N i c e l

C o p p e r ! i n c

A r s e n i c

S e l e n i u m

" r o m i n e

S t r o n t i u m # e a d

Chemical Comound

A b u n

d a n c e ( % )


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Emissions Rates!actorsEmissions Rates!actors"PM"PM#$#$% PM% PM&'(&'(% SO% SO&&% )O% )O**% )+% )+,,--

3 E$istin ridded in!entories: s!ecia#i8ed 'ode#in& studies

3 Emissions factor models:htt!?


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Inventor. /IS 0ctivit. 1a.ersInventor. /IS 0ctivit. 1a.ers

3 %and use and terrain: &eo#o&ica# sur+e$, sate##ite

3 Population: ensus

3 Roadwa"s: ensus, 'a!!in& co'!anies

3 Soil and coal t"pes: Soi# onser+ation Ser+ice

3 &uel !olumes and

composition: sa#es records, ta5es, certi*icationtests

3 %iht'mediumcommercial(industrial: ensus, stoc #istin&s

3 %are point sources:

ensus, !roduction records


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Important Sources of Primar. PMImportant Sources of Primar. PM

and Secondar. Precursorsand Secondar. Precursors

3 P) 4u&iti+e dust *ro' wind erosion, a&ricu#tura# acti+ities,construction, stora&e !i#es, and +ehic#e tra**ic on !a+ed and un!a+edroads.

3 P)* +,$* V,C* S,- Ducted e5haust *ro' industria# *aci#ities (e.&.,

coa#6 and oi#6*ired !ower stations, s'e#tin&, ce'ent !#ants, che'ica#!#ants, !etro#eu' e5traction and re*inin&, ass 'anu*acturin&,!a!er 'ain&, shi!!in&).

3 P)* +,$* V,C* S,- Vehic#e e5haust *ro' cars, trucs,

'otorc$c#es, and -uses.

3 P)* V,C 7urnin& and cooin& *ro' sto+es, char-roi#ers, trash,*orest *ires, and a&ricu#tura# -urnin&.

3 +/ Ani'a# hus-andr$ and *erti#i8ation.


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Source CharacterizationSource Characterization

Measurement MethodsMeasurement Methods3 %a0orator" suspension:

Dust or residue sa'!#es resus!ended in #a-orator$ cha'-er.

3 Source'dominated samplin: Sa'!#es taen at #ocations and ti'es when a sine sourcedo'inates a'-ient concentrations.

3 Vehicle d"namometer testin: Si'u#ate dri+in& c$c#es on *i5ed ro##er.

3 Vehicle on'road testin: Roadside or tunne#, inte&rated orindi+idua# +ehic#e sa'!#es

3 1iluted duct samplin: Sa'!#es drawn into a&in& cha'-er and coo#ed with c#ean air.


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1aborator. Dust Resuspension1aborator. Dust Resuspension


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Source2Dominated SamplingSource2Dominated SamplingUnpaved Road Dust EmissionsUnpaved Road Dust Emissions


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Road Dust EmissionsRoad Dust Emissions

3Use TRAR (Testin& Re6entrained Aeroso# inetic

'issions *ro' Roads) +ehic#eto 'a! road dust e'issions.

3a#i-rate TRAR withun!a+ed road dust e'issions.


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3R04ER Measurements3R04ER Measurements "continued-

Two sa'!#in& !#enu's,DustTra and BRI%% !artic#e

'onitors, and rota'eters.

BPS #o&s the TRARCs!osition e+er$

second.


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Results from the 3reasure 5alle.%Results from the 3reasure 5alle.%

Idaho% Road Dust Stud.Idaho% Road Dust Stud.


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Source2Dominated SamplingSource2Dominated Sampling

"Coo6ing-"Coo6ing-

Rea#6Wor#d ooin& Si'u#ated ooin&


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)e7 5ehicle Emissions 3esting)e7 5ehicle Emissions 3esting

MethodsMethods3 Remote Sensin of Vehicle Emissions:

A##ows e'ission rates to -e deter'ined *or certain che'ica#co'!onents (V9, N9E, 9, P%).

3 &ast Response V,C and +,2 Speciation )easurements

and +ormalizin to C,-:

an deter'ine indi+idua# on6road +ehic#e e'issions withres!ect to *ue# consu'!tion. an -e a!!#ied to other sourceswith hi&h e'issions o* other &ases.

3 1ense Spatial )onitorin: 7atter$6!owered P% 'onitors as we## as !assi+e V9, N9/, and

9 a-sor-ers are #ocated within and around source co'!#e5es.'issions are in*erred *ro' co'!#e5 dis!ersion 'ode#s ors!atia# rece!tor 'ode#s.

3 Tunnel Studies: %easure'ents are taen in tunne#s to 'ini'i8e conta'ination

*ro' other sources (V9, N9E, 9, P%).


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Source2Dominated SamplingSource2Dominated Sampling

""5ehicle E8haust-5ehicle E8haust-

Roadside sa'!#in& Diese# e5haustsa'!#in&


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Estimate Emissions of 5ehicleEstimate Emissions of 5ehicle

E8haustE8haust

3 Sa'!#e rea#6ti'e 9/ and !o##utants in a

source6do'inated en+iron'ent to o-tain*ue#6-ased e'issions *actors.

3 Use road tu-e counters to c#assi*$+ehic#es.

3 Use area *ue# sa#es to esti'ate e'issions.

3 o'!are resu#ts with %97IF e'issions*actors.


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Estimate 5ehicleEstimate 5ehicle

E8haust Emission RateE8haust Emission Rate3 4ourier Trans*or' In*rared

S!ectrosco!e 'easures 9/,

9, N9/, N9, and !ro!ane.

3 orre#ation o* !o##utantswith 9/ $ie#ds *ue#6-ased

e'issions *actors.

3 Rea#6ti'e !artic#e counters

(e.&., Bri'' .1G) canHuanti*$ !artic#es -etween1. to .G J' at 6secreso#ution.


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1OR0*= 1idar On2Road 0erosol E8periment1OR0*= 1idar On2Road 0erosol E8periment


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In2Plume 5ehicle Emission SamplingIn2Plume 5ehicle Emission Sampling


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Ducted Emissions= +ot sampleDucted Emissions= +ot sample

3 Tota# Sus!ended Particu#ate (TSP) – PA %ethod 2? in6stac *i#ter (at stac te'!erature)

– PA %ethod K? heated out6o*6stac *i#ter (at /1 or F1L)

M PA %ethod K, KA, K7, K, KD, K4, KB, K, KI

3 P%1 and P%/.K, inc#udin& condensa-#e P%

– %ethod /1A? co'-ines %ethod 2 with in6stac 1 J'

c$c#one to co##ect P%1

– %ethod PR6110? co'-ines %ethod /1A with in6stac /.KJ' c$c#one to co##ect P%/.K

– PA %ethod /1/? co##ect condensa-#e P% as those which

!ass throu&h *i#ter and are ca!tured in water6*i##ed -u--#ers(i'!in&ers) in an ice -ath


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Method &$#&$& !ilterImpinger MethodsMethod &$#&$& !ilterImpinger Methods

EPA Methods PRE4 & 202

Filterable PM

Condensable PM

(


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Method &$& 0rtifactMethod &$& 0rtifact

4indin&s3 ondensa-#e P%/.K 'a$ -e o+eresti'ated usin&

i'!in&er6-ased 'ethods

– Su#*ate arti*acts si&ni*icant e+en *or &as6*ired sources

– I* %ethod /1/ is !er*or'ed, a !ost6test nitro&en !ur&eshou#d a#wa$s -e done

– 4urther in+esti&ation o* arti*acts and di**erences -etweeni'!in&er and di#ution sa'!#in& 'ethods is needed

3 Di#ution sa'!#in& a##ows -roader s!eciation o* P%/.K

*or i'!ro+ed s!eciation !ro*i#es

Diff i PMDifference in PM MMass


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Difference in PMDifference in PM&'(&'( MassMass

bet7een In2Stac6 and Dilution Samplingbet7een In2Stac6 and Dilution Sampling

Gas-Fired Boiler - Field Data

0

0.002

0.00%

0.00&

0.00'

0.01

0.012

0.01%

0.01&

0.01'

#n 1 #n 2 #n #n 1 #n 2 #n *P%2

l ! + M M , t #

inor$anic condensa!le (M202)or$anic condensa!le (M202)Filtera!le PM (M201*)PM2.5 (dil#tion)

il#tion Met"od

n-/tack

Met"ods

Dil ti S li fDil ti S li f


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Dilution Sampling ofDilution Sampling of

Emissions from Meat Coo6ingEmissions from Meat Coo6ing


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Dilution Sampling S.stemDilution Sampling S.stem

&tac'(as

)E$A*ilter

Carbon

*ilter

otameter

Venturi$robe

+

)

Ambient

Air

*lo% Control

$ump

esidence+ime

Chamber $,-.

C/clones

+o &ampleCollection

+rains

&&tainless steel

&Cross"#lo% et mixing

&!ilution atio 10-40:1

&esidence time 80-90 se

Sample gas is cooled toambient temperature by

dilution with ambient air

*lo% meter

$,10C/clone


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Particle Characteristics Often 5ar.Particle Characteristics Often 5ar.

During Emissions 3estsDuring Emissions 3ests"E1PI and /rimm OPC Size Distributions-"E1PI and /rimm OPC Size Distributions-Mass concentration Number concentration(p 3um4

dp

5.6

6.5

7.8

&ha'eout (1.min)

&ha'eout (1.min)

ucleation2

reactions #rom

binder

$ouring

3oose

sand mass


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Recentl. Developed DRI:EI Dilution S.stemRecentl. Developed DRI:EI Dilution S.stem


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Ther'ocou!#e Positions on each o##ar

3 Red !oints are'easure'ent!oints1.K, ./K, .2K,

/./K and /.G2K(center) *ro'inner wa##.

3 Bre$ rods indicatether'ocou!#e

#ocations andt$!ica# startin&!oints *or eachther'ocou!#e

Recentl. Developed DRI:EI Dilution S.stemRecentl. Developed DRI:EI Dilution S.stem"continued-"continued-

Ch t i i th DRI:EI Dil tiCharacteri ing the DRI:EI Dil tion


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Characterizing the DRI:EI DilutionCharacterizing the DRI:EI Dilution

S.stemS.stem

3 Te'!erature !ro*i#e at di**erent de!thsand a#on& +arious distances *ro' in#et.

3 Deter'ine #oses and 'i5in& characteristic

as a *unction o* !artic#e si8e, di#utionratios, and distance *ro' in#et *or!o#$st$rene #ate5 s!here (PS) !artic#es*ro' 1.1F O 1 J'.

3 Deter'ine o!ti'u' ran&e o* di#utionratios and a&in& ti'e usin& a diese#&enerator at id#e and *u## #oad.


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Diluted Stac6 3est !indingsDiluted Stac6 3est !indings

3 Residence ti'e and di#ution ratio do notchan&e !articu#ate 'ass e'ission rate, -utdo a**ect si8e distri-ution and tota#

nu'-er o* !artic#es e'itted. on&erresidence ti'es shi*t !articu#ate 'ass to#ar&er si8e and decrease tota# nu'-erconcentration.

3 i&her di#ution rates increase u#tra*ine!artic#e concentrations.

C l iC l i


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ConclusionsConclusions3 Road dust e'ission !otentia# can -e 'easured

continuous#$.

3 %o-i#e e'issions are 'ore accurate *ro' on6road sensin& o* 'an$ +ehic#es than *ro'd$na'o'eter testin& o* a *ew +ehic#es.

3 Di#ution sa'!#in& !ro+ides 'ore accurateesti'ates o* P% stac e'ission rates than hotstac and i'!in&er sa'!#es.

3 he'ica# source !ro*i#es shou#d -e 'easuredwith e'ission rates.

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Characterizing Source Emissions

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