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7/27/2019 Charts Summary
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Communications
The Radio Frequency Spectrum
Band nameABBR
ITUband
frequency wavelengthpropagation
mode
< 3 Hz > 100,000 km -
Extremely low frequency ELF 1 3–30 Hz 100,000 km – 10,000 km -
Super low frequency SLF 2 30–300 Hz 10,000 km – 1000 km -
Ultra low frequency ULF 3 300–3000 Hz 1000 km – 100 km -Very low frequency VLF 4 3–30 kHz 100 km – 10 km Ground Wave
Low frequency LF 5 30–300 kHz 10 km – 1 km Ground Wave
Medium frequency MF 6 300–3000 kHz 1 km – 100 m Ground Wave
High frequency HF 7 3–30 MHz 100 m – 10 m Sky Wave
Very high frequency VHF 8 30–300 MHz 10 m – 1 m Space Wave
Ultra high frequency UHF 9 300–3000 MHz 1 m – 100 mm Space Wave
Super high frequency SHF 10 3–30 GHz 100 mm – 10 mm Space Wave
Extremely high frequency EHF 11 30–300 GHz 10 mm – 1 mm Space Wave
Tremendously high frequency THF 300 GHz 3000GHZ < 1 mm
Satellites
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Geostationary /
Geosynchronous (GEO)
Orbit Height 100 - 300 mi 6,000 - 12,000 mi 22,300 mi
Orbital velocity 17,500 mph 9580 mph 6879 mph
Orbital time (period) 1.5 hours 5-12 mph 24 hours
Satellite Availability 15 min per orbit 2 - 4 hours per orbit 24 hours per orbit
Operating Frequency 1.0 GHz to 2.5 GHz 1.2 GHz - 1.66 GHz 2 GHz - 18 GHzMotorola's Iridium Satellite system (66-satellite constellation for mobile phone
system) GPS, NAVSTAR
Satellite classification to sizeSize Mass Cost
Large Satellite > 1,000 kg > $ 100 M
Small Satellite 500 - 1,000 kg $ 50 - 100 M
Mini Satellite 100 - 500 kg $ 5 - 20 M
Micro Satellite 10 - 100 kg $ 2 - 3 M
Nano Satellite < 10 kg < $ 1 M
Loudness level0 - 15 dB very faint
15 - 30 dB faint
30 - 60 dB moderate
60 - 80 dB loud
80 - 130 dB very loud
130 dB deafening
Microwave frequency bandsBand Frequency in GHz
L 1-2
S 2-4
C 4-8
X 8-12
Ku 12-18
K 18-27
Ka 27-40
Millimeter 40-300
Sub-millimeter >300
10 Octaves of human hearing1st octave 20 - 40 Hz
Lower Bass2ndoctave
40 - 80 Hz
3rd octave 80 - 160 HzUpper Base
4th octave 160 - 320 Hz5th octave 320 - 640 Hz
Lower Midrange6th octave 640 - 1280 Hz
7th octave 1280 - 2560 Hz
8th octave 2560 - 5120 Hz Upper midrange
9th octave 5120 - 10240 HzTreble
10th octave 10240 - 20480 Hz
7/27/2019 Charts Summary
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Optimum volume per person for varioustypes of hall
Type of HallOptimum Volume
/person (m3)
concert halls 7.1
Italian-type operahouses
4.2 - 5.2
churches 7.1 - 9.9
cinemas 3.1
Rooms for speech 2.8
Sound Pressure LevelsSource SPL (dB)
faintest audible sound 0
whisper 20
Quiet residence 30
Soft stereo in residence 40
Speech range 50-70
cafeteria 90
Pneumatic jack hammer 90Loud crowd noise 100
Accelerating motorcycle 100
Rock concert 120
Jet Engine (75 feet away) 140
Optimum reverberation (@500 to 1kHz)Room Function Reverberation time (s)
Recording andbroadcasting studios 0.45 - 0.55
Elementary classrooms 0.6 - 0.8
Playhouses, intimate
drama production 0.9 - 1.1Lecture and conferencerooms 0.9 - 1.1
Cinema 0.8 - 1.2
small theaters 1.2 - 1.4
High school auditoriums 1.5 - 1.6
General purposeauditoriums 1.5 - 1.6
Churches 1.4 - 3.4
Super Group Carrier FrequencyL600 Mastergroup U600 Mastergroup
SupergroupCarrier
frequency
(kHz)
SupergroupCarrier
frequency
(kHz)
1 612 13 1116
2 Direct 14 13643 1116 15 1612
4 1364 16 1860
5 1612 17 2108
6 1860 18 2356
7 2108 D25 2652
8 2356 D26 2900
9 2724 D27 3148
10 3100 D28 3396
AT&T’s FDM Hierarchy VB channels Groups supergroups mastergroups jumbogroups
Group 12 - - - -supergroup 60 5 - - -
mastergroup 600 50 10 - -
Jumbogroup 3600 300 60 6 -
Superjumbogroup 10800 900 180 18 3
CCITT’s FDM Hierarchy VB channels Groups supergroups mastergroups
Group 12 - - -
supergroup 60 5 - -
mastergroup 300 25 5 -
Jumbogroup 900 75 15 3
Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy (North American)
Line TypeDigitalSignal
Bit rate(Mbps)
ChannelCapacity
# of T1 Services Offered Medium
DS0 64Kbps 1/24 of T-1 twisted pair
T1 DS1 1.544 24 1 VB telephone twisted pair
T1C DS1c 3.152 48 2 VB telephonetwisted pair,microwave
T2 DS2 6.312 96 4 VB tel, picture phone Coax, microware
T3 DS3 44.736 672 28VB tel, picture phone,
TVCoax, fiber optics
T4M DS4 274.176 4032 168 same as T3 but more capacity fiber optics
7/27/2019 Charts Summary
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A
X1 X2
X3
Motors
Motorclass
maxtemperature
(0C)
A 105
B 130
F 155
H 180
Mode identification forMultivibrator
CN1 CN2 Mode
Resistor Resistor Bistable
Resistor Capacitor Monostable
Capacitor Capacitor Astable
The good you do to others will always come back to you – pay it forward!! –
Japanese Multiplexing HierarchyLevel Data Rate (Mbps) Channel Capacity
1 1.544 24
2 6.312 92
3 32.064 480
4 97.728 1140
5 565.148 7680
European standardLevel Data Rate (Mbps)
ChannelCapacity
timeslots
E-1 2.048 30 32
E-2 8.448 120 128
E-3 34.368 480 512
E-4 139.264 1920 2048
E-5 565.992 7680 8192
ELECTRONICSSummary for all 2-input gates
Inputs Output of each gate
A B AND NAND OR NOR EX-OR EX-NOR
0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
Typical Characteristics of IC Logic Families
IC Logic Family Fan OutPower
Dissipation (mW)
Propagation
Delay (ns)
Noise
margin (V)
Standard TTL 10 10 10 0.4
Schottky TTL 10 22 3 0.4
Low power Schottky TTL 20 2 10 0.4ECL 25 25 2 0.2
CMOS 50 0.1 25 3
Level of IntegrationLevel Of Integration No. of gates per chip
Small Scale Integration (SSI) less than 12
Medium Scale Integration (MSI) 12-99
Large Scale Integration (LSI) 100-9,999
Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) 10,000-99,999
Ultra Large Scale Integration (ULSI) 100,000 or more
Amplifier
Amplifier class efficiencyconduction
angleinput signal
used
A 50% 360° 100%
AB 51-99% 181° to 359° > 50% < 100%
B 78% 180° 50%
C 85% 0° to 179° 50%
TV channel Frequency allocationchannel
#Frequency band
(MHz)
2 54 - 60
Low VHF Channels
3 60 - 66
4 66 - 72
5 76 - 82
6 82 - 88
88 - 108 FM band
7 174 - 180
High Band VHFChannels
8 180 - 186
9 186 - 192
10 192 - 198
11 198 - 204
12 204 - 210
13 210 - 216
14-83 470-890 UHF
Resonant – Circuit Feedback OscillatorsOscillator Type X1 X2 X3
Hartley L L C
Colpitts C C L
Clapp C C Series LC (net L)
Pierce Crystal C C Crystal (net L)
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Commonly magnetized alloysPermalloy 22% iron and 78% nickel
Hipernik 40% Fe and 60% Ni
Perminvar Ni 43%, Iron 34%, Cobalt 23%
Constantan 40-60% copper / thermocouples
Nichrome 15-20% chromium and has high electrical resistance
Distress Frequencyaeronautical 121.5 MHz
Maritime (radiotelegraphy) 2182 kHz
CB (40 channels, 8Km) 26.965-27.475 MHz
Mobile Phones (W)- Analog Digital
Class I 0.6 4
Class II 1.6 1.6
Class III 3 0.6
Data ratesGPRS 170 kbps
EDGE 384 kbps
3G 2 MbpsBluetooth 720 Kbps
FiberOptics
10 Gbps
modulation technique Application
QAM - PSK Digital Microwave
GFSK (DECT)Cordless phone
GMSK GPRS8PSK EDGE
BPSK CDMA
∏/4-DQPSK D-AMPS
CATVClass I TV Channel/Station-- off-the-air channels, DBS feeds
Class II w/o auxiliary equipment – scrambling
Class III w/ auxiliary equipment
Class IV provides signaling path CATV, PPV
(Precise & Standard Positioning Service)
GPS PPS SPS
horizontal 22 m 100 m
vertical 27.7 m 156 m
Time interval 200 nsec 340 nsec
Magnetic Field IntensityEquator 32,000 nT
North Pole 64,000 nT
Velocity of SoundWater 5000 ft/sec Steel 5150 m/s
Wood 3300 m/s
MPEG 1 CD/internet
MPEG 2 (DCT) - DVD - SVCD ripper
MPEG 3 HDTV
MPEG 4 DivX
MPEG 7 Multimedia content Description Interface
MPEG 21 Multimedia Framework
N0N Un-Mod carrier, No info
A1A Telegraphy
C3F VSB Tx for TV signal
F1B FSK
F8E FM stereo Mux signal
A3C AM Fax
F3C FM Fax
A3E AM Telephony, DSB
F3E FM Telephony
G3E PM Telephony
H3E SSB FC
J3E SSB SC
R3E SSB RC
Monolithic IC (µm) transistor 20 x 12
resistor 6 x 30
diodes 10 x 15
Curie temperature (0C)
Cobalt 1130Iron 770
Nickel 358
Gondolinium 16
Moore’s Law (bps) 2015 2050
1 Billion 500 Trillion
Electron Capacity = 2n2
Broadband wireless access for fixed, nomadic, mobile: (MHz)
IMT 2000 maximum data rate
Flicker noise Voltage
Cable TV:
EnergyLevel(PrincipalQuantumNumber)
ShellLetter
ElectronCapacity
1 K 2
2 L 8
3 M 18
4 N 32
5 O 186 P 8
7 Q 2
Specifications Cable TypeMax Length
(m)
10BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 100
10Base2 Thin Coax Cable 180
10Base5 Thick Coax Cable 500
10BaseF Fiber optic cable 2000
100BaseT Unshielded Twisted Pair 100
100BaseTX Unshielded Twisted Pair 220
< 1 1-2 2-3 3-5 5-10 > 10
450-470 1900-1910 2400-2483 3400-3600 5150-5350 10150-10650
- 1980-1990 2500-2700 - 5470-5850 -
Slow moving vehicles? 384 kbps
High speed vehicle? 144 kbps
Wire-wound resistor? 0.01 µV to 0.2µV
Carbon-composition? 0.1µV to 2µVcarbon film 0.05µV-3μV
metallic film (wire) 0.02µV-0.2µV
matching (RF) 16 dB
terminal isolation 28 dB
sound carrier isolator 40 dB
spurious radiation rejection 60 dB
cross modulation 80 dB
adjacent channel isolation -60 dB
audio signal level 1 dB
video SNR for modulator 36 dB
7/27/2019 Charts Summary
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IC types
Film
Hybrid
Monolithic
ICpackaging
TO
Flatpack
DIP
BlackoutR1 Weak black out
R2 10 mins
R3 < 1 hour
R4 1-2 hours
R5 more than 2 hours
SUF for 3G (MHz/million):Frequency paired unpaired
5 MHz P 5M P 3M
5-10 8M 6M
10-15 10M 8M
>15 15M 12M
Brain waves:
Δ – < 3 Hz
θ – 4 to 8 Hz
α – 8 to 12 Hz
β – 13 to 30 Hz
PackagingLevel 0 Resistor, diodes (non repairable parts)
Level 1 Sub-modules attached to circuit cards
Level 2 circuit cards, mother boards etc.
Level 3 Drawers
Level 4 Cabinets
spike 6000v in sec
surge 110%
dip / sag 80% - 85 %
IS-41 Roaming
IS-54 D-AMPS
IS-95 CDMA One
IS-136 TDMA, North American Digital Cellphone
IS-136.2 roaming, ∏/4-DQPSK
OP AMPS
LM 101 General purpose OP-AmpLM 741C Industries Standard
OP 177A Ultra Precision Amp
secondary cell battery
lead-acid
nickel cadmium
silver-zinc
silver-cadmium
- AC (mA) at 60 Hz DC (mA)
Perception 0 to 1 0 to 4
Surprise 1 to 4 4 to 15
Reflex action 4 to 21 15 to 80
Mascular inhibition 21 to 40 80 to 160
Respiratory failure 40 to 100 160 to 300
Fatal Over 1600 300mA
Commercials (minutes)Programduration
MLA OUT-MLA
60 15 1730 7.5 8.5
15 3.5 4
5 15sec 1.5
PhosphorP1 Green Oscilloscope
P4 White Monochrome
P22 RGB colored
P31 Green Oscilloscope
The good you do to others will always come back to you – pay it forward!!
Names and AccomplishmentAbraham Abesamis Chairman NTC
Neil BhorCalculated the radius andvelocity of electron
Ernest Rutherford Measure atomic radius
Christian Hulsmeyer Radar
Theodor Maiman Developed LASER
Backham & KAO Clad glass fiber
Marc Anderseen MOSAIC
Norio Taniguchi Nanotech
Burell Smith MAC Mother Board
Bob Khan & Vinton Cerf Designed TCP/IP
Ted Hoff Designed Microprocessor
Gilbert Hyatt Invented Microprocessor
Isaac Asimov 3 law of “Robotics”, 1969
Karel Čapek coined Robot, 1920
Tim Bernes-Lee designed HTTP
Tomas Watson IBM founder
William Gibson Cyberspace
Douglas Engelbart Mouse
Bob Metcalfe EthernetLarry Robert Arpanet
John Barger Web-log
Brattain and Bardeen Inventor Transistor
John Pierce Coined "transistor"
Vinton Cerf FTP/Father of internet
Jack st. Claire Kilby IC
Ted Nelson Coined “Hyper text”
Jack Raskin Founder of Macintosh
Seymour Roger Cray Super Computer
Bob Noyce & Gordon Moore Intel fair child
Giovanni Caselli Pantelegraph
Antonio Meucci 1st Inventor of the telephone
Vic Hayce Father of Wi-Fi
Agusta Ada BryonWorld 1st ComputerProgrammer
Steve Jobs, Steven Wozniak Apple computer
Edwin Armstron Superheterodyne (radio)
Mark Tilden Robosapien
Harry Nyquist Negative Feedback Amplifier
Carl Beredicks discovered germanium in 1915
Dr Carl Zener development of zener diode
Dr Leo Esaki invented tunnel diode
Randall and BootInventor of MagnetronRichard Feynman subatomic to atom manipulation
7/27/2019 Charts Summary
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Erlang B do not reappear during test peri
Erlang C Held in the system until satisfied
Poisson satisfied or abandoned
SCR NPN + PNP
Diac two 4-layer SCR
Triac two SCR back-to-back
Colpitts tapped capacitor
Hartley tapped inductorArmstrong Magnetic Coupling
Clapp series LC
Velocity FactorCoax 0.66 / 0.6-0.8
Twin lead 0.8
Open wire 0.9
V.32 9600 bps
V.34bis 33.6 kbps
V.90 56 kbps
ASIMO Honda
QRIO Sony
HUBO Korea
Robosapien toy like robot
Bang-bang Robot Limit stop
Turns Ratio of Transformerstep up less than unity
step down greater than unity
Maxwell Bridge Medium Q
Hay Bridge High Q
RFID frequency bands13.553 MHz 13.567 MHz
918 MHz 920 MHz
2446 MHz 2454 MHz
- GPS GLONASSSatellites 24 21 (3 spare)
Orbital Planes 6 3
Satellites / Planes 4 8
Plane Separation 600 1200
Satellite Separation 600 450
Inclination 550 64.80
Orbital Period 12 Hours 11 Hours & 15mins
Altitude 20,200 km 19,100 km
Mechanical Configurations of Industrial RobotsArticulated arm or joined- arm configuration
Spherical configurations up, down, left, right, pivot at certain angle
Cylindrical configuration 360
Cartesian or rectilinear up/down/left/ right
SCARA (Selective Compliance
Assembly Robot Arm) 4 axis robot with rotating elements that movein single plane
Types of RobotsSemi-Autonomous Needs some human intervention
Autonomous Needs no human intervention
Tele-Operated Remote controlled
Androids Resemble humans
Cyborgs Mixture of human and machine parts
Automatons Automatically follow programmed instructions
MicrophonesLow Z High Z
dynamic crystal
carbon condenser
ribbon electret
Proton 2 up quarks 1 down quar
Neutron 2 down quarks 1 up quar
FAX- Group 1 Group 2 Group 3
Mins / page 6 3 6-15 sec / page
scan lines / inch 90 100Standard Fine Superfine
100 or 98 200 or 196 400 or 392
Bluetooth
classMaximum Permitted
dB Power (mW/dBm)Range
class 1 100 mW (20dBm) ~100m
class 2 2.5 mW (4dBm) ~10m
class 3 1 mW (0dBm) ~1m
IP version Addresses
IPv4 232
IPv6 2128
Welding TypeCarbon Arc Welding Occurrence of blow holes
Electron Beam Welding Vacuum tube/ high velocity electrons applied in the materials
Spot Welding a type of resistance welding
MIG (metal inert gas) high deposit rate/uses consumable wire electrodes
TIG (tungsten inert gas) Uses non-consumable wire electrodes
Plasma arc Welding wine glass / shielding gas
Pressure Welding atom-atom bond
Electric Resistance Seam Welding uses disc electrodes