Chem 125 Lecture 39/9/02

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Equilibrium vs. Resonance

A B A B

Two Real SpeciesOne Real Species

Two “Reasonable”Structural Formulas

Failure of Simplistic NotationUnusually Stable

Unusually Stable?

Compared to What?

a question second in importance only to“How do you know?”

Equilibrium vs. Resonance

H CO

O

HH C

O

O H••

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H CO

O

H C

O

O

••••

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Two Species

Two SpeciesOne Species!

LORE••

H C

O

O

H C

O

O

••••

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One Nuclear Geometry!

OCCULT CHEMISTRY

A SERIES OF

Clairvoyant Observations on theChemical Elements

BY

ANNIE BESANT, P.T.S.

AND

CHARLES W. LEADBEATER

Reprinted from the Theosophist.

THEOSOPHIST OFFICE, ADYAR, MADRAS, S.

THEOSOPHICAL PUBLISHING SOCIETY, LONDON AND BENARES CITY.

1909 (105 pp.)

1919 (123 pp.)

1951 (400 pp.)

Benzene(1924)

"each of the three valencies of each Carbon are satisfied by Hydrogen, and the fourth valency, which some have postulated as going to the interior of the molecule, does actually do so."

Benzene “Resonance”

H

H

H

H

H

H

CC

CC

C

CH

H

H

H

H

H

CC

CC

C

C

H

H

H

H

H

H

CC

CC

C

C

(1889)

Mrs. AnnieBESANT

P.T.S.(1847-1933)

CuruppumullageJINARAJADASA

P.T.S.(~1877-1953)

"Bishop"Charles WebsterLEADBEATER

(1847 - 1932)

The Occult Chemists (1895-1932)

"These [1905 chemical] weights differ from those hitherto accepted, and are generally lighter than those given in earlier textbooks. It is interesting to note that our counting endorses the earlier numbers...we must wait to see if later observations will endorse the last results of orthodox chemistry, or confirm ours."

1905 International Chemical TablesOccult Anu/18

Were They Crackpots or Charlatans?

Lothar Meyer (Breslau, 1884) p. 140

Lothar Meyer (rounded values) p. 191

Exact hits on 10 of 15 elements!Chance of innocent exact hit on 10 of 60 is 1/10,000,000,000,000

For 57 elements (# of anu) / 18 = atomic weight!~

Innocent Subconscious Adjustment?

a) 4 * (4 * 15 + 8 * 3) b) 16 * (4 * 6 + 9)c) 2 * (12 * 7 + 6 * 2 +5)d) 2 * 2 * (4 * 4 + 4 * 6)

e) 2 * 12 * (28 + 4 * 11 + 3 * 3 + 6 * 2 + 4)

Innocent Subconscious Adjustment?

a) 4 * (4 * 15 + 8 * 3)

b) 16 * (4 * 6 + 9)

c) 2 * (12 * 7 + 6 * 2 +5)

d) 2 * 2 * (4 * 4 + 4 * 6)

e) 2 * 12 * (28 + 4 * 11 + 3 * 3 + 6 * 2 + 4)

Grand Total

25 nm (250 Å)

>100,000 atoms+ hydrogen!

Science, 11 August 2000

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (1981)

Heinrich Rohrer

Gerd Binnig

Nobel Prize (1986)

Cantilever ChoiceOnly one of these five cantilevers is used in any one experiment. They differ in stiffness and ability to twist.

The smallest scaledivision is 20 m

Scanning Electron Micrographsof

AFM Cantilever & Tip

COOH tip

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (1999)

Geo. FlynnD. Yablon

(Columbia Univ)

Br

O

Br(CH2)11COOHon graphite

Quantum corral

Featomson Cu

SNOM

Scanning Near-FieldOptical Microscope

Wm. Lawrence Bragg(1890-1971)

Determined structure of ZnS from Laue'sX-ray photograph

(1912)

Youngest Nobel Laureate(1915)