Date post: | 18-Jul-2015 |
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Engineering |
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Charged Coupled Device
Contents
Introduction
Readout Process
Image Scanning
Image Generation
Final Procedure
Aspects of CCD Behavior
Advantages
Disadvantages
Applications
Introduction
• A Charge Coupled Device (CCD) is a highly sensitive photon detector.
• CCDs are dynamic devices that move charge along a predetermined paths under control of clock pulses.
How CCD is clocked out?
• The upper section shows charge being collected under one of the electrodes. To transfer the charge out of the CCD, a new potential well can be created by holding IØ3 high, the charge is now shared between IØ2 and IØ3 (section 2).
• If IØ2 is now taken low, the charge will be fully transferred under electrode IØ3 (section 3).
• To continue clocking out the CCD, taking IØ1 high and then taking IØ3 low will ensure that the charge cloud now drifts across under the IØ1 electrodes.
• As this process is continued, the charge cloud will progress either down the column, or across the row, depending upon the orientation of the electrodes.
Image Scanning
CCDs can be used to collect an image in one of
three ways, either one pixel at a time, one row at
a time, or as an entire area at once.
Image Generation
Final Procedure
• The final process on the CCD is the reading of each pixel so that the size of the associated charge cloud can be measured.
• The CCD is an analogue device, and the analogue voltage values are converted into a digital form by the camera electronics.
Aspects of CCD Behavior
1. Quantum Efficiency
2. Wavelength Range
3. Dynamic Range
4. Linearity
5. Noise
6. Power
Advantages
• Relative simple
• More sensitive than photographic film
• Cheaper to replace if failure
• Modularity-easy upgrades
• Detector costs simple
• No chemical processing is needed
Disadvantages
• Demagnification is a major issue
• Vary with application
• Very expensive
• Relates to potentially lower DQE
Applications
• Astronomical Imaging
• Infrared Detection and imaging
• Signal Processing
• Digital Photography
• Medical Fluoroscopy
CCD Chip
References http://www.mssl.ucl.ac.uk/www_detector/ccdgroup/optheor
y/ccdoperation.html
http://www.microscopyu.com/articles/digitalimaging/ccdintro.html
http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/digitalimaging/concepts/threephase.html
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0026271476906065
https://www.noao.edu/meetings/gdw/files/Howell_CCDs.pdf
http://www.science20.com/mei/blog/charge_coupled_device_ccd
Thank you